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Introduction inIntroduction inMaterials Science andMaterials Science and

EngineeringEngineering

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Historical BackgroundThe development of societies wereintimately tied by their ability to

produce and manipulate materials tofill their needs.

Early civilisation: Stone AgeBrone

Age Iron Age

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Subdivision

Material Science: Study therelationships e!ist between the

structure and propertiesMaterial Engineering: "se theserelationship correlations to design

material with predetermined set ofproperties

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#ategories of $roperties

%. Mechanical: deformation to applied load orforce.&. Thermal: heat capacity and thermal

conductivity'. Electrical: Electrical conductivity and

dielectric constant(. Magnetic: the response of the material to

the magnetic field). *ptical: +esponse with light radiation,

refraction and reflective indices.-. eteriorative: #hemical reactivity of

materials

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Importance #omponents inScience and Engineering of

Materials

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/

1. Pick Application Determine required Properties

2. Properties Identify candidate Material(s)

3. Material Identify required Processing

Processing c!anges structureand o"erall shapee# casting$ sintering$ "apor deposition$ doping forming$ %oining$ annealing.

Properties mec!anical$ electrical$ t!ermal$magnetic$ optical$ deteriorati"e.

Material structure$ composition.

$rocess

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E!ample

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Selecting the right materials

0hy do Engineering Students studymaterials1

' criteria:%.#haracterisation of in serviceconditions: $roperties

&. eterioration of material'. #ost

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#lassification of Materials

' basic classifications: Metals2 #eramicsand $olymers.

#ombinations of two or more: #omposites.Advanced Materials: "sed for high3techapplications

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Metals

#omposed one or metallic materials. #anbe combined with small amts non3metallicelements 4#25 and *6.

7igh density2 stiff and strong2 resistantto fracture2 good electricity and thermalconductors2 not transparent2 nice

appearance. esirable magneticproperties 48e2 #o2 5i6

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#eramics

#ompounds between metallic and nonmetallicelements: o!ides2 nitrides2 carbides. Eg.Alumina Al&*'2 Silica Si*&2 Silicon carbideSi# Traditional ceramics 4porcelain2 cement2

glass6Stiff and strong2 brittle2 easily fracture2electrical and heat insulators27igh resistant to harsh environment#an be transparent2 translucent or opa9ue#an e!hibit magnetic behaviour 48e'*(6

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$olymers

$lastics and rubber materials2 organic compunds4#2 7 and *2 52 Si6. arge molecular structures2# atoms as bac;bones. Eg. $E2 $

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#omposites

#omposed two or move individual materials4metals2 ceramics2 polymers6. To achieve acombination of properties. Eg =8+$2 #8+$.

Stiffer and stronger but lighter2 moree!pensive.

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Advanced Materials

"sed for high technology applications. Eg.#omputer chips2 fiber3optics systems2aircraft and etc.Eg. Semiconductors 4electronic materials,silicon2 germanium62 Biomaterials 4artificialbody parts, plastics2 titanium allloys 62smart materials 4eg. sensors 4optical

fibres2 pieoelectric materials62 actuators4pieoelectric ceramics66 andnanoengineered materials.

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&%

e# !ardness "s structure of steel

& Properties depend on structure

Data o'tained from igs. 1.3(a)and 1.32 *it! + *t, - composition$and from ig. 11.1+ and associateddiscussion$ Callister 7e.Micrograp!s adapted from (a) ig.1.1/ (') ig. .3/(c) ig. 1.33/and (d) ig. 1.21$ Callister 7e.

e# structure "s cooling rate of steel

& Processing can c!ange structure

Structure2 $rocessing2 > $roperties

0

ardness(02)

-ooling ate (4-5s)

1

2

3

+

6

7

.1 .1 1 1 1 1

(d)

3m(c)

+m

(')

3m

(a)

3m

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&&

T7E+MA& 8!ermal -onducti"ity of -opper

99It decreases *!en you add :inc;

-omposition (*t,

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&'

MA=5ETI#& Magnetic Permea'ility

"s. -omposition 99Adding 3 atomic , ?i makes e a 'etter recording medium;

Adapted from -.. arrett$ =.D. i#$ andA.?. 8etelman$ The Principles ofEngineering Materials$ ig. 19@(a)$ p. $1@3.lectronically reproduced'y permission of Pearson ducation$ Inc.$Bpper ?addle i"er$ e* Cersey.

ig. 2.23$ Callister 7e.(ig. 2.23 is from C.B. emke$ MRSBulletin$Eol. FE$ o. 3$ p. 31$ 1.)

& Magnetic ?torage

99ecording medium is magneti:ed 'y recording !ead.

Magnetic ield

Magneti:ation

eG3,?i

e

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&(

EE#T+I#A& lectrical esisti"ity of -opper

& Adding Himpurity atoms to -u increases resisti"ity.

& Deforming -u increases resisti"ity.

Adapted from ig. 1J.J$ Callister 7e.(ig. 1J.J adapted from C.K. inde$

Ann Physik5$ 21 (132)/ and-.A. =ert and .M. 8!omson$Physics of Solids$ 2nd edition$McLra*90ill -ompany$ e* ork$1@.)

T(N-)92 91

-uG3

.32at,

i

-uG2

.17at,

i

deform

ed-uG1.1

2at,

i

1

2

3

+

6

7

3esisti"ity$

(1

9JK!

m9m

)

-uG1

.12at,

i

HPureI

-u

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&)

E!ample ? 7ip Implant@ 0ith age or certain illnesses oints deteriorate.

$articularly those with large loads 4such as hip6.

Adapted from ig. 22.26$ Callister 7e.

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&-

E!ample ? 7ip Implant

Adapted from ig. 22.27$ Callister 7e.

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&/

7ip Implant

@ ey problems to overcome? fi!ation agent to hold

acetabular cup

? cup lubrication material

? must avoid any debris in cup

Adapted from c!apter9openingp!otograp!$ -!apter 22$ Callister 7e.

emoral?tem

all

Aceta'ular-up and iner

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ifferent type of materialsused for carbonated drin;

container

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#riteria might be considered

3 $rovide a barrier to the passage of #*&.3 5on3to!ic2 unreactive with the beverage3 +elatively strong 4survive if drop a few feet6

3 Ine!pensive 4material and processing63 *ptically transparent3 #apable of having different colorCable to be

adorned with decorative label

3 +ecyclable

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earning *utcomes 4*6At the end of this topic you should be able to:

%. ist - different property classifications ofproperty that determine their applicability&. ist ( components that are involved in the

design2 production and utilisation of materials

and their interrelationships.'. #ite ' criteria for material selection process(. ist ' primary classifications of solid

materials and describe briefly the distinctivefeature of each.

). efine composite material-. escribe brieflytypes of advanced materials