AS 2118.1—1995

Australian Standard

Automatic fire sprinkler systems

Part 1: Standard

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This Australian Standardwas preparedby Committee FP/4, Automatic SprinklerInstallations.It was approvedon behalf of the Council of StandardsAustralia on30 March 1995and publishedon 5 July 1995.

The following interestsare representedon CommitteeFP/4:

AssetServices—Departmentof AdministrativeServices

AustralianBuilding CodesBoard

AustralianChamberof Commerceand Industry

AustralianChamberof Manufactures

AustralianFire AuthoritiesCouncil

AustralianFire ProtectionAssociation

AustralianWater and SewerageAuthorities

CommonwealthFire Board

CSIRO—Divisionof Building, Construction

Departmentof Defence

Fire ProtectionIndustryAssociationof Australia

Institution of Engineers,Australia

InsuranceCouncil of Australia

MasterPlumbersand MechanicalServicesAssociationof Victoria

MelbourneWater

New ZealandFire EquipmentAssociation

TelecomAustralia

TestingInterests

The Associationof ConsultingEngineers,Australia

Reviewof Australian Standards.To keepabreastof progressin industry,AustralianStandardsare subjectto periodic review and are keptup to date by the issueof amendmentsor new editionsas necessary.It isimportant thereforethat Standardsusersensurethat they are in possessionof the latest ed ition, and anyamendmentsthereto.

Full detailsof all AustralianStandardsand related publicationswill be found in the StandardsAustraliaCatalogueof Publications; this information is supplementedeachmonthby the magazine‘The AustralianStandard’,which subscribingmembersreceive,and which givesdetailsof newpublications,neweditionsand amendments,and of withdrawn Standards.

Suggestionsfor improvementsto AustralianStandards,addressedto theheadofficeof StandardsAustralia,are welcomed.Notificationof any inaccuracyor ambiguityfoundin an AustralianStandardshouldbemadewithout delay in order that the mattermay be investigatedand appropriateaction taken.

This Standardwasissuedin draft form for commentas DR 92188.

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AS 2118.1—1995

Australian Standard

Automatic fire sprinkler systems

Part 1: Standard

PUBLISHED BY STANDARDS AUSTRALIA(STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA)1 THE CRESCENT, HOMEBUSH, NSW 2140

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AS 2118.1—1995 2

PREFACE

This Standardwas preparedby the Joint StandardsAustralia/StandardsNew ZealandCommitteeFP/4 on Automatic Sprinkler Installationsto supersedein part AS 2118—1988,SAA Code forAutomaticFire Sprinkler Systems,and is the result of a consensusamongrepresentativeson thejoint committeeto produceit asan AustralianStandard.

The revisionsto AS 2118 have includedStandardsAustralia’s requirementsto keep productandinstallationStandardsseparate.When completethe serieswill comprise:

AS2118 Automatic fire sprinkler systems

Part 1: StandardPart 2: Wall wetting sprinklers(Drenchers)Part 3: DelugePart 4: ResidentialPart 5: DomesticPart 6: Combinedsprinklerand hydrantPart 9: Piping supportand installationPart 10: Approval documentation

4118 Fire sprinklersystemsPart 1.1: Components—Sprinklersand sprayersPart 1.2: Components—Alarmvalves(wet)Part 1.3 Components—Watermotor alarmsPart 1.4: Components—ValvemonitorsPart 1.5: Components—Delugeand pre-actionvalvesPart 1.6: Components—Stopvalvesand non-returnvalvesPart 1.7: Components—Alarmvalves(dry)Part 1.8: Components—PressurereducingvalvesPart 1.9: Components—Acceleratorsand exhausters

Part 2.1: Piping—General

The terms‘normative’ and ‘informative’ havebeenusedin this Standardto definethe applicationof the appendixto which they apply. A ‘normative’ appendixis an integral part of a Standard,whereasan ‘informative’ appendixis only for informationand guidance.

Copyright STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

Users of Standardsare remindedthat copyright subsistsin all StandardsAustralia publicationsand software.Except where theCopyright Act allows and exceptwhere providedfor below no publicationsor softwareproducedby StandardsAustralia may bereproduced,stored in a retrieval system in any form or transmittedby any meanswithout prior permission in writing fromStandardsAustralia.Permissionmay be conditionalon an appropriateroyalty payment.Requestsfor permissionand informationoncommercialsoftwareroyaltiesshouldbe directedto the headoffice of StandardsAustralia.

StandardsAustralia will permit up to 10 percentof the technical contentpagesof a Standardto be copied for useexclusivelyin-houseby purchasersof the Standardwithout paymentof a royalty or adviceto StandardsAustralia.

StandardsAustralia will alsopermit the inclusionof its copyrightmaterialin computersoftwareprogramsfor no royaltypaymentprovidedsuchprogramsare usedexclusivelyin-houseby the creatorsof the programs.

Care should be taken to ensurethat material usedis from the currentedition of the Standardand that it is updatedwhenevertheStandardis amendedor revised.The numberanddateof the Standardshouldthereforebe clearly identified.

The use of material in print form or in computersoftware programsto be used commercially,with or without payment,or incommercialcontractsis subjectto the paymentof a royalty. This policy may be varied by StandardsAustralia at any time.

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3 AS 2118.1—1995

CONTENTS

Page

SECTION 1 SCOPE,DEFINITIONS, CLASSIFICATION AND DESIGN DATA1.1 SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.2 NEW DESIGNSAND INNOVATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.3 REFERENCEDDOCUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.4 DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

SECTION 2 CLASSESOF SPRINKLERSYSTEMSAND DESIGN DATA2.1 CLASSESOF SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.2 CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPANCIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.3 TYPESOF SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132.4 DESIGN DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

SECTION 3 INSTALLATION3.1 SPRINKLEREDBUILDINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203.2 TRANSMISSIONOF ALARM SIGNAL TO FIRE BRIGADE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213.3 LOCAL ALARM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223.4 SYSTEM MONITORING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

SECTION 4 WATER SUPPLIES4.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234.2 ACCEPTABLE SOURCESOF SUPPLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234.3 WATER SUPPLY GRADES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234.4 CONNECTIONSTO OTHER SERVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354.5 PRESSUREAND FLOW REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364.6 PRESSURECONSIDERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374.7 MINIMUM CAPACITY OF STOREDWATER SUPPLIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374.8 PUMP SUCTION TANKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374.9 PRIVATE WATER SUPPLIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434.10 TOWN MAINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434.11 PUMP INSTALLATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444.12 PUMPSETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454.13 PRESSURETANKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494.14 PROVING OF WATER SUPPLIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

SECTION 5 SPACINGAND LOCATION OF SPRINKLERS5.1 STANDARD SPACING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535.2 STAGGEREDSPACING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535.3 MINIMUM DISTANCE BETWEEN SPRINKLERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535.4 LOCATION OF SPRINKLERS(OTHER THAN SIDEWALL SPRINKLERS) . . 535.5 SPACING AND LOCATION OF SIDEWALL SPRINKLERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585.6 LOCATIONS OR CONDITIONS INVOLVING SPECIAL CONSIDERATION

(supplementaryprotection) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595.7 OBSTRUCTIONSBELOW SPRINKLERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635.8 FILM AND TELEVISION PRODUCTIONSTUDIOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645.9 THEATRESAND MUSIC HALLS

(protectionon the stagesideof the prosceniumwall) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645.10 COLD STORAGEWAREHOUSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

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AS 2118.1—1995 4

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SECTION 6 SPRINKLERS,SPRAYERSAND MULTIPLE CONTROLS6.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666.2 TYPESOF SPRINKLERS,SPRAYERSAND MULTIPLE CONTROLS . . . . . . 666.3 SPRINKLERK FACTORS,ORIFICE AND THREAD SIZES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676.4 APPLICATION OF SPRINKLERTYPES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686.5 TEMPERATURERATINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686.6 COLOUR CODING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686.7 STOCK OF REPLACEMENTSPRINKLERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686.8 ANTI-CORROSIONTREATMENT OF SPRINKLERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696.9 SPRINKLERGUARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696.10 ESCUTCHEONPLATE ASSEMBLIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696.11 PROTECTIONAGAINST FROST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

SECTION 7 PIPING7.1 PIPEAND PIPE FITTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707.2 HYDRAULIC TEST PRESSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707.3 PIPING IN UNSPRINKLEREDBUILDINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707.4 HAZARDOUS PROCESSESAND EXPLOSIONHAZARD—SPECIAL PRECAU-

TIONS CONCERNINGPIPING AND VALVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707.5 SLOPEOF PIPESFOR DRAINAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707.6 LOW LEVEL DRAINAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707.7 PIPESIZES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717.8 ORIFICE PLATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717.9 SUPPORTOF SPRINKLERPIPING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

SECTION 8 VALVES AND ANCILLARY EQUIPMENT8.1 CONTROL ASSEMBLIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728.2 STOPVALVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728.3 BLOCK PLAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 738.4 LOCATION PLATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 738.5 EMERGENCYINSTRUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748.6 NON-RETURN(BACK PRESSURE)VALVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748.7 ALARM VALVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748.8 PRESSURE-REDUCINGVALVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 758.9 DELUGE AND PRE-ACTIONVALVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 758.10 ALARM DEVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 758.11 REMOTE TEST VALVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778.12 PRESSUREGAUGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

SECTION 9 LIGHT HAZARD CLASS SYSTEMS9.1 DESIGN DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799.2 WATER SUPPLIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799.3 SPACING OF SPRINKLERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809.4 SYSTEM COMPONENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819.5 SYSTEM DRAINAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

SECTION 10 ORDINARY HAZARD CLASS SYSTEMS10.1 DESIGN DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8410.2 WATER SUPPLIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8410.3 SPACING OF SPRINKLERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8710.4 SYSTEM COMPONENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8710.5 SYSTEM DRAINAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

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5 AS 2118.1—1995

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SECTION 11 HIGH HAZARD CLASS SYSTEMS11.1 DESIGN DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9311.2 WATER SUPPLIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10311.3 SPACING OF SPRINKLERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10611.4 SYSTEM COMPONENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10711.5 SYSTEM DRAINAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

SECTION 12 FULL HYDRAULIC CALCULATION OF SPRINKLERSYSTEMS12.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11712.2 DESIGN REQUIREMENTSFOR DENSITY OF DISCHARGE . . . . . . . . . . 11712.3 ASSUMED AREA OF OPERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11712.4 SPRINKLERSIN OPERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11712.5 POSITIONOF ASSUMED AREA OF OPERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11812.6 SHAPE OF ASSUMED AREA OF OPERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11912.7 WATER SUPPLIES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12012.8 PUMPSETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12012.9 CALCULATION OF PRESSURELOSSIN PIPES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12012.10 PRESSURELOSSES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12112.11 ACCURACY OF CALCULATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12312.12 MINIMUM SPRINKLERDISCHARGEPRESSURE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12312.13 MINIMUM PIPE SIZES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12312.14 VELOCITY LIMITATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12412.15 VELOCITY PRESSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12412.16 IDENTIFICATION OF FULLY HYDRAULICALLY CALCULATED

SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

APPENDICESA REFERENCEDDOCUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138B WIRING SYSTEMSRATING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140C ORIFICEPLATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142D PIPING INTERPRETATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145E COMPLETIONCERTIFICATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

RECORDOF AMENDMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

Originatedaspart of CA16—1939(endorsementof SeventhEdition of FOC Rules).Previousedition AS 2118—1982.Revisedandredesignatedin part asAS 2118.1—1995.

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AS 2118.1—1995 6

STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

Australian Standard

Automatic fire sprinkler systems

Part 1: Standard

S E C T I O N 1 S C O P E , D E F I N I T I O N S ,C L A S S I F I C A T I O N A N D D E S I G N D A T A

1.1 SCOPE This Standard specifies requirements for the installation of standardsprinklersystemsin buildings.

1.2 NEW DESIGNS AND INNOVATIONS Any alternative materials, designs,methods of assembly,proceduresand similar that do not comply with the specificrequirementsof this Standard,or are not mentionedin it, but that give the equivalentresults to those specified, are not necessarilyprohibited. The Committeeon AutomaticSprinkler Installationscan act in an advisory capacity concerningequivalentsuitability,but any requiredapprovalremainsthe prerogativeof the regulatoryauthority.

1.3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS A list of referenced documents is given inAppendixA.

1.4 DEFINITIONS For the purpose of this Standard the definitions given inAS 2484.1,AS 2484.2,AS 3500.0and that below apply.

1.4.1 Alarm valve—a non-returnvalve which allows the water to enter the installationand operatealarmswhenthe installationpressurefalls below the water supplypressure.

1.4.2 Approved—approvedby the regulatoryauthority.

1.4.3 Assumed area of operation—the area, i.e. the number of sprinklers likely tooperate,in a sprinklered building which is consideredmay be involved in a fire. Theassumedareaof operationis different in eachhazardclass.

1.4.4 Regulatory authority —a Minister of the Crown, a governmentdepartment,orother public authority having power to issueregulations,orders,or other instructionsinrespectof any subjectcoveredby this Standard.

NOTE: Where adoptionof this Standardis not a requirementof a regulatoryauthority but is arequirementof a body such as a relevantinsurancecompanyor association,then that body, ortheir nomineessuch as the InsuranceCouncil of Australia, may perform the functions of theregulatoryauthorityfor the purposesof this Standard.

1.4.5 Authorized inspector—an inspectorappointedby the regulatoryauthority.

1.4.6 Building owner—the ownerof a building or his authorizedrepresentative.

1.4.7 Fire and draught stop—a partition or bulkheadextendingfrom end to end andtop to bottom of a concealedspace,installed to delay the spreadof fire and constructedfrom imperforatematerialswhich are non-shatterableunderfire conditions.

NOTES:1 Examplesof acceptablefire and draughtstopsincludethe following:

(a) Structural featuressuch as a reinforcedbeamor steel joist extendingto or through theceiling, and a brick wall extendedup throughthe ceiling to the floor above.

(b) A purpose-builtpartition mountedon wood or steel framework, constructedof 10 mmgypsumboard,0.6 mm sheetsteelor 7 mm high-densitytemperedhardboard.

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7 AS 2118.1— 1995

2 Only the following aperturesare permitted:

(a) Openings for the passageof individual pipes, conduits and airconditioning ducts,providedthat suchopeningsare reasonablyclosefitting.

(b) Openingsnot exceeding2 m in width for the passageof groupsof pipes, conduitsandairconditioning ducts, protected by a ‘cut-off’ sprinkler or sprinklers as required toprovide full protectionto suchopenings.

1.4.8 Inferior wall —any wall with an FRL of less than −/30/30 and for an inferiorexternalwall the FRL appliesonly to the externalface.

1.4.9 Net positive suction head (NPSH) (of a pump)—the total inlet head plus thehead correspondingto the atmosphericpressureminus the head correspondingto thevapourpressure.NPSH,as well as inlet total head,is referred to the referenceplane.It isnecessaryto makea distinctionbetween—

(a) requirednet positive suction head (NPSHR)—a function of pump design,which isavailablefrom the pumpmanufacturer;and

(b) available net position suction head (NPSHA)—a function of the systemin whichthe pumpoperates,which can be calculatedfor any installation.

1.4.10 Open joists and exposed common rafters —a series of members (includingpurlins) spacednot more than 600 mm apart, measuredfrom centre to centre of themembers.

1.4.11 Sprinklered area—an area of a building equipped with a sprinkler systeminstalled in accordancewith this Standard,and separatedfrom non-sprinkleredareasinaccordancewith this Standard.

1.4.12 Sprinklered building —a building equippedthroughoutwith a sprinkler systeminstalledin accordancewith this Standard.

1.4.13 Post or box pallet—solid or meshbox with the open face uppermost,designedto be stackedoneupon the other in a self-supportingmanner.

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AS 2118.1—1995 8

S E C T I O N 2 C L A S S E S O F S P R I N K L E RS Y S T E M S A N D D E S I G N D A T A

2.1 CLASSES OF SYSTEMS Sprinkler systemsshall be classifiedon the basisof thehazardclassesof occupancyand shall be designatedaccordingly,viz. light, ordinary andhigh. (SeeClause2.2 for the classificationof occupanciesaccordingto hazardclass.)

2.2 CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPANCIES

2.2.1 General The following lists provide a guide to the classificationof occupancies.The listings cannot be consideredto be exhaustive.Where sprinkler protection is beingdesignedfor an occupancywhich is not listed, the occupancyshould be related to thatwhich could be consideredto behavein a similar mannerunderfire conditions.

2.2.2 Light hazard occupancies Examplesof light hazardoccupanciesareas follows:

Art galleries

Bath (Turkish andSauna)Boardinghousesandresidential

sectionsof clubs,hotelsand motels

Churchesand chapels

Hospitals,orphanages,homesandasylums

Libraries (excludingstackrooms)Lodging houses

Medical anddentalconsultingroomsMuseums(low combustibleloading)

Offices

Prisons

Schools,colleges,universitiesSewerageworks

Waterworksand pumpingstations

The piping and pressureand flow requirementsfor light hazardsystemsare not designedto provide adequatedensities should more than six sprinklers come into operation.Therefore, where there is any undivided* area in excessof 126 m2 within a buildingotherwise classified as light hazard, the sprinklered areas (see Clause1.4.11) shall beclassified throughoutas ordinary hazard1. Corridors and lobbies requiring one row ofsprinklersonly, are exemptedfrom this arealimitation (seeClause9.1).

2.2.3 Ordinary hazard occupancies Ordinary hazardoccupanciesare divided into fourgroupsas follows:

NOTE: Premiseshaving mixed occupanciesmust be referred to the regulatoryauthority for adecision.

* Undivided areasare thoseenclosedbetweenfull height walls and partitions,adequateto delay the flow ofhot gasesuntil a sprinkler is operated.

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9 AS 2118.1— 1995

(a) Ordinary hazard1 (OH 1) occupancies*includethe following:

Abrasivewheel andpowdermanufacturers

Aeratedwatermanufacturers(not onbrewerypremises)

Artificial stonemanufacturersAssayers(gold andsilver)

Boiler compositionmanufacturers

CementworksChromeplatersClubs/hotels/motels(excludingpublic

entertainmentareassuchas discosandgamingareas

Creameryand wholesaledairies

Fibrouscementmillboard manufacturers

GalvanizersGold and silver smelters

Ice factories

Jewellerymanufacturersandengravers

Mirror manufacturers

PlatingworksPrecastconcreteand brick

manufacturers

Restaurantsandcafes

Salt manufacturersSewerageworksSportspavilionsand standsStainedglassmanufacturersStoneworking

(b) Ordinary hazard2 (OH 2) occupancies*includethe following:

Abattoirs/meatprocessingAircraft engineworks (excludingengine

testing)

Battery manufacturers(excludingstationarytypeswith plastichousings)

Breweriesincluding wineries(bottlingsectionbut excludingbeverageprocessing)

Electric lamp andneonlightmanufacturers

Emery paper/clothmanufacturersEnamellersEngineeringworks

Glasspaperandsandpapermanufacturers

Instrumentand tool manufacturers(metal)

Laundries(excludinghanginggarments)

Motor garages,including publicand privatecar parks

Motor vehiclemanufacturersandassemblyplants(excludingplastic componenthandling)

Paintmanufacturers(water-basedonly)

Plant roomsPlastermanufacturersPotteries

Shipbreakers

Tea manufacturersTobaccomanufacturers

* Excluding woodworking, painting and any other high fire load areaswhich are to be treatedas OH 3. Inareaswhere there is storageof stock within the categoriesdescribedin Clause2.2.3 in excessof thestorageheightsset out in the Note to Table2.2.4.2,high hazardprotectionwill be required.

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AS 2118.1—1995 10

(c) Ordinary hazard3 (OH 3) occupancies*includethe following:

Aircraft factories(excludinghangars)Athletic goodsmanufacturers(excluding

plastic componenthandling/manufacturing)

Bleach,dye and print worksBoathousesBrake and clutch lining manufacturersBriquetteandpatentfuel manufacturersBroadcastingstudiosand transmittersBrush manufacturers

CandlemanufacturersCarpetmanufacturersCinematographyfilm dealersand

exchangersClothing/textilemanufacturersCork cuttersanddealersCotton mills (excludingpreparatory

processes)

DataprocessingDepartmental/retailstores

Electrical signal cablemanufacturersElectrical/electronicmanufacturingand

assembly(predominantlymetalmaterials)

Fibre goodsmanufacturersFlax, jute andhempmills (excluding

preparatoryprocesses)Food/beverageprocessingFootwearmanufacturersFrenchpolishersFurriersFurnituremanufacturersandrepairs

(excludingfoam rubberand plastics)

GlassmanufacturersGlue worksGranaries,grain andseedmills

Laundriesand dry cleanersLeathergoodsmanufacturers

Maltings and cooperagesMarket hallsMuseums(with high combustible

loading)

Nitrate storage

PapergoodsmanufacturersPapermillsPrintersand allied trades

(excludingflammableliquids)Pharmaceuticaland chemical

manufacturers(not producingorusing flammablesolids,liquids,dustand the like)

Photographicmaterialsworks

Ropeand twine manufacturingRubberand rubbergoods

manufacturers(excludingfoamrubber)

Sawmillsand timber yardsShaleoil refinersShip/boatbuilders(excluding

plastic)ShowroomsStablesStarchworksSugarmanufacturers

TanneriesTelephoneexchangesTheatres,cinemasandpublic

entertainmentareasTram and railway depotsTyre manufacturers

Video stores–retail/rental

WallpapermanufacturersWarehousesand storagebuildings

(storageheightsnot exceedingthefigures statedin the Note toTable2.2.4.2)

WastepaperdealersWoodworkersWoollen andworstedmills

* In areaswhere there is storageof stock within the categoriesdescribedin Clause2.2.3 in excessof thestorageheightsset out in the Note to Table2.2.4.2,high hazardprotectionwill be required.

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11 AS 2118.1— 1995

(d) Ordinary hazardspecial(OH special)occupancies*includethe following:

CoprakilnsCork processingCotton mills (preparatoryprocesses)

FibreglassproductsmanufacturersFilm and televisionstudiosFlax and hempscutchmillsFlax, jute andhempmills (preparatory

processes)

Match manufacturers

Oil mills (crushingand solventextraction)

Pharmaceuticaland chemicalmanufacturers(producingorusing flammablesolids,liquids,dustor the like)

Printersand allied trades(usingflammableinks and solvents)

2.2.4 High hazard occupancies

2.2.4.1 High hazard—process risks Examples of high hazard process risks are asfollows:

Aircraft enginetestingAircraft hangars

Distilleries (still houses)

Electrical/electronicmanufacturingandassembly(predominantlyplasticcomponents)

Exhibition halls with unusuallyhighceiling andhigh concentrationofcombustibles

Firelighter manufacturersFireworksmanufacturersFlammableliquid sprayingFoamplasticsgoodsmanufacturersand

processingFoamrubbergoodsmanufacturersand

processing

Nitrocellulosemanufacturersandnitrocellulosegoodsmanufacturers

Paintand varnishworks, solventbased

Plasticgoodsmanufacturingandprocessingworks (whereplasticis oneof the basicmaterialsinthe operation)

Resinand turpentinemanufacturers

TheatricalscenerystoresTar distillers

Vehicle repair shops

2.2.4.2 High hazard—High-piledstorage risks The protection of high-piled storagerisks dependson the methodof storage,the hazardousnatureof the stock, and the heightof the storage.Provisionis madefor protectionwhere sprinklersare only providedat theroof or ceiling and also whereadditional sprinklersare providedat intermediatelevels instorageracks. Risks have been subdividedaccording to the severity of hazardsof thestockand the classificationassetout in Items (a)–(d) below.

* This group in an extensionof OH 3 occupancieswhere flash fires are likely, covering somewhatlargerareasof operation,such as might be anticipatedin connectionwith preparatoryprocessesin textile millsandcertainother risks.

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AS 2118.1—1995 12

It is consideredthat overall storageheightsnot exceedingthat below in Table2.2.4.2forthe variouscategoriesare suitable for ordinary hazardsystemsand need not be regardedas high-piled storage. The term ‘storage’ includes the warehousingor the temporarydepositingof goodsor materialsin the following categories:

(a) Category1 Category1 comprises ordinary combustible materials and non-combustiblematerials in combustiblewrappings, excluding those items specifiedunder Categories2, 3 and 4 stored in bulk, in pallets or on racking, to heights asspecifiedin Tables11.1.3.2(A)and11.1.3.2(B).

Examplesof Category1 storageare as follows:

Baled wool

Clothing (excludingmultilevel hanginggarments)

Electrical appliances(metal)

Fibreboard(high densityhardboard)

Glasswareandcrockery(in cartons)

Library stackrooms

Metal goodsin cartons

Paints(water-based)

Textiles

All forms of paperstorageotherthan thosespecifiedunderCategories2, 3 and 4.Groceries*

(b) Category2 Examplesof Category2 storageare as follows:

Aerosolswith non-flammablecontents/expellants

Baled corkBaled wastepaper

Cartonsand cartonflatsCartonscontainingalcoholicbeveragesCarpet(naturaland blended)Chipboard

Fibreboard(low densitysoftboard)

Linoleum products

Palletizedwhisky stocks

Rolled asphaltpaper(horizontalstorage)

Rolled pulp and paper(horizontalstorageexcludinglight weight)

Veneersheets

Wood patternsWoodenfurniture

TABLE 2.2.4.2

OVERALL STORAGE HEIGHTS FORCATEGORIES OF ORDINARY HAZARD SYSTEMS

Categoryof storage

Overall storageheight, m

Freestanding,bin or blockstorage

Single or double row post orbox pallets and rack storage

Non-encapsulated

EncapsulatedNon-

encapsulatedEncapsulated

1 4.0 3.0 3.5 2.7

2 3.0 2.2 2.6 2.0

3 2.1 1.6 1.7 1.3

4 1.2 0.9 1.2 0.9

NOTE: In designatedstorageareasto provide for any future requirements,the heightof storageshouldbe takenasnot lessthan1 m below any ceiling or roof.

* This item appliesonly to the storageof grocery items. Packagingand other items in the storageareamayrequireprotectionappropriateto a highercategory.

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13 AS 2118.1— 1995

(c) Category3 Examplesof Category3 storageare as follows:

Bitumen coatedor wax-coatedpaper

Carpet(synthetic)Celluloid

Electrical appliances(plastic)Esparto(loose)

Flammableliquids (metal containers)Foamedrubberproducts(with or without

cartons)other than thosespecifiedinCategory4

Hanginggarments(multilevel)

Paint (solvent-basedmetal containers)Plastics(non-foamed)with or without

cartons

Plastics(foamed)in cartons

Rolled pulp and paper(verticalstorageand lightweight paperhorizontalstorage)

Rolled asphaltpaper(verticalstorage)

Rubbergoods(excludingtyrestorage)

Ventilatedwood stacks

Waxedpaperor asphaltcoatedpaperand containersin cartons

WoodwoolWoodenpalletsand wood flats

(idle)

(d) Category4 Examplesof Category4 storageare as follows:

Foamedplasticswithout cartonsandnon-woven syntheticfibre productswith orwithout cartons

Off-cuts and randompiecesof foamedplasticsor foamedrubber

Plasticpallets(idle)

Rolled lightweight paper(verticalstorage)

Rolled non-wovensyntheticfabricRolls of sheetfoamedplasticsor

foamedrubber

Tyre storage

2.2.4.3 Storagerisks requiring specialconsideration Suchrisks would includeaerosolswith flammablecontentsstorage,flammableand combustibleliquids in plastic containers,vertically storedtissuepaper,and the like.

Classificationand form of protectionare subjectto approvalof the regulatoryauthority.

2.3 TYPES OF SYSTEMS

2.3.1 Standard sprinkler systems

2.3.1.1 Categories Standardsprinkler systemsshall includethe following categories:

(a) Wet.

(b) Alternatewet and dry.

(c) Wet or alternatewet and dry, incorporatingtail-end dry systems.

(d) Wet incorporatingtail-endalternatesystems.

(e) Dry.

(f) Pre-action.

2.3.1.2 Wet systems A wet systemis a Standardsprinkler systempermanentlychargedwith water both aboveand below the installationalarmvalve (wet) (seeClause8.7.1).

Wet systemsshall be installed in premiseswhere there is no dangerat any time of thewater in the pipes freezing. Where these conditions cannot be ensuredthroughout thepremises,the areasin which freezing may occur may be on a tail-end alternatewet anddry system,provided that the number of sprinklers thereon does not exceedthe limitsspecifiedin Clause2.3.1.5,otherwisethe installationshall be erectedas an alternatewetand dry system.

Sprinklersin wet systemsmay be installedin either the upright or the pendentposition.

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AS 2118.1—1995 14

Wet systemsshall be so designedthat the maximum floor area, excluding concealedspacesbut including mezzaninefloor areas,controlledby onecontrol assembly(includingtail-endextensions—seeClause2.3.1.5)doesnot exceedthe following:

(a) 9000m2 for light and ordinary hazardsystems;

(b) 6000m2 for high hazard systemswhere only roof protection is provided abovepallet racking;and

(c) 8000m2 for otherhigh hazardsystems.

The floor areacontrolledby a single installationof intermediatelevel sprinklers,shall notexceed4000m2 of floor areaoccupiedby the racks,including aisles.

2.3.1.3 Alternate wet and dry systems An alternate wet and dry system shall be astandardsprinkler systemembodyingeither a compositealarm valve (seeClause8.7.3) ora combination set comprising an alarm valve (wet) and an alarm valve (dry)(seeClauses8.7.1and 8.7.2)where—

(a) during the winter months, the systempiping above the compositeor alarm valve(dry) shall be chargedwith air and the remainderof the systembelow the valve withwater; and

(b) at other times of the year, the system operatesas a wet system described inClause2.3.2.2.

Sprinklersshall be installedin the upright positionabovethe line of pipesin alternatewetand dry systems. An exception is allowed if approved dry pendent sprinklers(seeClause6.2.1(e)) are installed or where sprinklers, erected pendent, have ananti-freezingdeviceincorporatedtherein.

Piping shall be arrangedwith slopefor drainage(seeClause7.5).

Alternate wet and dry systems shall be so designed that the maximum number ofsprinklers controlled by one control assembly (including tail-end extensions(seeClause2.3.1.5))comply with the requirementsof Table 2.3.1.3.

TABLE 2.3.1.3

MAXIMUM NUMBER OF SPRINKLERS FORALTERNATE WET AND DRY SYSTEMS

1 2 3

ConditionsLight hazard

systems*Ordinary and high

hazard systems†

With an acceleratoror exhauster(seeClause8.7.5)

250 500

Without an acceleratoror exhauster

125 250

* For example, in an installation with 300 sprinklers in ordinary hazardand100 in the light hazard section, a total of 400, the figure for thisrequirementwould be takenas500, i.e. 300 + (100 × 2).

† In the calculation of the number of sprinklers in a compositesystem,theactualnumberof sprinklersin the light hazardsectionmust be doubled.Thisfigure is addedto the numberof sprinklers in the ordinary and high hazardsectionand the total is not to exceedthat in Column 3.

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2.3.1.4 Dry system A dry system shall be a sprinkler system in which the systempiping is permanentlychargedwith air abovethe alarm valve (dry) and with water belowthe valve.

Dry systemsshall only be installed in buildings where the temperatureconditions aremaintainedclose to or below freezing, such as in cool stores,fur vaults, or where thetemperatureis maintained above 70°C as in drying ovens. (See special provisions inClause5.10 for cold storagewarehouses.)

The number of sprinklers controlled by one control assemblyin a dry systemshall notexceedthat prescribedin Clause2.3.1.3for alternatewet and dry systems.

Sprinklersshall be installedin the upright position abovethe line of pipes in dry systemsunless dry pendent sprinklers (see Clause6.2.1(e)) are installed or where sprinklerserectedpendenthavean anti-freezingdeviceincorporated.

Piping shall be arrangedwith slopefor drainage(seeClause7.7).

2.3.1.5 Tail-end alternate wet and dry or tail-end dry systems These systemsareessentiallysimilar to the systemsdescribedin Clauses2.3.1.3and 2.3.1.4exceptthat theyshall be of comparativelysmall extentand form extensionsto sprinkler installations.

They shall be installedas follows:

(a) As extensionsto a wet systemin —

(i) comparativelysmall areaswhere there is possibleexposureto frost in anotherwiseadequatelyheatedbuilding, in which casethe tail-end systemshallbe an alternatewet and dry type; and

(ii) high temperatureovensor stoves,in which casethe tail-end systemshall bea dry type.

(b) As extensionsto an alternatewet and dry system in high temperatureovens orstoves, where the tail-end system shall be of the dry principle. (See specialprovisionsin Clause5.10 for cold storagewarehouses.)

Sprinklers shall be installed in the upright position above the line of pipes in tail-endsystems unless dry pendent sprinklers (see Clause6.2.1(e)) are installed or wheresprinklerserectedpendenthavean anti-freezingdeviceincorporated.

The number of sprinklers in a group of tail-end systemscontrolled by one wet systemcontrol assemblyor alternatewet and dry systemcontrol assemblyshall not exceed250with not more than100 on any one tail-endsystem.

Each tail-end systemshall be providedwith a 50 mm diameterdrain valve and drain pipeand a pressuregaugefitted at a point abovethe seatingof the tail-end valve.

To assistin the maintenanceof a tail-end systemwhen under air pressure,a subsidiarystop valve may be installed immediately beneaththe tail-end valve, provided that thearrangementscomply with the requirementsin Clause8.2.4(c).

2.3.1.6 Tail-end anti-freezing solution systems Piping within the area subject tofreezing shall be filled with an anti-freezing solution and shall be installed to preventdiffusion of water into that area.

Anti-freezing solutions shall have a freezing point of not less than 10°C below theminimum temperaturepossiblein the areasubjectto freezing.

The number of sprinklers on any tail-end anti-freezing solution system shall notexceed20.

The piping shall be arrangedso that the interfacebetweenthe anti-freezingsolution andthe water in the wet systemis lower than the point of connectionto the wet system.

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AS 2118.1—1995 16

A subsidiary stop valve (see Clause8.2.4) may be incorporated in the piping. Thefollowing valves and fittings shall be incorporatedin the piping (see Figure2.3.1.6 andFigure 4.3.1for symbols):

(a) A drain valve.

(b) An uppertestvalve, not morethan300 mm below the water level in the wet system.

(c) A lower test valve, not lessthan1.5 m below the water level in the wet system.

(d) A filling connection.

(e) A non-return valve. The disc of the non-return valve shall have a 1 mm hole toallow for expansionof the solution during a temperaturerise and thus preventdamageto sprinklers.All valvesin the systempiping shall be metal-faced.

NOTE: Thesesystemsare suitablefor use in small coolroomsand freezing chambersand otherareassuch as loading docks and outhousesin localities subject to freezing conditions.Theyperform essentiallythe samefunction as the systemsdescribedin Clause2.3.1.5.

DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES

FIGURE 2.3.1.6 ARRANGEMENT OF SUPPLY PIPING AND VALVES, TAIL-ENDANTI-FREEZING SOLUTION SYSTEM

2.3.1.7 Pre-action systems A pre-actionsystemshall be a combinationof a sprinklersystemand an independentsystemof heat or smokedetectorsinstalled in the sameareasas the sprinklers.

NOTE: In general,heator smokedetectorsoperateprior to sprinklers,and so a pre-actionvalveopensto allow water to flow into the sprinklerpiping beforethe first sprinkler operates.

The sprinkler systempiping shall be chargedwith air and shall be monitoredso that analarm is given on reductionof the air pressure.

The pre-actionalarm valve controlling the watersupply shall be operatedeither—

(a) solely by the systemof detectorsto allow the sprinkler piping to becomechargedwith water thus revertingto a wet system,the objectivebeing to preventa dischargeof water from piping or sprinklersthat havesufferedmechanicaldamage;or

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17 AS 2118.1— 1995

(b) by the system of detectors, or independentlyby the operation of a sprinklerreleasingthe air from the sprinkler piping, the object being to facilitate an earlierdischargeof water from sprinklers on a dry system. Operation of the sprinklersystemshall be unaffectedby any failure in the detectorsystem.

In eachcasethe detectionsystemshall automaticallyoperatean alarm.

The heat or smokedetectionsystemshall operatea continuouslyenergizedvalve or tripmechanismto release the pre-action alarm valve when the valve or trip mechanismbecomesde-energized.

Pre-actionsystemsshall be so designedthat the maximumfloor area,excludingconcealedspacesbut including mezzaninefloor areas,controlledby one pre-actionvalve, whetherinheatedor unheatedbuildings,doesnot exceedthe following:

(i) 9000m2 for light and ordinary hazardsystems;and

(ii) 6000m2 for high hazard systemswhere only roof protection is provided abovepallet racking;and

(iii) 8000m2 for otherhigh hazardsystems.

Where the piping could be subjectto freezing, sprinklersshall be installed in the uprightpositionand the piping arrangedwith slopefor drainage(seeClause7.5).

2.3.1.8 Recyclingpre-actionsystem A recycling pre-actionsystemshall be a pre-actionsystemof the type describedin Clause2.3.1.7(a),with heat detectorsand incorporatingapre-actionflow control valve capableof repeatedon/off cyclesappropriateto the possibleredevelopmentof fire in the protectedarea. The cycling shall occur as a result of heatdetectoroperationwhich, as an electric interlock, shall causethe pre-actionflow controlvalve to openandclose.As a safetymeasure,the reclosingof the flow control valve shallbe delayed for a period of 5 min by meansof an automatic timer. If the fire shouldrekindleand re-actuatethe heatdetectors,the flow control valve shall reopenimmediatelyand watershall againflow from the openedsprinklers.

The objectivesof the recycling pre-actionsystemare—

(a) to restrict waterdamageafter a fire hasbeenextinguished;

(b) to obviatethe needto closethe main stopvalve when effecting modificationsto thesystempiping or the replacementof sprinklers;and

(c) to avoid water damagecausedby accidental mechanical damageto the systempiping or sprinklers.

The maximumfloor areacontrolled by a pre-actionflow control valve, whetherin heatedor unheatedbuildings, shall not exceed9000m2. Sprinklers should be installed in theupright positionexceptwherethe systemis installedin a heatedbuilding. The piping shallbe arrangedwith a slopefor drainage(seeClause7.5).

2.3.1.9 Installation of detectors The installationandspacingof heator smokedetectorsin pre-action and recycling pre-action systemsshall comply with the requirementsofAS 1670.

2.3.2 Special sprinkler systems

NOTE: All specialsprinklersystemdesignapproachesutilize hydrauliccalculationprocedures.

2.3.2.1 General It is intendedthat any specialrequirementsof thesesystemsbe limitedto the portion of the installationdownstreamof the control assemblies.

2.3.2.2 Exceptions The following exceptionsshall apply:

(a) The numberof sprinklerscontrolledby one control assemblyshall be in accordancewith the requirementsof Sections9, 10 and11, asappropriate.

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AS 2118.1—1995 18

(b) Water supply grade, duration and capacitiesshall meet the requirementsof thisStandardbasedon the mostappropriatehazardclassificationgiven in Section2, asaminimum; and

(c) Calculation of the hydraulically most favourable areas of operation is requiredwhere booster pumps are necessary.Section12 shall be adoptedas the basis todeterminethe shapeof theseareasandmethodof pumpselection.

2.3.2.3 Early suppressionfast response(ESFR) sprinkler systems ESFR systemsaredesignedon the basisof an early responseto fire and delivery of a heavy dischargeto‘suppress’ the fire, as opposedto the standardsystemaim to ‘contain’ the fire. ESFRsystemsshall only be wet, and can only be relied upon to operate effectively whendesignedwithin the narrow parameterspermissible,therefore ESFR sprinklers shall beinstalledstrictly in compliancewith their approvallisting, manufacturer’sdatasheetsandpublishedinstallationrequirements.

2.3.2.4 Large drop sprinkler systems Large drop sprinkler systemsare designed toprovide high levels of penetrationand cooling to high hazardfires, and may be wet, dryor pre-action.

To ensurethe effective operationof large drop systemsthey shall be designedstrictly incompliance with their approval listings, manufacturer’s data sheets and publishedinstallationrequirements.

2.3.2.5 Residentialsprinkler designapproach Residentialsprinklersmay be installedina wet pipe sprinklersystemconformingto this Standard,subjectto the following:

(a) Residential sprinklers are permitted in sole occupancyunits and their adjoiningcorridors for buildings of residentialoccupanciesas defined in the BCA, providedthe residential sprinklers are installed in strict compliance with their specifiedapprovallisting andpositioningrequirements.

(b) Sprinkler dischargeratesshall be provided in accordancewith minimum flow ratesindicated in individual residential sprinkler listings, both for the single sprinklerdischargeand the multiple sprinkler dischargeof the designsprinklers.

(c) The design area shall be that area which includes the four most hydraulicallydemandingsprinklers.

(d) When residentialsprinklers are installed within a compartment,all sprinklersshallbe from the same manufacturer and have the same heat response thermalcharacteristics.

(e) Residential sprinkler systemsshall be so designedthat the maximum floor area,excluding concealedspacesbut including mezzaninefloor areas,controlled by onecontrol assembly,doesnot exceed9 000 m2.

2.3.2.6 Deluge system Deluge systemsare systemsof open sprinklers controlled by aquick-openingvalve (deluge valve) which is operatedby a systemof approvedthermaldetectorsor sprinklersinstalledin the sameareasas the opensprinklers.

These systemsare designedprimarily for special hazardssuch as those listed as highhazardin Clause2.2.4, where any fire could be anticipatedto be intensewith a fast rateof propagation.In thesecircumstancesit is desirableto apply water simultaneouslyover acompletezone in which a fire may originate by admitting water to open sprinklersor tomediumor high velocity sprayers.

Full details of proposalsfor installation of deluge systemsshall be submitted to theauthorityhaving jurisdiction for approvalbeforeany erectionwork is commenced.

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2.4 DESIGN DATA Each standardsprinkler systemshall be hydraulically designedinaccordancewith the relevant hazardclassto provide an appropriatedensity of dischargeover an assumedareaof operation.

The designdensitiesand dischargeand the assumedareaof operationfor the threeclassesshall be asgiven in Table2.4.1.

TABLE 2.4.1

DESIGN DENSITIES OF DISCHARGE ANDASSUMED AREAS OF OPERATION OF

STANDARD SPRINKLER SYSTEMS

Hazard classDesigndensity of

dischargemm/min

Assumedarea ofoperation m2

Light 2.25 84

Ordinary—123Special

5*5*5*5*

71144216360

High—ProcessrisksHigh piled storage

risks

7.5 to 12.57.5 to 30

260260 or 300

* Provision is madefor the density to be increasedfor certainareasby specifying closer spacing of sprinklers (seeClause9.3.1or Clause10.3.1).

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S E C T I O N 3 I N S T A L L A T I O N

3.1 SPRINKLERED BUILDINGS

3.1.1 Extent of sprinkler protection

3.1.1.1 General For the purposeof this Standard,sprinkleredbuildingsand sprinkleredareasshall be classifiedin accordancewith Clauses3.1.1.2and 3.1.1.3.

3.1.1.2 Classificationas sprinkleredbuilding To be classifiedasa sprinkleredbuilding,a building shall be sprinkleredthroughout,other than where exceptionsare permitted inClause3.1.3.

3.1.1.3 Classificationas sprinkleredarea Where it is proposedto protecta portion of abuilding only, for that portion to be classifiedas a sprinkleredarea,it shall be protectedthroughoutby a sprinkler systemin accordancewith this Standardand be separatedfromnon-sprinkleredareasby a constructionhaving an FRL of not less than −/120/120withthe exceptionof thoselisted in Clause3.1.3.

Where the sprinklered building is linked to an unsprinklered building by a roofedconnection(e.g. roofed passageway,roofed ramp or tunnel), protectionshall extend to awall having an FRL of not lessthan −/120/120with any door or shutterin the wall havingan FRL of not less than −/120/30,and extendingfrom top to bottom and side to side ofthe passageway,ramp,or tunnel.

Wherethe wall is locatedat the junction with the unsprinkleredbuilding, the link shall besprinklerprotected.

3.1.2 Protection against exposurehazards

3.1.2.1 Limit of application Provisions of this Clause do not apply to a sprinklersysteminstalledto comply with the BCA —

(a) existingbuildingsnot requiredto conform with currentbuilding regulations;or

(b) buildings without externalwall wetting sprinklersconformingwith current buildingregulationswhereexposurehazardsare locatedwithin 10 m of the building.

3.1.2.2 External sprinklers Inferior external walls and openingsin externalwalls of asprinklered building or sprinklered area within 10 m of an exposurehazard shall beprotectedby externalsprinklers,in compliancewith the requirementsof AS 2118.2.

For the purposeof this Clausean exposurehazardshall mean a sourceof radiant heatsuchas—

(a) unsprinkleredbuildingsor structureswith inferior externalwalls, wall openingsandroofs (other than reinforcedconcreteroofs); or

(b) storageor handlingof combustibleor flammablesubstances.

For the purposeof positioning the designpoints, external sprinklersshall be consideredcumulative with the sprinklers forming the internal array to which they are connected.Pipe sizes from the system extremities to the design points shall comply with therequirementsof Clauses9.4.2.2,10.4.2.2or 11.4.2.2.

For external sprinklers connectedby distribution pipes to fully hydraulically calculatedhigh hazardsystems,the piping for the external sprinklers shall be sized in accordancewith Table10.4.2.2.The pressureand flow requirementsof the externalprotectionmay beignoredwhen in the hydraulic calculationsfor the internal sprinklerpiping.

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21 AS 2118.1— 1995

Where internal rangepipesextendto externalsprinklers,the externalsprinklersshall, forthe purposeof hydraulic calculations,form part of the internal system.In this case,theminimum flow rate per externalsprinkler shall be takenas70 litres/min.

NOTES:1 Externalprotectionis generallysubjectto the approvalof the regulatoryauthority. In cases

where the numberof sprinklersopposedto a single exposurehazardexceeds12, the watersupply may requireto be increased.

2 The underside of any roof overhang, other than reinforced concrete construction,irrespectiveof width, shouldbe treatedas an inferior wall.

3.1.3 Permitted exceptions Sprinklers may be omitted from certain areas ofsprinkleredbuildingsor sprinkleredareasas follows:

(a) Fire-isolatedstairways,fire-isolatedpassagewaysand fire-isolatedrampsconstructedin accordancewith building regulations.

(b) Toilets and washrooms,but not cloakrooms,separatedfrom the sprinkleredbuildingby walls, floors and ceilings with an FRL of not lessthan −/60/60,with all openingsto the sprinkleredbuilding fitted with fire doors or approvedfire shutterswith aminimum FRL of −/60/60.

(c) Rooms or compartmentscontaining dry electric equipment, used for no otherpurposes,enclosedby walls, floors and ceilings with a minimum FRL of −/120/120,and with all openingsto the sprinkleredbuilding fitted with fire doors or approvedfire shutterswith a minimum FRL of −/120/30.Suchroom or compartmentshall befitted with—

(i) multiple jet controlsfor alarm purposesonly; or

(ii) a detectionand alarm systeminstalled in accordancewith the requirementsof AS 1670.

(d) Silos or bins for the storageof grain, inside buildings forming part of corn mill,distillery, maltingsor oil mill premises.

(e) Ovens, hovels and kilns in potteries, including earthenware,brick, tile and glassworks.

(f) The undersidesof screensor shields erected over the wet ends of papermakingmachines.

(g) Over salt bathsand metal melt panswhere the applicationof water would endangerpersonnel.Piping and sprinklers may be located over such places if a suitablecanopyis fitted.

(h) Over uncoveredpotablewater storagewhereverthere is a dangerof contaminationof that water.

(i) Unroofeddocksor loadingplatforms,subjectto the requirementsof Clause5.6.13.

(j) Balconies not exceeding6 m2, open sided, not recessedinto the facade of thebuilding and not encroaching below the floor slab of the storey above(seeClause5.6.14).

3.2 TRANSMISSION OF ALARM SIGNAL TO FIRE BRIGADE Unlessotherwiseapproved a distinctive alarm signal shall be automatically transmitted to a constantlymannedfire brigadereceivingcentreon actuationof the sprinkler system.

Where this provision is made, the following requirementsshall be observed(see alsoClause8.10):

(a) If at any time the connectionto the fire brigadeis severed,attentionshall be drawnto this fact at the fire stationand to when the connectionis re-established.

(b) A permanentand securelyaffixed notice shall be located in close proximity to thecontrol assembliesto indicate that there is a direct alarm connectionto the firebrigade.

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AS 2118.1—1995 22

(c) The alarm signal wiring and power supply shall comply with the requirementsofAS 1670,AS 3000andAppendix B.

(d) For alarm transmissionpurposes,the control assembliesof not more than fourinstallations may be grouped, provided that each installation is fitted with anapproved mechanical indicating device which, when actuated, remains, in the‘system operated’ position until manually reset. In addition, a readily discerniblesign shall be located adjacent to the control assembliesto indicate the zonecontrolledby eachcontrol assembly.

3.3 LOCAL ALARM Every installation shall be fitted with an externally mountedwater motor alarm, except that where alarm valves are groupedone water motor alarmmay serveall installationsin any one location.The water motor alarm shall be locatedasnearas practicableto the alarm valves.(Seealso Clauses8.7 and8.10.)

NOTES:

1 The purposeof this alarm is to attract the attentionof passers-by.It is not intendedto alertoccupantsof the building.

2 It shouldbe notedthat BCA requiredsystemsare requiredto have occupantalerting alarms(seeBCA).

3.4 SYSTEM MONITORING

3.4.1 General Monitoring of systemcomponentsshall be provided in accordancewithClauses3.4.2to 3.4.5.

3.4.2 Monitoring devices Monitoring devices shall comply with the requirementsofAS 4118.1.4and shall automaticallytransmitan alarm upon—

(a) a changeof statusof the monitoredcomponent;and

(b) any attemptto tamperwith or bypassthe monitoringdevice.

3.4.3 Systemsto be monitored Continuoussystemmonitoringshall be installed—

(a) in high hazardsystems;

(b) in buildingshigher than 25 m; and

(c) whererequiredby actsor regulations.

3.4.4 Componentsto be monitored The following componentsshall be monitored:

(a) Water supplystopvalvesexcludingundergroundkey-operatedvalves.

(b) Main stop valves.

(c) Subsidiarystopvalves(seeClause8.2.4).

(d) Powersupply for eachelectricmotor driven pump.

(e) Controller ‘ready to start condition’ battery voltage and fuel level for eachcompression-ignitiondriven pump.

3.4.5 Installation Control and power supply equipment shall comply with therequirementsof AS 1603.4andAS 3000.

Monitoring alarmsshall be connectedto—

(a) a constantlymannedfire brigadereceivingcentre;

(b) a Grade1 centralstationcomplyingwith AS 2201.2;or

(c) a constantlymannedin-housesecurityfacility.

Should the connectionbe severed,attention shall be drawn to this fact at the receivingstation.

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23 AS 2118.1— 1995

S E C T I O N 4 W A T E R S U P P L I E S

4.1 GENERAL The water supplyshall have a pressureand flow characteristicnot lessthan that specifiedin Clauses9.2, 10.2 or 11.2,as appropriate.

It shall be automaticand thoroughlyreliable and not subjectto either freezingor droughtconditionsthat could seriouslydepletethe supply.

Sprinkler systemsunder separateownership shall not share private water supplies,norshall they shareconnectionsto public water supplies.

Sprinkler systempiping shall not traversegroundwhich is not undercontrol of the ownerand, with the exception of water supply connectionsto town mains, shall not traverseroadways.

The water shall be fresh and free from fibrous or other matter in suspensionliable tocauseaccumulationsin the systempiping.

NOTES:

1 Water supplies,other than that part underthe control of the water supply authorities,shouldbe underthe control of the occupierof the building containingthe installation.

2 In special circumstances where there is no suitable fresh water source availableconsideration may be given to the use of salt or brackish water, provided that theinstallationis normally chargedwith fresh water.

3 Ring or loop mains—where there is a ring main within the premisesit is desirable toprovide isolatingstopvalves,so situatedas to maintainthe maximumpossibleservicein theeventof fractureor if it is necessaryto closedown part of the ring main.

4.2 ACCEPTABLE SOURCES OF SUPPLY The following sourcesof supply shallbe acceptable:

(a) Town mains(seeClause4.10).

NOTE: Internal water reticulationwithin an establishment,capableof supplying peak flows atthe requiredduration for domestic,fire servicesand sprinkler installations,designedon a ringsystemwith adequatevalving, may be consideredas town mains.

(b) Elevatedprivate reservoirs(seeClause4.9.2).

(c) Gravity tanks(seeClause4.9.3).

(d) Automaticpumps(seeClause4.11)—

(i) drawing from suction tanks or natural sources such as rivers, lakes orundergroundwater supply,subjectto the conditionslaid down in Clause4.1;or

(ii) boostingsuppliessuchas town mainsor elevatedprivate reservoirs.

(e) Pressuretanks(seeClause4.13).

4.3 WATER SUPPLY GRADES

4.3.1 General Water supplies for automatic sprinkler systemsshall be divided intothreegradesbasedon the reliability of supply in relation to the classof hazard.

4.3.2 Grade 3 water supplies

4.3.2.1 Definition The following supplies constitute Grade3 water supplies(seeFigure 4.3.2for typical arrangements):

(a) A direct supply from a singletown main.

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(b) A single automaticpump supply drawing from a single town main (boosterpump),from a pump suction tank, or from a natural source.The automaticpump may bedriven by an electricmotor or by a compression-ignitionengine.

(c) A pressuretank (light hazardand ordinary hazard1 classesonly).

4.3.2.2 Limitations on the use of Grade3 water supply A Grade3 water supply shallnot be usedto supplysprinkler systems—

(a) protectinga building where the floor of the topmoststorey is 25 m or more abovethe loweststoreyproviding egressto the road or openspace;or

(b) protectinga high hazardclassof risk unlessthe Grade3 supplyconsistsof—

(i) a town main which is capable of supplying not less than 2200 L/min inexcessof the systemdesignflow rateat all times;or

(ii) an automatic (booster) pump supply drawing from a single town maincomplying with (i) above(seeFigure4.10.2(f)), in which casethere shall beeither—

(A) two automatic pumps, one at least of which shall have acompression-ignitionenginedrive and each of which shall be capableof providing independentlythe necessarypressureand flow; or

(B) three automatic pumps, two at least of which shall havecompression-ignitionengine drives and any two of which shall becapableof providing in aggregatethe necessarypressureand flow.

In each casethe pumps shall be capableof operating in parallel, i.e.they shall havesimilar pressureand flow characteristics.

NOTE: Where two completely independentelectric power sourcesare available(neither linkedwith the other) or where automatic changeover facilities exist between two completelyindependent electric power sources (excluding emergency standby generating sets), theprovision of two electrically driven pumpsmay be permitted,one suppliedfrom eachsourceinthe former case,or both suppliedfrom eachsourcein the latter case.In thesecircumstancesoneof the pumpsmay be regardedas being compression-ignitionenginedriven for the purposeofinterpretationof this Clause.

4.3.3 Grade 2 water supplies The following supplies constitute Grade2 watersupplies(seeFigure 4.3.3 for typical arrangement):

(a) Town main complyingwith the following requirements:

(i) The town main shall be fed from both endsby mains,eachof which shall becapable of furnishing the relevant pressures and flows required inClauses9.2, 10.2 or 11.2.Thereshall be duplicateconnectionsfrom the townmain carried separately up to the premises containing the sprinklerinstallation,with a stop valve (openor closed)on the main betweenthe twobranches.

NOTE: If it is not possibleto provide the duplicate connections,a normally openstopvalve on the town main immediatelyon eachsideof a singlebranchconnectionshall be provided.

(ii) The mainsat eachend referredto in (i) aboveshall not be directly dependenton a commontrunk main anywherein the town main system.

(iii) The town main systemshall be connectedto more than onesource.

(b) Elevatedprivate reservoiror gravity tank.

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25 AS 2118.1— 1995

(c) Automatic pump supply drawing from a town main (booster pump), or a pumpsuctiontank. The automaticpump supplyshall consistof either—

(i) two automatic pumps, one at least of which shall have acompression-ignitionengine drive and each of which shall be capableofproviding independentlythe necessarypressuresand flows for the respectivehazardclass(seeClauses9.2, 10.2 or 11.2); or

(ii) threeautomaticpumps,two at leastof which shall havecompression-ignitionengine drives and any two of which shall be capable of providing inaggregatethe necessarypressuresand flows for the respectivehazardclass(seeClauses9.2, 10.2or 11.2).

In eachcasethe pumpsshall be capableof operatingin parallel, i.e. they shall havesimilar pressureand flow characteristics.Where pumpsdraw directly from a townmain (boosterpumps)or from a suctiontank which requiresthe inflow from a townmain to provide the requisite capacity, the town main shall comply with therequirementsspecified in (a)(i), (ii) and (iii) above,except where the suction tankhas a capacitynot less than two-thirds of the full holding capacityrequired for theparticularhazardclass.

(d) Pressuretank (for light hazardclassand ordinary hazard1 only), providedthat—

(i) the water capacityis not lessthan—

(A) for light hazardclass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 000 L; or

(B) for ordinaryhazard1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 000 L; and

(ii) there is an arrangement for maintaining automatically the required airpressure and water level in the tank under non-fire conditions(seeClause4.13).

NOTE: Where two completelyindependentelectric power sourcesare available(neither linkedwith the other) or where automatic changeover facilities exist between two completelyindependent electric power sources (excluding emergency standby generating sets), theprovision of two electrically driven pumpsmay be permitted,one suppliedfrom eachsourceinthe former case,or both suppliedfrom eachsourcein the latter case.In thesecircumstancesoneof the pumpsmay be regardedas being compression-ignitionenginedriven for the purposeofinterpretationof this Clause.

4.3.4 Grade 1 water supplies A Grade1 water supply shall have connection to aduplicatewater supply which shall be capableof providing the samepressureand rate offlow and have the same capacity as is required for the primary supply. For light andordinary hazard classesonly, a pressuretank is acceptableas a duplicate water supply(seeFigure 4.3.4for typical arrangements).

The following combinationsof water suppliesconstitutea Grade1 water supplyservice:

(a) Where two town mains are used as a Grade1 supply, the following additionalrequirementsshall apply to ensurecontinuity of supply:

(i) The mainsshall either be independentor form part of an interconnectedtownmains system having stop valves so arranged that in the event of abreakdown anywhere in the system at least one of the mains to theinstallationcan remainoperative.

(ii) The town mainssystemshall be connectedto more than onesource.

(iii) There shall be a branch connectionfrom eachmain carried separatelyup tothe premisescontainingthe installation.

NOTE: Two or more installationson any premisesin one ownershipmay have thesecondand subsequentinstallation suppliedby a single pipe taken downstreamofthe interconnectionof the two branches.

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AS 2118.1—1995 26

(b) Town main andpressuretank (light and ordinaryhazardclassesonly).

(c) Town main andelevatedprivate reservoiror gravity tank.

(d) Town main and automaticpump, provided that where the automaticpump drawsfrom a suction tank of less capacity than that statedin Clause4.8, the town mainwhich forms oneof the suppliesshall not be usedto supply the balance.

(e) Automaticpumpand pressuretank (light and ordinaryhazardclassesonly).

(f) Automatic pump and elevatedprivate reservoir or gravity tank, provided the latterdoesnot form the sourceof supplyto the automaticpump.

(g) Two elevatedprivate reservoirsor gravity tanks.

Alternatively, one double capacity reservoir or tank shall be acceptableif it issuitably subdivided, with separatedownpipes from each division. The point ofconnectionof eachdownpipeto the sprinkler main shouldbe as closeas possibletothe protectedpremisesand the commonmain shall not traversegroundnot underthecontrol of the ownerof the installationnor crossa public roadway.

(h) Automatic pump supply drawing from a virtually inexhaustiblesource,such as ariver, canal, lake or undergroundsource, or two limited capacity pump suctiontanks.For pump suctiontanks,the primary tank shall havea holding capacityequalto that requiredfor the particular hazardclasswhile the secondarytank may be ofsmaller capacity with automaticinflow, provided that it meetsthe requirementsofClause4.8. In high hazardclasssystems,the primary pump suction tank may alsobe of smallercapacity,providedthat it meetsthe requirementsof Clause4.8.

The automaticpump supplyshall consistof either—

(i) two automatic pumps, one at least of which shall have acompression-ignitionengine drive and each of which shall be capableofproviding independentlythe necessarypressuresand flows for the respectivehazardclass(seeClauses9.2, 10.2 or 11.2); or

(ii) threeautomaticpumps,two at leastof which shall havecompression-ignitionengine drives and any two of which shall be capable of providing inaggregatethe necessarypressuresand flows in the respectivehazard class(seeClauses9.2, 10.2or 11.2).

In eachcasethe pumpsshall be capableof operatingin parallel, i.e. they shall havesimilar pressureand flow characteristics.Where pumps draw from suction tanksprovision shall be madefor the pumpsto draw from either tank so that when onetank is renderedinoperativethe other tank is availablefor all pumps.

NOTES:

1 If the holding capacity of suction tanks is reducedas permitted in (h), it will not benecessaryto provide separateautomatic inflow facilities for either suction tank if therateof inflow for eithersuctiontank meetsthe requirementsof Clause4.8.1.

2 Where two completely independentelectric power sourcesare available(neither linkedwith the other) or where automaticchangeoverfacilities exist betweentwo completelyindependentelectric power sources(excluding emergencystandbygeneratingsets), theprovision of two electrically driven pumps may be permitted, one supplied from eachsourcein the former caseor both suppliedfrom eachsourcein the latter case.In thesecircumstances,one of the pumpsmay be regardedas being compression-ignitionenginedriven for the purposeof interpretationof this Clause.

(j) Elevatedprivate reservoirand pressuretank (light andordinary hazardclassesonly).

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27 AS 2118.1— 1995

FIGURE 4.3.1 SYMBOLS USED IN FIGURES 4.3.2 TO 4.3.4

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AS 2118.1—1995 28

FIGURE 4.3.2 TYPICAL GRADE 3 WATER SUPPLIES

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FIGURE 4.3.3 (in part) TYPICAL GRADE 2 WATER SUPPLIES

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AS 2118.1—1995 30

FIGURE 4.3.3 (in part) TYPICAL GRADE 2 WATER SUPPLIES

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31 AS 2118.1— 1995

FIGURE 4.3.4 (in part) TYPICAL GRADE 1 WATER SUPPLIES

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AS 2118.1—1995 32

FIGURE 4.3.4 (in part) TYPICAL GRADE 1 WATER SUPPLIES

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FIGURE 4.3.4 (in part) TYPICAL GRADE 1 WATER SUPPLIES

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AS 2118.1—1995 34

FIGURE 4.3.4 (in part) TYPICAL GRADE 1 WATER SUPPLIES

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35 AS 2118.1— 1995

4.4 CONNECTIONS TO OTHER SERVICES

4.4.1 General The water supply to a sprinkler systemshall be separatewith no otherconnectionsexceptwhere the water supply authority so regulates.Where connectionsareto town mainsor the supply is from a private source,the provisionsof Clause4.4.2 shallapply. If other connections are necessary to comply with water supply authorityrequirements,any such connectionshall be madeupstreamof the sprinkler systemmainstopvalve and shall be fitted with separateisolatingvalves.

NOTE: See AS 2118.6 for combined sprinkler and hydrant systemsfor installation in multi-storeybuildings.

Within an establishment,water supply for both automatic sprinkler and fire hydrantservices(seeAS 2419) may be combinedsubjectto the following conditions:

(a) The provision of a water supply of sufficient capacityto provide the combinedflowrequirementsfor both sprinklersand hydrants.

(b) The employment of ring mains incorporating isolating valves complying withAS 2419 for all combined sprinkler/hydrantsystemswhich have hydrants in theopen or hydrantswhich may be subject to damage.Such ring mains are generallyrecommendedto preserve the integrity of the sprinkler system in all combinedsystems.Where ring mainsare not employed,an isolatingvalve shall be installedatthe point of connectionof any branchservingmore thanone hydrant.

(c) Piping shall be sized on the basisof the aggregateflow at any point in the systemwith a velocity not exceeding4 m/s.

NOTE: For ring mains, the flow shall be taken in one direction only for velocitycalculations.

(d) Where a reservoir is provided, it shall be compartmentedto permit retention of atleasthalf the supply when it is necessaryto shut down for cleaningor repairsand itshall—

(i) be of sufficient capacityto comply with the requirementsof (a) above;or

(ii) have a capacitynot less than two-thirds of the quantity of water required in(a) above,provided that the remainderis madeup from a reliable sourcebyan automatic inflow for the operational period required for sprinklers orhydrants,whicheveris the more stringent.

(e) Wherepumpsareprovidedthey shall comply with Clauses4.11 and 4.12and—

(i) they shall be of sufficient capacity to supply the requirementsof sprinklersand hydrantssimultaneouslyexceptthat pumpsshall be capableof deliveringnot lessthan 150 percentof the combinedflow at not lessthan 65 percentofthe requiredpressureand neednot comply with the nominal ratingsspecifiedelsewherein this Standard;

(ii) the number and arrangementof pumps shall comply with the relevantrequirementsfor the classof hazardand gradeof water supply;

(iii) they shall haveautomaticstartingin accordancewith AS 2941;whereremotemanualstart is required for fire hydrant operation,the manualstart stationsshall be sealed in a manner which will ensure that any operation of thestarting device is readily discernible,e.g. lead and wire seals,break-glassfacilities or similar; and

(iv) pumpstart shall transmitan alarm signal to the fire brigade.

(f) The pressurelimitations applicableto both the sprinkler systemand hydrantsystemshall be compliedwith.

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AS 2118.1—1995 36

4.4.2 Fire hosereel connections

4.4.2.1 General Connectionsto sprinkler systemwater suppliesare permitted for firehose reels, provided that the appropriaterequirementsof Clauses4.4.2.2 to 4.4.2.4 arecomplied with. Such connectionsshall not exceed50 mm internal diameterand shall beprovided with a stop valve suitably labelled and in close proximity to the point ofconnectionwith the supplypipe.

4.4.2.2 Town mains Providedthat the town main and the sprinkler supply pipe are notlessthan 100 mm diameter—

(a) a singlepipe may be takenfrom the sprinklersupplypipe for fire hosereels;and

(b) wherethe water supplycomprisesconnectionstakenfrom more than onetown main,connectionsfor fire hose reels may be made from the sprinkler supply pipe. Suchconnectionshall be madebetweenthe point where the suppliesare joined and thesprinklersystemmain stopvalves.

4.4.2.3 Elevatedprivate reservoirs,gravity tanks and automaticpumps Connectionstosupply fire hosereels may be madeon the supply side of the sprinkler systemmain stopvalve. In installationssuppliedfrom more than one of thesesources,connectionsfor firehosereelsmay be madesimilarly to Clause4.4.2.2(b).

4.4.2.4 Pressuretanks Where a pressuretank forms the sole supply to an installation,no fire hose reel connectionshall be made. Where a pressuretank forms a secondarysupply to the installation, a fire hose reel connection may be made similarly toClause4.4.2.2(b), provided that the pressure tank is replenished automatically inaccordancewith Clause4.13.2(b).

4.4.3 Fire brigade booster connection Sprinkler systemsshall be fitted with a firebrigadeboosterconnectionto enablethe fire brigadeto pressurizeor pump water into thesystem.

NOTE: The regulatoryauthority may waive this requirement.An examplecould be where thewater supply is consideredto be sufficient for a small system without the assistanceof anautomaticpump.

Fire brigade booster connectionsshall be adequatelysupportedand located outside thebuilding in a position which is readily accessibleto fire brigadepersonnel.They shall befitted with a full way non-returnvalve, any other fittings required by the water supplyauthority,andhoseconnectionsequippedwith standardcaps.

The pipe betweenthe non-return valve and the outside hose connectionshall be fittedwith a plug-cockwhich shall drain to a suitableplace.

The enclosurein which the fire brigadeboosterconnectionis housedshall be markedwiththe words ‘SPRINKLER BOOSTERCONNECTION’ in lettersnot less than 50 mm high,in a colour contrasting with that of the background,and shall be marked with themaximum allowable inlet pressureat the connection.If the connectiondoesnot servethecompletesprinkler system,it shall be clearly marked to indicate that part of the systemwhich it serves.

NOTE: Attention is drawn to the need to ensure that a suction point is available in closeproximity to the fire brigadeboosterconnection.

4.5 PRESSURE AND FLOW REQUIREMENTS The required running pressureandflow requirements shall be as specified for the appropriate hazard class inClauses9.2, 10.2 or 11.2. The running pressureshall be measuredon the installationgaugeimmediatelyabovethe alarm valve.

The static pressureequivalent(in kilopascals)of the height of the highestsprinkler abovethe level of the installationgaugeshall be takenas—

9.79 × heightof sprinkler abovegauge(in metres).

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37 AS 2118.1— 1995

4.6 PRESSURE CONSIDERATIONS Where the water pressuresapplied to anysystemare excessive,as in the caseof storeyedbuildingsin excessof 75 m in height, thesystemshall be divided into ‘stages’so that the pressureon any sprinkler doesnot exceed1 MPa. Care shall be taken to ensure that all piping, pumps, valves and fittings aresuitable for the pressuresthat are applied. For the purpose of this Clause, pressurecalculationsshall includeallowancefor anticipatedmaximumwatersupply pressures,suchas pressurefluctuation in town mains and pumpsoperatingin a closedsystemcondition.(Seealso Clause8.8.)

4.7 MINIMUM CAPACITY OF STORED WATER SUPPLIES The minimumcapacitiesspecifiedin the relevantclausesrelate to storedwater sourcesreservedfor thesprinklersystem,including fire hosereelsif permitted.

Clausesrelating to minimum capacityof storedwater suppliesare as follows:

(a) Pressuretanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clauses9.2.2.5and10.2.2.5.

(b) Pumpsuctiontanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clauses4.8, 9.2.2.3,10.2.2.3and11.2.2.3.

(c) Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clauses9.2.2.2,10.2.2.2and11.2.2.2.

4.8 PUMP SUCTION TANKS

4.8.1 General Pump suction tanks shall have an effective capacity not less than thatspecified in Clauses9.2.2.3,10.2.2.3or 11.2.2.3.If there is an automatic inflow whichcan be relied upon at all times, a smaller capacity shall be permitted,provided that therate of inflow enablesthe pump to operateat full capacity for not less than the periodnecessary to comply with the relevant requirements of Tables9.2.2.2,10.2.2.2,or 11.2.2.2.

The water supply to suctiontanksshall be capableof completelyrefilling the tank withinthe following times:

(a) Single tanks—

(i) capacitylessthan500 000 L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to be refilled in 6 h; and

(ii) larger capacities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to be refilled in 24 h.

(b) Duplicatetanks—onetank to be refilled in 24 h.

If the rate of input to a tank of less than 500 000 litres capacity is such that it will takelonger than 6 h to refill, the capacity of the tank shall be increasedbeyond the relevantrequirementsof Tables9.2.2.2,10.2.2.2,or 11.2.2.2.Such increasein capacity shall besufficient to ensurethat the required minimum capacity shall be available 6 h after thevolumeequal to the requiredminimum capacityhasbeendrained.

Provisionshall be madeto minimize the entrainmentof air where the supply water entersthe tank or wheretestwater returnsto the tank.

4.8.2 Effective capacity When calculating the effective capacity of a pump suctiontank, the depth shall be taken as the measurementbetweenthe normal water level in thetank and the low water level X shownin Figure 4.8.2. Low water level X is calculatedtobe the lowest level beforea vortex is createdcausingthe pump to draw air (seeNote).

Where the suctionpipe is takenfrom the side of the tank as shownin Figure4.8.2(b),theclearancebetweenthe baseof the tank and the lowest level of the pumpsuctionpipe shallbe not lessthandimensionB in the Figure (seeNote).

Where a sumpis formed in the baseof a suctiontank from which the suctionpipe drawswater, the sumpshall not be smaller than indicatedin Figure 4.8.2 in which the positionof the sumpis shownwith broken lines. In addition, the sumpwidth shall be not lessthan3.6 D, whereD is the nominal diameterof the suctionpipe. The point of entry of water tothe suctionpipe shall be locatedcentrally acrossthe width of the sump.(SeeNote.)

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AS 2118.1—1995 38

NOTE: Wherea vortex inhibitor is installedthe following may be applied:

(a) DimensionA may be disregardedand low water level X may be takenas the level at whichvortexingcommences.

(b) Dimension B may be taken from the base of the tank to the level at which vortexingcommencesin the case of example (a). Example (b) is unlikely to be appropriate toarrangementsemployinga vortex inhibitor.

millimetres

Nominal diameter of suction pipe Dimension A Dimension B

6580

100

250310370

8080

100

150200250

500620750

100150150

300350400

9001 0501 200

200250300

DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES

FIGURE 4.8.2 EFFECTIVE CAPACITY OF PUMP SUCTION TANKS

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39 AS 2118.1— 1995

4.8.3 Vortex inhibitor Where a vortex inhibitor, in the form of a flat circular plate atthe suction inlet, is used it shall be designed as shown in Figure 4.8.3 and to thefollowing formulae:

Hm = 0.5d whered > 150 mm nominalbore(NB)or 0.75d whered = 150 mm (NB) or less

D =

where

Hm = Minimum clearanceunderplate(mm)Ha = Actual clearanceunderplate (mm)d = Nominal diameterof suctionpipeD = Minimum diameterof plate (mm)Q = Maximum flow rate (intersectionof squarelaw curve

and effectivepumpcurve) L/min

The plateshall not be lessthan 10 mm thick and be effectively protectedfrom corrosion.

DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES

FIGURE 4.8.3 VORTEX INHIBITORS

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AS 2118.1—1995 40

4.8.4 Supply from inexhaustiblesource

4.8.4.1 General Where the suction pipe draws from a suction chamber fed from avirtually inexhaustiblesourcesuch as a river, channel,lake, or the like, the designanddimensionsspecifiedin Figure 4.8.4shall apply.

4.8.4.2 Slope of inlet Pipes,conduits and beds of open-toppedchannelsshall have acontinuousdownwardslopetowardsthe jackwell or suctionpit of at least1:125.

4.8.4.3 Diametersof pipes The diametersof feed pipesor conduit shall be determinedfrom the following formula:

D = 21.68Q0.357

where

D = internaldiameter,in millimetres

Q = maximum flow output of the pump, i.e. the normal rating for light orordinary hazardand the maximum designflow rate for high hazard,in litresper minute.

4.8.4.4 Depth of inlet The top of the pipe or conduit inlet shall be not less than onediameterbelow the lowestknown water level.

4.8.4.5 Depth of water The depthd of water in open channelsor weirs, and abovetheweir betweenthe settling chamberand suctionchambershall be not less than that shownin Table4.8.4.5for the correspondingwidth W and maximumflow output of the pumpQ.Eachsuctioninlet shall be providedwith a separatesuctionandsettlingchamber.

The total depthof openchannelsand weirs shall be sufficient to accommodatethe highestknown water level of the watersource.

4.8.4.6 Dimensionsof suction and settling chambers The dimension of the suctionchamberand the location of suction pipes from the walls of the chamber, their depthbelow the lowest known water level and clearancefrom the bottom shall comply with therequirementsof Clause4.8.2.

The settling chambershall have the samewidth and depth as the suctionchamberand alength not lessthan4.4√H whereH is the depthof the settlingchamberin millimetres.

4.8.4.7 Inlet screens Inlet screensare requiredwith the following:

(a) Pipe or conduit The inlet to a pipe or conduit feedingthe settlingchambershall befitted with a strainer with an aggregateclear opening not less than five times thecross-sectionalareaof the pipe or conduit. Individual openingsin the strainershallnot allow a 25 mm diametersphereto pass through. Provision shall be made forremovalof the strainerfor cleaning.

(b) Weir or open-top channels Weirs and open-top channels feeding the settlingchambershall be fitted with a removablescreenof wire meshor perforatedmetalplate with an aggregateclear openingbelow water level of 150 mm2 for each litreper minute of the maximum flow output of the pumpQ. The screenshall be ofsufficient strength to withstand the force applied by the water should it becomeobstructed.

NOTES:

1 It is recommendedthat two screensbe provided,one in use with the other in a raisedposition,readyfor interchangewhen cleaningis necessary.

2 Provision should be made for isolation of the settling chamberfor periodical cleaningand maintenance.

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41 AS 2118.1— 1995

(c) Suctioninlet drawing direct from source Where the suctioninlet drawsdirect fromthe source, a walled area not smaller than that required for suction chambers(Clause4.8.4.6)shall be provided.Where the wall extendsabovethe surfaceof thewater, aperturesshall be provided and fitted with screenscomplying with therequirementsof Clause4.8.4.7(b).Wherethe top of the wall is below the surfaceofthe water level, a screenshall be fitted betweenthe top of the wall and the highestknown water level. Suchscreensshall provide an areanot less than that requiredinClause4.8.4.7(b)at the lowestknown water level.

Provisionshall be madefor accessto the screensfor cleaning.

(d) Excavated pits Where the bed of a lake or similar is excavated to providesufficient depth for a pump suction inlet, an area not less than that required inClause4.8.4.7(b)shall be enclosedwith a screen.The largest screenarea possibleshouldbe provided.

NOTE: The excavationof the bedof a lake or similar for this purposeis not recommended.

TABLE 4.8.4.5

MINIMUM DEPTH OF WATER AND WIDTH OFOPEN CHANNELS AND WEIRS FOR

CORRESPONDING INFLOWSmillimetres

Depth d

250 500 1 000

WidthW

Q max.Width

WQ max.

WidthW

Q max.

88125167

280497807

82112143

522891

1 383

78106134

9931 6872 593

215307334

1 1972 0642 342

176235250

1 9603 1593 506

163210223

3 6315 6476 255

410500564

3 1574 1854 953

291334361

4 4825 5926 340

254286306

7 8259 577

10 749

7501 1131 167

7 26112 05412 792

429527539

8 37011 41511 816

353417425

13 67018 06618 635

1 5002 0004 500

17 37924 39560 302

600667819

13 90316 27121 949

462500581

21 41124 39531 142

1 000 29 173 6672 000

38 916203 320

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AS 2118.1—1995 42

NOTE: For clarity, horizontaldimensionsof chambersare shownlonger than acceptableminimum.

FIGURE 4.8.4 MINIMUM DIMENSIONS FOR SUPPLIES FROMINEXHAUSTIBLE SOURCE

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43 AS 2118.1— 1995

4.9 PRIVATE WATER SUPPLIES

4.9.1 General Elevated private reservoirs, gravity tanks, and pump suction tanks,togetherwith their inlet and outlet pipes, shall be adequatelyprotectedagainst freezingand, where the supply is not wholly enclosedwithin a tower, shall be coveredin at thetop in sucha manneras to excludedaylight and solid matter.

Each storage tank shall be provided with an overflow pipe of not less than 100 mmdiameter,or such larger diameterrelated to the size and capacity of the inlet pipe as isnecessaryto provide the requiredair gap below the dischargepoint of the input pipe.

Eachstoragetank shall be fitted with a deviceto indicatethe depthof water.

A permanentladder or stairway, complying with AS 1657, shall be provided to permitaccessto the top of the tank.

The water in the tank shall be kept cleanand free from sediment(seeAS 1851.3).

4.9.2 Elevated private reservoirs Where an elevated private reservoir serves otherthan the sprinkler installation,e.g. water for trade and domesticpurposes,thereshall be aconstantcapacityof at least—

(a) for light hazardclass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 000 L;

(b) for ordinaryhazardclass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ML; or

(c) for high hazardclass . . . 1 ML plus the storedcapacityspecifiedin Clause11.2.2.

Pressureand flow testsin connectionwith the approvalof the supply shall be carriedoutwhen the demandfor other purposesis at its peak.

The outlet from the reservoirshall be kept cleanand free of debris(seeAS 1851.3).

NOTE: A reservoirof smaller capacitymay be acceptedif the conditionsare consideredto beexceptionallyfavourableand it meetsthe approvalof the regulatoryauthority.

4.9.3 Gravity tanks A gravity tank shall comply with the following requirements:

(a) The gravity tank shall havea capacityin accordancewith Clause4.7.

NOTE: Should the capacity of the tank exceed the requirementsof Clause4.7, it ispermissibleto draw upon the surplusfor other purposesby meansof an outlet pipe on thesideof the tank abovethe level of the quantity to be reservedfor the sprinkler installation.

(b) The quantity of water required for the sprinkler installation shall be automaticallymaintained.If the tank forms the sole supply to the sprinkler system,the supply tothe tank shall be capable of refilling the tank to the capacity required underClause4.7 within 6 h. If the rate of input of the supply to the tank is less than thatrequired to refill it within 6 h, the capacity of the tank shall be increasedby theamountof the shortfall.

4.10 TOWN MAINS

4.10.1 Direct supply from town mains Town mains directly supplying a sprinklersystemshall comply with the following requirements:

(a) The main shall be capableof furnishing,undernormal conditions,at all timesof theday and night, the minimum pressure and flow requirements laid down inClauses9.2, 10.2or 11.2,asappropriate.

Where the standingpressureof the main exceeds1 MPa it shall comply with therequirementsof Clause8.8.

(b) Terminal mains or branch dead-endmains of less than 150 mm diametershall notbe usedto supplyordinary hazard3 andordinary hazardspecialor high hazardclasssystems.

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AS 2118.1—1995 44

(c) The town mainssystemshall be fed from a sourceof at least1 ML capacityplus forthe high hazard class, the stored capacity given in Clause11.2.2.2. (For lighthazard,refer to Clause9.2.2.1.)

(d) Any stop valves, apart from thoseunder the control of the water supply authority,on the branchconnectionfrom the town main shall be securedopen and under thecontrol of the occupierof the building containingthe installation.

4.10.2 Pump drawing from town mains A pump may draw directly from a townmain, subjectto the approvalof the water supply authority,and providedthat the latter iscapableof providing water at all times at the maximum flow rate of the pump and thecombinedoutput of the town main and pump meetsthe pressureand flow requirementsfor the appropriatehazardclassandheightof highestsprinkler laid down in Clause4.5.

There shall be a bypassaroundthe pump with a back-pressurevalve on the bypass.Thebypassshall be at leastthe samediameteras the water supplyconnectionto the pump.

The diameterof the water supply connectionto the pump shall be such that a velocity of3.7 m/s is not exceededwhen the pump is operatingat maximum flow rate. Any branchtaken off this supply connection for the purposeof tank filling shall be fitted with aback-pressurevalve to prevent the entrainmentof air. (See Figure 4.10.2 for typicalpressureand flow curves.)

TABLE 4.10.2

VALUES OF CONSTANT K

Hazard Class K

Light 50

Ordinary—123Special

83145190195

High* Determinedby hydrauliccalculationof thehydraulicallymost favourableareaofoperation

* For high hazard systems designed in accordance withTables11.4.2.2(A) to 11.4.2.2(C),the requirementsof the formulamay be ignored,in which casethe maximum flow rate of the pumpis taken as 150 percent of the flow rate given in column 2 ofTable11.2.1 for the appropriatedesigndensityof discharge.

4.11 PUMP INSTALLATIONS

4.11.1 General requirements Pumpsetsshall be installed in accordancewith AS 2941and the following:

(a) Compression-ignitionenginedriven pumpsshall be housedin a sprinkler-protectedarea.

Electric motor driven pumpsshall be housedin—

(i) a sprinkler-protectedarea;or

(ii) a separatebuilding of non-combustibleconstructionthat shall be usedfor noother purposethan for the housingof fire protectionwater supplies.

NOTE: The installationof pump motors and electrical controls in pits, tunnelsor the likemay be permittedonly in specialcases.

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45 AS 2118.1— 1995

(b) Pumpsetsshall be adequatelyprotectedagainstmechanicaldamage.The temperatureof the room shall be maintained above 4°C and above 10°C where thecompression-ignitiontype enginesare used.

(c) Wherea pumphouse,which is requiredto be sprinkler-protected,is situatedremotefrom the sprinkler-protectedpremisessuch that it is impracticable to supply thepump house sprinklers from the installation control assembly, the pump housesprinklersmay be supplied from a point on the downstreamside of the non-returnvalve on the supply pipe from the pump. The sprinkler supply connectionshall beprovided with a controlling stop valve locked in the open position fitted on thesupply pipe to the sprinklers togetherwith an approvedalarm device with visibleand audible indication of the operation of sprinklers provided at some suitablelocation, e.g. in the gatehouseor at the installation control assembly.A 15 mmdrain valve shall be provided downstreamof the flow alarm to permit a practicaltestof the alarm. (Wherepracticable,this alarm shouldalso be connectedto the firebrigade.)

(d) A stop valve, padlockedin the open position, shall be fitted in the suction pipe topermit removalof the pumpwithout draining water from the supply.

(e) Piping betweenthe supplyand the pumpshall be arrangedto preventairlocks.

4.11.2 Pump operating conditions Because of the difficulties encounteredin theautomaticpriming of pumpsinstalled under suction lift conditions,sprinkler pumpsshallbe suppliedwith intakewater underpositivehead.Pumpsshall be consideredto be underpositive headwhen not more than 2 m depthor one third of the effective capacityof thestored water supply, whichever is the lesserquantity of water, is containedbetweenthecentre-lineof the pumpand the low water level X (seeClause4.8.2).

Where pumpsdraw from a natural unlimited water supply, suchas a river, canal or lake,it shall be consideredto be under positive head when the centre-line of the pump islocatednot lessthan850 mm below the lowestknown water level.

4.11.3 Suction piping Suction pipe diameter shall comply with AS 2941 and be notlessthan the suctioninlet size of the pump.The positionof the entry point to the suctionpiping shall conformto the dimensionsgiven in Figure4.8.2.

Where more than one pump is provided, the suction pipes may be interconnectedonlywhere each individual pump suction inlet and each such pipe connectionto the tank ortanks is fitted with a stop valve. The cross-connectionpipe shall be at least equal indiameterto the individual pumpsuctionpipes.

NOTE: Any interconnectedpump which is out of commissionis to be isolatedfrom the systemby closing the inlet suction valve, pressurerelief valve and anti-overheatingcirculating pipevalve. Provision is to be made to automaticallypreventany operatingpump from drawing airfrom any non-operatinginterconnectedpumpthrough—

(a) the pumpair vent pipes;

(b) the pressurerelief valve piping; and

(c) the pumpanti-overheatingcirculatingpipe.

4.11.4 Performance requirements for pumps Pumpsetsshall be capableof satisfyingthe flow and pressurerequirementsof any assumedareasof operationin the systemunderconsideration,calculatedat the lowestavailablesuctionpressure.

NOTE: When selectinga pump,margin shouldbe allowedfor deteriorationof at least50 kPa inpumpperformanceat systemdesignflow.

Eachpump driver shall be capableof meetingthe power requirementsof AS 2941.

4.12 PUMPSETS Pumpsetsshall comply with the requirementsof AS 2941.

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AS 2118.1—1995 46

FIGURE 4.10.2 (in part) TYPICAL PRESSURE AND FLOW CURVES FORPUMPS DRAWING FROM TOWN MAINS

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47 AS 2118.1— 1995

FIGURE 4.10.2 (in part) TYPICAL PRESSURE AND FLOW CURVES FORPUMPS DRAWING FROM TOWN MAINS

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AS 2118.1—1995 48

FIGURE 4.10.2 (in part) TYPICAL PRESSURE AND FLOW CURVES FORPUMPS DRAWING FROM TOWN MAINS

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49 AS 2118.1— 1995

4.13 PRESSURETANKS

4.13.1 General Pressuretanksare acceptableas a sole supplyonly for light hazardandordinary hazard1 classes,subject to the requirementsof Clause4.3.2 for Grade3 watersuppliesandof Clause4.3.3.(d)for Grade2 water supplies.

For ordinary hazard2, 3 and Special,pressuretanksare acceptableonly as one sourceofa Grade1 water supply.

Pressuretanksarenot permittedin high hazardclass.

4.13.2 Special requirements Pressure tanks shall comply with the followingrequirements:

(a) Pressure tanks shall be housed in a readily accessible position in asprinkler-protectedbuilding of non-combustibleconstructionused for no purposeother than for the housing of fire protection water supplies. The tank shall beadequatelyprotected against mechanical damage. The temperatureof the roomshouldbe maintainedabove4°C.

Where the pressuretank enclosure is required to be sprinkler protected and issituatedremotefrom the sprinkler-protectedpremisessuchthat it is impracticabletosupply the pressuretank enclosuresprinklersfrom the installationcontrol assembly,the sprinklers may be supplied from a point on the downstream side of thenon-returnvalve on the supplypipe from the pressuretank.

The sprinkler supply connectionshall be provided with a controlling stop valvelocked in the openposition and fitted on the supply pipe to the sprinklers,togetherwith an alarm device with visible and audible indication of the operation ofsprinklers provided at some suitable location, e.g. in the gatehouseor at theinstallationcontrol assembly.A 15 mm drain valve shall be provideddownstreamofthe flow alarmto permit a practical testof the alarm.

(b) Where usedas a Grade3 water supply, the pressuretank shall be providedwith anarrangementfor maintainingautomaticallythe requiredair pressureand water levelin the tank under non-fire conditions.The arrangementshall include an automaticwarning system that indicates failure of the devices to restore the correct airpressureand water level within a reasonableperiod, the indication being given bothvisibly and audibly at some suitable location, e.g. in the gatehouseor at theinstallationcontrol assembly.Powerfor this warning systemshall be independentofthe power supply to that feeding the air compressorand water pump supplying thetank.

(c) Where a pressuretank is usedas part of a Grade1 supply, the samearrangementsspecifiedin (b) aboveshall apply, or daily inspectionsshall be carried out to verifywater level and air pressure,and any deficiencies found shall be immediatelyrectified.

(d) The pressuretank shall be fitted with air pressuregaugesin duplicateand a gaugeglassto show the level of the water. The secondair pressuregaugemay be omittedwhere the air pressureis automatically maintained.Normally-closed stop valvesshall be fitted on both connectionsto the gaugeglass.Stopvalvesandback-pressurevalves shall be provided on both the water and air supply connectionsto the tankand shall be fixed as closeto the tank as practicable.

(e) Safetyvalvesfitted to pressuretanksshall be fixed in sucha position that the valveseating is water-sealed.A connectionto the valve from the air spaceabove thewaterline should be provided to permit the rapid escapeof air in the event of thevalve opening.The settingof the safetyvalve for the correctworking pressureshallbe carried out by the installing engineersand the valve shall be so constructedthatit can be testedwithout the setting being interfered with. The setting mechanismshouldbe protectedagainstalterationby unauthorizedpersons.The outlet from therelief valve shall be an openend so that any leakagewill be readily detected.

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(f) Pressuretanks shall be examinedthoroughly every three years when they shall becleanedandpaintedboth internally and externallyif necessary.

NOTE: Pressuretanksaresubjectto inspectionby the regulatoryauthority.

(g) Minimum quantityof water to be maintainedin the tank shall be as follows:

(i) WhenGrade2 supply—

(A) light hazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 000 L; and

(B) ordinaryhazard1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 000 L.

(ii) Whenonesourceof Grade1 supply—

(A) light hazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 000 L; and

(B) ordinaryhazardall groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 000 L.

Where a number of installation control assembliesare sited together, and all areassociatedwith installations of the same hazard class, this testing facility is onlynecessaryon one installationcontrol assembly,providedthat it is fitted to the valve whichhasthe highestdemand.

Where more than one hazard class is involved, whether on the same or separateinstallation,control assembliestesting facilities shall be provided to enablethe full rangeof flows to be measured,except this requirement may be waived by the regulatoryauthority where it is obvious,from testingof the higher flow rate, that the lower pressureand flow requirementsaresatisfied.

NOTE: Care shouldbe taken,when water suppliesare marginal, to ensurethat pressurelossesin the drainpipe are not so high as to restrict the flow acrossthe testing facility below therequiredtest pressureand flow. This appliesparticularlywherethe requiredflow rate is high, orwherethe highestsprinklersare below the installationgaugeor only slightly aboveit.

(h) The proportionof air in the tank shall be not less than one-third (seeTable 4.13.2).The air pressure(gauge)to be maintainedin the tank shall be determinedfrom thefollowing formulas,as appropriate:

(i) Wherethe tank is abovethe highestsprinkler—

. . . 4.13.2(h)(i)

(ii) Wherethe tank is below the highestsprinkler—

. . . 4.13.2(h)(ii)

where

P = gaugepressureto be maintainedin tank, in kilopascals

P1 = atmosphericpressure(assume100 kPa)

P2 = minimum pressurerequiredat the highestsprinklerswhen all thewater is expelledfrom the tank, i.e.

Light hazard:190 kPa

Ordinary hazard:

1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 kPa

2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 kPa

3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 kPa

Special . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 kPa

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51 AS 2118.1— 1995

Plus in eachcasethe pressureloss (at the maximumrate of flowfor the appropriatehazardclassspecifiedin Clauses9.2 and 10.2)in the piping, including all valves, betweenthe outlet from thepressuretank and the installationgauge,or 30 kPa, whichever isthe greater

H = height betweenthe highestsprinklerand the tank base,in metres

R =

NOTE: Table4.13.2 indicatesthe requiredworking air pressurefor tankshaving proportionsofair in the tank of one-third, one-half and two-thirds, and where (under the maximum rate offlow for the appropriatehazardclassspecifiedin Clauses9.2 and10.2), the loss of pressureinthe piping, including all valves,betweenthe outlet from the pressuretank and the installationgauge,doesnot exceed30 kPa.

TABLE 4.13.2

MINIMUM AIR PRESSUREIN PRESSURETANKS

Hazardclass

Proportion of airin tank

Minimum air pressureto be maintained in

tank when baseis levelwith highest sprinkler

kPa

Add for eachmetreof part thereof

where tank is belowhighest sprinkler

kPa

Light One-thirdOne-halfTwo-thirds

860540380

302015

Ordinary— 1 One-thirdOne-halfTwo-thirds

500300200

302015

Ordinary— 2 One-thirdOne-halfTwo-thirds

620380260

302015

Ordinary— 3 One-thirdOne-halfTwo-thirds

710440330

302015

Ordinary— Special One-thirdOne-halfTwo-thirds

800500350

302015

4.14 PROVING OF WATER SUPPLIES (see Figure4.14.1) A facility shall beprovidedat the control assemblyon eachsystemto enableteststo be carriedout to verifythat the water supply satisfies the pressureand flow requirementsappropriate to thehazard class (see Clauses9.2, 10.2 or 11.2). These facilities shall consist of one of thefollowing:

(a) Connections for a proprietary device to be installed in accordancewith themanufacturer’sinstructions.

(b) A pressure differential device manufactured and installed in accordancewithBS 1042.1.

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AS 2118.1—1995 52

FIGURE 4.14.1 TYPICAL LAYOUT FOR PROVING WATER SUPPLIES

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53 AS 2118.1— 1995

S E C T I O N 5 S P A C I N G A N D L O C A T I O N O FS P R I N K L E R S

5.1 STANDARD SPACING The maximumareacoverageper sprinkler and maximumdistancebetweensprinklerson rangepipes and betweenadjacentrows of sprinklersshallbe as specifiedfor the classof hazard(seeClauses9.3, 10.3 and11.3 andFigure5.1).

5.2 STAGGERED SPACING Where sprinklers are required to be staggered(seeClause5.4.4), the arrangementsshall be uniform. The distancefrom the end sprinklerto the wall or partition in each alternaterow shall be one-fourth of the designsprinklerspacing down the row; the spacing of the next sprinkler in the same row shall bethree-fourthsof the designspacing.(SeeFigure5.2.)

5.3 MINIMUM DISTANCE BETWEEN SPRINKLERS Sprinklers should not bespaced closer than 2 m, except where intervening constructional features provide asatisfactory baffle or where special baffles are installed in order to prevent the firstsprinklerwhich operatesfrom wetting adjacentsprinklers.

Baffles shall be 200 mm wide × 150 mm high and preferably of sheetmetal. They shallbe locatedapproximatelymidway betweensprinklersand arrangedto baffle the actuatingelements.The top of the baffles shouldextendabovethe sprinkler deflectorsby 50 mm to75 mm.

5.4 LOCATION OF SPRINKLERS (OTHER THAN SIDEWALL SPRINKLERS)

5.4.1 General In addition to limitations specifiedfor the maximum areacoveragepersprinkler and the maximum distancebetweensprinklers(seeClause5.1), sprinklersshallbe so locatedthat therewill be minimal interferenceto the dischargepatternby structuralmembers such as beams, columns, girders and trusses (see Clauses5.4.4,5.4.5,5.4.6and 5.4.7) or any other obstructing feature. Sprinklers shall also be located at theappropriatedistancebelow ceiling andbeamsasrequiredby Clause5.4.3.

5.4.2 Walls and partitions Except as provided for in Clause5.2, the distance ofsprinklers from walls or partitions shall be as specified for the appropriatehazardclass(seeClauses9.3.3,10.3.3or 11.3.3).

For open-joistedceilings or where the roof has the rafters exposed,the distancesfromwalls and partitionsreferredto in Clauses9.3.3,10.3.3or 11.3.3,as appropriate,shall notexceed1.5 m.

Sprinklers shall be placed not more than 1.5 m from external walls where these areconstructedof—

(a) combustiblematerial;

(b) fibrous cementor metal,with combustiblelining in either case;or

(c) metal (whether on wood or metal frame and with or without combustiblelining)protectedwith a coating of bitumen, tar or pitch, or with material impregnatedortreatedwith bitumen,tar or pitch.

Open-facedbuildingsshall havesprinklersnot morethan 1.5 m from the openface.

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AS 2118.1—1995 54

FIGURE 5.1 STANDARD SPACING

FIGURE 5.2 STAGGERED SPACING

(Illustrating acceptable staggered arrangement for ordinary hazard where it is desired to spacesprinklers more than 4.2 m apart on range pipes)

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55 AS 2118.1— 1995

5.4.3 Ceilings, roofs and underside of stairs The following requirementsapply tosprinklerslocatedbelow ceilings,roofs and stairs:

NOTE: Notwithstandingthe provisionsof this Clause,it is preferablethat sprinklersbe locatedbetween75 mm and 150 mm below any roof or ceiling.

(a) Sprinkler deflectorsshall be parallel to any slopeof the ceiling, roof or undersideofstairs.

(b) Spacingmeasurementsshall be takenhorizontally.

(c) When fitted undera slopingsurfacewhich is greaterthan1 in 3, a line of sprinklersshall be fitted at the apexunlessthereis a row of sprinklersat a radial distancenotgreaterthan750 mm from the apex.

(d) Sprinklersshall not be recessedin ceilings unlessspecificallymanufacturedfor suchmounting.

(e) Sprinklers shall be located not more than 300 mm below combustibleor frangibleceilingsor roofs.

(f) Sprinklersshall be locatednot more than 450 mm below ceilingsor roofs containingno combustiblematerial.Wherecombustiblesarking,insulationor linings or similarare installed below ceilings or roofs, such ceilings or roofs shall be deemedto becombustible.

(g) For open joists and exposedcommon rafter construction,measurementsshall betakenfrom the undersideof joists or rafters.

(h) Deflectorsshall be not more than150 mm below joists of open-joistceilings.

(i) Unlessotherwiseapproved,measurementsin (e) and (f) abovefor archedceilings orceilingsof irregular shapeshall be takenfrom the highestpoint in the ceiling.

5.4.4 Beams and joists Light fittings and ducts in close proximity to the ceiling shallbe treatedas beamsor joists.

NOTE: Bulkheadswill be treatedasducts.

Where deflectorsof sprinklersare above the level of the bottom of the beamsor joists(becauseof the limitation imposed by Clause5.4.3), the sprinklers shall be at suchdistances therefrom, that undue interference with the sprinkler discharge pattern isavoided.

NOTE: Table5.4.4 and Figure 5.4.4(A) indicate the minimum horizontal distances forsprinklers—

(a) from the sideof a beamor joist in relationto the heightof the deflector;and

(b) abovethe bottomof the beamor joist.

Figures5.4.4(B)and 5.4.4(C)give examplesof thesedistances.

Where the depth of the beam or joist c (see Figure 5.4.4(A)) exceeds 300 mm(combustibleceilings) or 450 mm (non-combustibleceilings) and it is impracticabletoposition sprinklersat the required distancefrom the side of the beam,the beamshall betreatedas a wall insofar as the sprinklersin the adjoiningbay areconcerned.

Where the depth of beams(or joists) is such that the dimensionsspecifiedin Table5.4.4cannotbe compliedwith and the beams(or joists) are spacedcloser than 1.8 m measuredfrom centre-to-centreof beam,the sprinklersshall be stagger-spaced(seeClause5.2).

NOTE: Where beams of the above depth are spaced closer than 1.2 m, they should beunderdrawnwith substantialnon-combustiblematerial.

5.4.5 Columns Sprinklers shall be spacedwell clear of columns. Where individualsprinklersare placedwithin 600 mm of any column, the obstructionto the distribution ofwater from that sprinkler shall be compensatedfor by placing a sprinkler within 1.8 m ofthe oppositefaceof the column.

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AS 2118.1—1995 56

TABLE 5.4.4

SPRINKLER DISTANCES FROM BEAMS AND JOISTS(For sidewall sprinklers, seeTable 5.5.1)

millimetres

Minimum horizontal distancefrom sprinkler to side of

beam or joist a

Maximum height of sprinkler deflectorabovebottom of beam or joist b

Conventionalsprinklersinstalledupright

Spray sprinklers (uprightand pendent types)andconventional sprinklers

installed pendent

100200400

—1734

1740

100

600800

1 000

516890

200300415

1 2001 4001 600

135200265

460460460

1 800 340 460

5.4.6 Girders Sprinklersshall be not lessthan 1.2 m from any girder with a top flangeexceeding200 mm nominal width. Where the top flange of a girder does not exceed200 mm nominal width, sprinklersmay be locateddirectly over the girder, provided thatthe sprinkler deflectorsarenot lessthan150 mm abovethe top of the girder.

5.4.7 Roof trusses Sprinklers shall be not less than 300 mm laterally from trussmemberswhich are 100 mm nominal or less in width. Where widths exceed 100 mmnominal,the sprinklersshall be not lessthan600 mm laterally therefrom.

Where range pipes passabove or through trusses,the sprinklers may be located on thecentre-lineof the truss if the trussmembersare not more than 200 mm nominal in widthand the sprinkler deflectors are 150 mm above the truss member.When sprinklers arelocated alongsidetruss members,the distanceof the sprinkler deflectors therefrom shallbe in accordancewith Table5.4.4.

5.4.8 Clear spacebelow sprinklers (Seealso Clauses11.1.3.4and 11.1.3.5) A clearspacenot less than 500 mm shall always be maintainedbelow the level of the sprinklerdeflectorsthroughoutthe room. For high piled combustiblestock, clearancenot less than1 m shall be provided. Roof trussesshall at all times be accessibleto water dischargedfrom the sprinklers.

Where sloping ceilings or roofs are concerned,stored goods may follow the slope,providedthat the aboveclearancesare maintained.

FIGURE 5.4.4(A) SPRINKLER DISTANCES FROM BEAMS AND JOISTS

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57 AS 2118.1— 1995

FIGURE 5.4.4.(B) CONVENTIONAL SPRINKLERS INSTALLED UPRIGHT

FIGURE 5.4.4.(C) SPRAY SPRINKLERS (UPRIGHT AND PENDENT TYPES) ANDCONVENTIONAL SPRINKLERS INSTALLED PENDENT

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AS 2118.1—1995 58

5.5 SPACING AND LOCATION OF SIDEWALL SPRINKLERS

5.5.1 General The following requirementsshall apply to the spacingand location ofsidewall sprinklers:

(a) The sprinklers(seeClause6.2.1(d))shall be mountedwith their deflectorsnot morethan150 mm andnot lessthan100 mm from the ceiling.

(b) The centre-lineof the sprinklers shall be not less than 50 mm and not more than150 mm from the wall face on which they aremounted.

(c) There shall be no obstructionat the ceiling within an areaextendingalong the wall1 m on eachsideof a sprinkler and1.8 m at right anglesto the wall.

(d) Beamson any boundaryof this areashall not exceeda depthof 100 mm.

(e) If sprinklers are mounted closer to beams than the distances specified inTable5.5.1, the baysformed shall be separatelyprotected.

TABLE 5.5.1

DISTANCE FROM SIDEWALLSPRINKLERS TO BEAMS

Maximumdepth of beam

mm

Minimum distancefromsprinkler to side of beam, m

In direction atright anglesto

wall

In directionparallel to

wall

100125150

1.82.12.4

1.01.21.5

175200

2.73.0

1.61.8

5.5.2 Maximum spacing of sidewall sprinklers The spacing of sidewall sprinklersalong the walls and from endwalls shall be appropriate to the hazard class(seeClauses9.3 or 10.3).

5.5.3 Distance between rows of sprinklers The distancebetweenrows of sprinklersshall comply with the following requirements:

(a) Roomsnot exceeding3.7 m in width shall havea minimum of one row of sprinklersalong the lengthof the room.

(b) Rooms exceeding3.7 m but not exceeding7.4 m in width shall have one row ofsprinklersat eachsidealong the lengthof the room.

(c) In rooms exceeding7.4 m in width, conventional,spray or ceiling type sprinklersshall be provided centrally positionedunder the ceiling to supplementthe sidewallsprinklers.

(d) In rooms exceeding9.2 m in length (light hazard) or 7.4 m in length (ordinaryhazard), the sprinklers shall be regularly staggeredso that they face midwaybetweenthe sprinklerson the opposingwall.

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59 AS 2118.1— 1995

5.6 LOCATIONS OR CONDITIONS INVOLVING SPECIAL CONSIDERATION(supplementary protection)

5.6.1 Roof spaces

5.6.1.1 Roof spacesexceeding400 mm in depth All concealedspacesbetweenceilingsand roofs exceeding400 mm in depth, measuredfrom the undersideof the outer roofcovering to the top of the lined ceiling, shall be fully protected by sprinklers inaccordancewith the requirementfor the particularhazard.

5.6.1.2 Roof spaces not exceeding 400 mm in depth Concealed roof spaces notexceeding 400 mm in depth, measuredas in Clause5.6.1.1, shall be protected bysprinklers installed on the extended (skeleton) basis, i.e. using 10 mm nominal sizesprinklerswith a maximum coverageof 42 m2 per sprinkler and spacedat not more than7 m apart and more than 3 m from compartmentalboundaries,except that the sprinklerprotection may be omitted where the spaceis subdividedby fire and draught stops atintervalsnot exceeding15 m in eachdirection.

5.6.1.3 Exceptions All concealed spaces shall be protected in accordance withClauses5.6.1.1,5.6.1.2or 5.8.2exceptsprinklersneednot be installedwhere—

(a) the roof is of concrete;

(b) the spaceis not more than 800 mm deep;

(c) the ceiling material is not of a type that will readily deform or collapsein a firecondition;and

(d) fire and draught stops are provided at intervals not exceeding 15 m in eachdirection.

Sprinklerprotectionmay be omitted.

5.6.2 Ceiling and floor spaces

NOTE: For waffle type concrete floor slabs not exceeding1.5 m square, the depth may bemeasuredfrom the soffit of the waffle beamto the top of the ceiling.

5.6.2.1 Spacesexceeding800 mm in depth All concealedspacesbetween floors orconcreteslab roofs and ceilingsbelow, exceeding800 mm in depth,measuredbetweentheundersideof the floor and the top of the ceiling, shall be fully protectedby sprinklers inaccordancewith the requirementsfor the particularhazardclass.

5.6.2.2 Ceiling and floor spaces exceeding 200 mm and not exceeding 800 mm indepth Concealedceiling and floor spacesexceeding200 mm and not exceeding800 mmin depth, measuredas in Clause5.6.2.1,shall be protectedby sprinklers installed on theextended(skeleton) basis, i.e. using 10 mm nominal size sprinklers with a maximumcoverageof 42 m2 per sprinkler, and spacednot more than 7 m apart and not more than3 m from compartmentalboundaries,except that the sprinkler protectionmay be omittedwherethe spaceis subdividedby fire and draughtstopsat intervalsnot exceeding15 m ineachdirection.

5.6.3 Ceiling materials Where ceilings are constructedof materialswhich will readilydeform or collapseunderfire conditions,e.g. vinyl, acrylic, polyurethane,and polystyreneplastics,the concealedspacesirrespectiveof depthshall be sprinkleredin accordancewithClauses5.6.1.1or 5.6.2.1.

5.6.4 Spacesunder ground floors Sprinklers shall be installed in all spacesbelowwholly or partially combustiblegroundfloors, exceptwhere—

(a) the spaceis not accessiblefor storagepurposesor entranceof unauthorizedpersonsand is completelysealedagainstaccumulationof debris;

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AS 2118.1—1995 60

(b) the spacecontainsno equipmentsuchas steampipes,electric wiring (exceptcablesin conduitor mineral-insulatedcopper-sheathedcables,suitablyearthed),shaftingorconveyors;

(c) the floor over the spaceis imperforate;and

(d) no flammableliquids are storedon the floor above.

5.6.5 Machinery pits and production lines Machinery pits and the underside ofproductionlines, wherewastemay collect, shall be protected.

5.6.6 Hoists, lift shafts, building servicesshafts and enclosedchutes Sprinklersshallbe installed in all hoists, lift shafts, service shafts and chutes which are inside or incommunicationwith sprinkleredbuildings. The positioning of the sprinklers shall be asfollows:

(a) Hoists, lift shafts and sheaverooms Sprinklers shall be installed in the top andbaseof eachhoist and lift shaft. Sprinklersinstalled in lift shaftsand sheaveroomsshall be protectedby stout metal guardsand shall have a temperaturerating of notlessthan 100°C in accordancewith the appropriatepart of AS 1735.

(b) Building services shafts Shafts housing airhandling ducts and other buildingserviceswhich are not sealedat eachfloor level andareprovidedwith accesspanelsor doors shall have sprinklersfitted at vertical intervalsof 15 m in addition to thatat the headof the shaft.

(c) Chutes Chutesfor disposalof refuse,soiledlinen andsimilar shall havea sprinklerin the headof eachchute.Chutesin buildingsexceedingtwo storeysin height shallhave a sprinkler fitted at each alternatelevel in addition to that at the head of thechute.

All sprinklers installed in chutesand shafts shall be protectedfrom mechanicaldamageand be fitted, wherenecessary,with a suitablebaffle in order to preventthe first sprinklerwhich operatesfrom wetting lower sprinklers.

5.6.7 Elevators, rope or strap races, exhaust ducts, gearing boxesand dust receiversA sprinkler shall be fitted in the box at the top of every elevator(other than thoseof thepneumatictype or which comprisea slow moving endlesschain fitted with rings, loopsorforks, capableof functioning only when the elevator is full). The sprinkler in each caseshall be so placedasto commandthe headandboth legsor shaftsof the elevator.

Sprinklers shall be fitted internally in all rope or strap races, enclosedbelt or shaftmachinedrivesandgearingbox compartments.

Where exhaustfans are installedwithin ducts conveyingdust or refuse,a sprinkler shallbe fitted insidethe duct immediatelydownstreamof the fan.

To prevent obstructionand mechanicaldamagethe sprinkler shall be recessedwithin apurpose-builtmetal box mountedon the duct.

Sprinklersshall not be installedon the undersideof the ducts.

Sprinklersshall be fitted in dustcyclones,collectionchambersand boxeswheretheseare—

(a) housedwithin the protectedbuilding;

(b) erected outside and directly above the protected building unless the roof is ofnon-combustibleconstruction;or

(c) externalto but connectedwith andclosely adjacentto the protectedbuildings.

Where dust cyclones,collection chambersand boxes are erectedabovenon-combustibleroofs or wherethey are situatedremotefrom the protectedbuildings,at leastonesprinklershall be fitted insidethe trunking whereit leavesthe protectedbuilding.

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61 AS 2118.1— 1995

5.6.8 Corn, rice, provender and oil mills Sprinklers shall be fitted in corn, rice,provenderand oil mills as follows:

(a) Sprinklersshall be fitted not more than 3 m apart inside all dust trunks which aremorethan 30 degreesfrom the vertical and constructedof combustiblematerials.

(b) A sprinklershall be fitted at the headof everydust trunk.

(c) Where centrifugals or similar machinesare placed one above another in tiers asshown in Figure 5.6.8 and are less than 1 m from each other, sprinklers shall befitted in the spacesasshown.

5.6.9 Bins and silos All bins and silos of combustibleconstructionhaving a plan areain excessof 9 m2 for the storageof flour, bran, or other similar material which hasundergoneany processof reduction(in suchpremisesas flour mills, granaries,oil mills ordistilleries), or for the storageof sawdust,wood flour, pulverizedcoal and similar easilyignitable materialswhich can be extinguishedby water, shall be internally protectedbysprinklers on the basis of one sprinkler per 9 m2 of the bin or silo area (see alsoClause10.3.2).

NOTE: If the bin or silo containsmaterialswhich will swell if wet and therebyincur the risk ofbursting,exemptionfrom this Clausemay be speciallyallowed.

5.6.10 Escalators Sprinklers shall be fitted under the escalatorand in the escalatorboot and motor space.Where limited spacepreventsthis, sprinklersshall be fitted in anysurroundingceiling spaceimmediatelyadjacentto the escalator,to the satisfactionof theregulatoryauthority.Thesesprinklersshall be fitted regardlessof the depthof the ceilingspace(seeClauses5.6.1and 5.6.2).

FIGURE 5.6.8 MACHINES IN TIERS

5.6.11 Canopies Sprinklersshall be installedunderall canopieswheregoodsare storedor handledand which communicatewith the sprinkler-protectedbuilding. Canopieswhichare of non-combustibleconstructionand do not extendmore than 2.3 m from the wall ofthe building need not be fully protectedprovided that cut-off sprinklersare fitted underthe canopy over each of the openingsinto the sprinkler-protectedbuilding. Where suchopeningsdo not exceed 2.5 m in width, one sprinkler positioned centrally over eachopening shall suffice. Where openingsexceed 2.5 m in width, the sprinklers over theopening shall be spacednot more than 2.5 m apart and not more than 1.25m from thesidesof the opening.

Where the dividing wall between the canopy and building has an FRL of less than−/120/120,the cut-off sprinklersshall extendthe full length of the canopy.

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AS 2118.1—1995 62

5.6.12 Roof overhang Any roof overhangexceeding1.5 m in width requiressprinklerprotectionthereunder,irrespectiveof exposurehazard.

5.6.13 Exterior docks and platforms Sprinklersshall be installedunderexterior docksand loading platforms of wholly or partially combustibleconstruction,exceptwheresuchspacesarecompletelysealedagainstthe accumulationof debris.

5.6.14 Covered balconies Covered balconiesthat exceed6 m2 floor area and have adepthin excessof 2 m shall be sprinklerprotected.

Any balconies,regardlessof area,that are recessedinto the facadeof a building by morethan1 m shall be sprinklerprotected.

5.6.15 Enclosed paint lines, drying ovens, drying enclosures Sprinkler protectionshall be provided inside enclosed paint lines, drying ovens and drying enclosures.Sidewallsprinklers(seeClause5.5) may be usedfor this purpose.

NOTE: Where practicable,sprinklers in ambient temperaturesabove70°C should be on a drysystem,or the feed pipestheretoshouldrise up to the sprinklersor groupsof sprinklersso as torestrict the thermalcirculation of the heatedwater in the pipes.

5.6.16 Spray booths Sprinkler protection shall be provided inside spray booths andconnectedexhaustducts.

Sprinklers installed within spray booths and connectedexhaustducts shall be protectedagainst the accumulationof residue from spraying operationsby a liberal coating ofpetroleumjelly and paperbagswhich shall be cleanedoff and renewedasoften as may benecessaryto prevent the formation of a hard deposit on the sprinklers and so preservetheir efficiency. Plastic bags or other protective covering shall not be used for thispurpose.

5.6.17 Oil and flammable liquid hazards Sprinkler protection shall be provided forall oil and flammableliquid hazards.

NOTES:

1 Examplesof suchhazardsincludedip tanksand oil-filled electrical transformers.

2 It is recognizedthat in certaincasesmodified or supplementaryprotectionmay be requiredwhere extensivestorage,handlingor processingequipmentsuch as large dip tanks,varnishkettles,reactorsor oil-filled electrical transformersare employed.In thesecasesmedium orhigh velocity sprayersor other arrangementsmay be employedin lieu of or in conjunctionwith sprinklers,providedthat adequatewater suppliesare available(seealso Table11.1.2).

3 Electricity supply authoritiesmay not permit sprinklersin the vicinity of their transformerswhich are installedon privateproperty.

5.6.18 Commercial type cooking equipment and associated ventilationsystems Sprinkler protection shall be provided under hoods, and above cookingequipment and associatedventilation systems designed to carry away grease-ladenvapours.Sprinklersshall be locatednot more than 3.6 m apart underhoods,4 m apart inhorizontalducts,and at the headof all rising ducts.The first sprinkler in a horizontalductshall be installedadjacentto the duct entrance.

The systemshall be designedso that a cooking surface fire will operatethe sprinklersprotecting the cooking surface prior to or simultaneouslywith those protecting theconnectedductwork. This may be accomplishedby installing sprinklers in the ducts atleast one temperaturerating higher than thoseprotecting the cooking surface,but in anyevent,not lessthan 182°C.

Deep fat fryers shall have one spray pattern sprinkler centred longitudinally over eachsingle or pair of fryers. Suchsprinklersshouldoperateat not less than 200 kPa and shallhave their framesparallel to the front edgeof the hood. Their deflectorsshall be locatedat least25 mm below the lower edgeof the hood and not lessthan600 mm nor more than1.2 m aboveand parallel to the cooking surface.

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63 AS 2118.1— 1995

Sprinklers protecting the surroundingarea shall be arrangedso that they do not causewater to fall into deepfat fryers. Where this is accomplishedby the provision of a shieldor unductedhood over the deep fat fryer, such shield or hood shall be placed abovetheshroud protecting the deep fat fryer and be so located that it will not interfere withsprinklerdischarge.

NOTE: Piping, as far as is practicable,shouldnot be exposedundercooking equipmenthoods,and careshouldbe takento comply with the requirementsof the local healthauthority.

5.6.19 Air-handling plant

5.6.19.1 Location of sprinklers In air-handling plants sprinklers shall be locatedthroughout—

(a) the returnair/freshair plenum;

(b) the chamberson eachside of any filter bank;and

(c) the fan/motorchamber.

NOTE: SeeClause6.5 for informationregardingtemperatureratingsof sprinklers.

5.6.19.2 Exceptions Sprinklersmay be omitted from air-handlingplantswhich haveanexternalplan arealessthan 12 m2 andan externalheight lessthan 2 m.

Sprinklersshall not be installed in fan/motorchambersthroughwhich spill air is designedto passunderfire conditionsin accordancewith AS 1668.1.

5.6.20 Computer and other electronic equipment areas

5.6.20.1 Location of sprinklers Sprinkler protection shall be provided in areaswherecomputersor other electronicequipmentare installed.

5.6.20.2 Raised floor spaces The spacebeneathany raised floor shall be treated inaccordancewith Clause5.6.2.2.

5.7 OBSTRUCTIONS BELOW SPRINKLERS

5.7.1 General Where obstructionsbelow sprinklers are such that the operation ofsprinklerscould be delayedor effective distribution of water from the sprinklerscould beimpaired, sprinklers shall be mounted below such obstructions in accordancewithClauses5.7.2to 5.7.7.

5.7.2 Overhead platforms Sprinklers shall be installed below internal overheadplatforms, heating panels,galleries, walkways, stagings,stairs and stairwaysand chutesexceeding800 mm wide and closerthan150 mm to adjacentwalls.

If the clearancefrom adjacentwalls exceeds150 mm, sprinklersshall be fitted below anysuchstructurewhich exceeds1 m in width.

5.7.3 Ducts and bulkheads Sprinklers shall be installed under rectangular ductsexceeding800 mm in width and undercircular ductsexceeding1 m diameterunlessthereis at least 150 mm clearance from adjacent walls in which case the width withoutprotectionmay be 1 m and 1.2 m respectively.

Where a duct is erectedwith the top of the duct less than 500 mm below the ceiling orroof, it shall be regardedas a beamand the requirementsof Clauses5.4.4 and5.5 shallapply (seealso Clause5.4.8).

5.7.4 Suspended ceilings Sprinklers shall be installed below suspendedceilings(e.g., in connectionwith diffused lighting) exceptwhere the ceiling constructiondoesnotimpair the effective water distribution from the sprinklersabove(seealsoClause5.6.3).

5.7.5 Hoods over papermaking machines The undersideof hoodsor shieldsover thedry ends of papermaking machines shall be sprinkler-protected.Sidewall sprinklers(seeClause5.5) may be usedfor this purpose.

5.7.6 Storage racks Sprinklers shall be fitted in such positions as to afford efficientprotectionto goodsstoredin racks(seeClause11.1.3).

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AS 2118.1—1995 64

5.7.7 Storage fixtures of solid and slatted shelved construction Storage fixtureswider than2 m shall be fitted with sprinklersat eachshelf level.

Storageracksand fixtures wider than 1.2 m but not wider than 2 m shall be—

(a) fitted with sprinklers;or

(b) fitted with bulkheadswhich divide the fixture into areasnot exceeding9 m2, withthe distancebetweenbulkheadsnot exceeding6 m, provided that the total storageheight doesnot exceedthe valuesgiven in Table 11.1.3.2(B).

Suchbulkheadsshall be tight partitionsextendingfrom front to rear facesand fromtop to bottom of the storagespaces.They shall be constructedfrom one of thefollowing materials:

(i) 15 mm tonguedandgroovedtimber.

(ii) 13 mm hardboard.

(iii) 16 mm chipboard.

(iv) 7 mm flexible fibre cementsheeting.

(v) 0.6 mm steelsheet.NOTE: Sprinkler protectionmay also be required for worktables,the undersidesof whichare used for the housingof motive power, or, under which processwaste of combustiblenaturemay accumulate.

5.8 FILM AND TELEVISION PRODUCTION STUDIOS5.8.1 Overhead platforms and walkways Sprinklers shall be fitted on the undersideof overhead platforms or walkways including those for lighting or other equipment,whether slatted or not, together with stairs thereto, if they exceed 800 mm in width,providedthat this shall not apply to temporaryplatformsin connectionwith sets.

5.8.2 Concealedspacesand cavities Concealedspacesor cavities betweenwalls andcombustible linings which exceed 100 mm in width and those between roofs andcombustiblelinings which exceed100 mm in depthshall be fitted with sprinklers.Electriccables are permitted, provided that the wiring is either in screwed steel conduit or ismineral-insulatedmetal-sheathedcable.

5.9 THEATRES AND MUSIC HALLS (protection on the stage side of theproscenium wall) In addition to the normal sprinkler protectionof the roof, sprinklersshall be placedunderthe gridiron, under the flies, underthe stageand in every portion onthe stageside of the prosceniumwall and in any communicatingbuilding not separatedbya wall with a minimum fire-resistancerating of 240/240/240.

Where the regulatoryauthority requiresthe provision of a line of opendrenchersor opensprinklers on a fixed fire curtain, the control assembliesshall be of the quick-openingtype and shall be locatedin a readily accessibleposition. The water supply to theseopendrenchersor sprinklersshall not be takenfrom the standardsprinkler installations.

5.10 COLD STORAGE WAREHOUSE

5.10.1 General Sprinkler protection shall be installed on the wet system if thetemperatureconditionsin the areawhere the piping is installed are such that there is nodangerat any time of the water in the pipesfreezing.

Dry pendentsprinklersshall be installed in air circulating systemplenumsformed by oneor more falseceilings within the cold chamber.

NOTE: Where practicable,sprinkler piping shouldbe locatedin normal temperatureconditionsabovethe cold chamberwith dry pendentsprinklersconnectedtheretopenetratinginto the coldchamber.

Air circulation fans shall be closed down automatically on operation of the sprinklersystem.

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Sprinklers shall not be installed where there is likelihood of mechanicaldamagedue tomovementof goodswithin the cold store.

5.10.2 Piping within the cold chamber The following special conditionsshall applywhere it is necessaryto install the piping within the cold chamber,or where it is desiredto housethe sprinklerpiping within a singlesmall cold chamber:

(a) The sprinkler protection shall be on the permanentdry systemand the maximumnumberof sprinklerscontrolled by one dry valve shall not exceed50. Thesegroupsof 50 sprinklersmay be installedas tail-end dry systemson the basisof at leastonecontrol assembly(wet, dry or alternatewet and dry, as circumstancesdictate) foreachfive groups.

Each tail-end systemshall be controlled by a subsidiarystop valve as provided inClause8.2.4 and shall include either a water flow alarm switch or an electric alarmpressure switch (see Clause8.10.5) to indicate the particular section that isoperating.Thesesectionalwarning systemsare additional to the water motor alarmon the main control assembly.Where there is a seriesof tail-end systemsand onemain control assemblyoperatingon the dry or alternatewet and dry principle, careshould be taken to ensure that the air/gas pressureon the tail-end system ismaintained at not less than the air pressurein the system between the controlassemblyand the tail-enddry valves.

Differential dry valves used in tail-end systems connected to an installationoperatingon the dry or alternatewet and dry principle shall be suitably modified toretain air pressurein the systempiping betweenthe main control assemblyand theundersideof the tail-enddry valves.

(b) Sprinklersinstalledin an air circulation plenumformed by a false ceiling within thecold chamber may be disregardedwhen determining the maximum number ofsprinklersrequiredunder(a) aboveif the sprinklersare fed from the piping feedingthe sprinklersin the cold chamber.

(c) The air supply for charging the sprinkler system shall be taken from the coldchamberfrom the freezersof lowest temperatureor through a chemicaldehydrator.Compressednitrogen gas in cylinders may be used as a substitutefor air but careshall be takento provide a pressure-reducingvalve to reducethe gaspressureto notmore than 800 kPa to avoid over-pressurizing the system piping. In thesecircumstancesit is desirable to include a pressure-reliefvalve set to operate at900 kPa.

(d) Piping joints shall be of a high standardof gastightness.

(e) The systemshall be providedwith a low air/gaspressurealarm.

(f) Dry pipe valves shall be housed outside the cold chamber in areas where thetemperatureis maintainedabove 4°C. Where valves are normally provided with aliquid seal,becauseof the problemof evaporationand possibleice formation in thepiping, the sealingmediumshall be a fluid suchaspropyleneglycol.

(g) All piping downstreamof the dry valve shall be installedabovegroundsuch that itcan be readily dismantledand reinstatedto permit thorough purging of moistureafter operation.

Piping should be compressionor flange jointed and an inspectionpoint should beprovidedat the position of entry into the cold chamber.Pipe hangersshouldpermiteasyremovalof the piping. Changesof direction shouldbe madeby using teeswithone branch sealed off instead of elbows. Pipes should be sloped to drain(seeClause7.5).

(h) Notwithstandingthe requirementsof Clause2.3.2.4,sprinklers may be installed ineither the upright or the pendentposition, having regard to the necessityfor thesprinklersystemto be dismantledfor drying out after eachoperation.

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AS 2118.1—1995 66

S E C T I O N 6 S P R I N K L E R S , S P R A Y E R S A N DM U L T I P L E C O N T R O L S

6.1 GENERAL Sprinklers shall comply with the requirementsof AS 4118.1.1.Theyshall not be alteredin any respectnor haveany type of ornamentationor coatingsappliedafter leaving the productionfactory exceptaspermittedby Clauses5.6.15and 6.8.

6.2 TYPES OF SPRINKLERS, SPRAYERS AND MULTIPLE CONTROLS

6.2.1 Sprinklers Sprinklers in an installation shall conform to the patternsdescribedbelow:

(a) Conventionalsprinklers—are designedto producea sphericaltype of dischargewitha proportion of water being thrown upwards to the ceiling. They are usuallydesignedwith a universal type deflector enabling the sprinkler to be erected ineither the upright or pendentposition. Someconventionalsprinklers are, however,madein two types:onesuitablefor erectionin the upright positionand the other forerectionin the pendentposition.

(b) Spray sprinklers—are designedto produce a hemisphericaldischargebelow theplane of the deflector with little or no water being dischargedupwardsto wet theceiling. They aremadein two types:onesuitablefor erectionin the upright positionand the other for erectionin the pendentposition.

(c) Flush sprinklers—are designedfor use with concealedpiping and are installedpendent,with plateor baseflush to the ceiling. Flushsprinklersare intendedfor usewhere it is desired, for reasonsof appearance,to make sprinklers inconspicuous.They are normally used in hotel lobbies, dining rooms, offices, boardroomsandpartsof retail stores.They are of two types—

(i) thosehaving fixed deflectors;and

(ii) those having retracted deflectors which drop to the normal position onactuation.

Flush sprinklersshall not be fitted under stairs or sloping roofs where the angle ofthe stairs or roof exceeds45 degreesfrom the horizontal; they are not suitableforusein atmosphereswhich arecorrosiveor subjectto a high dustcontent.

(d) Sidewallsprinklers—are designedfor installationalong the walls of a room closetothe ceiling. The design of the sprinkler is usually similar to the conventionalsprinkler except for a special deflector which causesmost of the water to bedischargedto one side in a pattern resemblingone-quarterof a spherewith a smallproportiondischargingon the wall behind the sprinkler. Sidewall sprinklersare nota substitutefor conventionalsprinklers generally and their use is limited to suchlocations as offices, entrancehalls, lobbies and corridors. They may be used withadvantage in drying tunnels and hoods over papermaking machines, wherecondensatedripping from sprinklersand piping at the ceiling could be troublesomeand also in certainother locationssuchas shopshow windows and under platformshaving low headroomwheresprinklerswould be subjectto damage.

(e) Dry pendent and dry sidewall sprinklers—are designed for use in portions ofpremisesprotectedby a dry or an alternatewet and dry system where it is notpracticableto install sprinklersin the upright positionor on a wet systemwherethesprinklersmay be subjectto frost. Apart from the valve arrangement,the sprinklersare designedhaving either conventionalor pendentspray type deflectors.They aremanufacturedintegral with drop pipesof varying lengths,the valve being so placedthat thereis no pocketor depressionwherewater can be trapped.

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(f) Dry upright sprinklers—are essentiallythe sameas the dry pendenttypes exceptthat an upright type deflector is incorporated.They are designedfor the protectionof unheatedconcealedroof spacesin connection with installations on the wetsystem.

6.2.2 Sprayers Sprayersin an installationshall be mediumor high velocity type. Theyare specialpurposesprayersfor usein water spraysystems(which may or may not formpart of sprinkler systems)intendedfor the extinguishmentor control of fires involvingflammable liquids and for the cooling of storage tanks, process plant and exposedstructuralsteelworkagainstheatfrom an exposureof fire. Thesesprayershavedirectionaldischargecharacteristicswith cone angles ranging from 40 degreesto 180 degreesandwith orifice sizesvarying from 5 mm to 15 mm.

Sprayersare characterizedas follows:

(a) Mediumvelocity sprayersareeither—

(i) sealedsprayerswith glassbulbs or solderedlinks or levers as for sprinklers;or

(ii) opensprayers.

They are designed essentially for cooling purposes when dealing with firesinvolving low flashpointliquid hazards,e.g. liquefied petroleumgases.In suchrisksthe aim is not for automaticextinguishmentbut to control the burning within safelimits until the sourceof gas supply has been shut off, thus avoiding the dangerfollowing a fire incident of theseheavier-than-airgasescontinuing to escapeandcollecting in low-lying areasproducingan explosionhazard.

(b) High velocity sprayers These are of the ‘open’ type and are designedfor theextinguishmentof fires involving high flashpointliquids.

6.2.3 Multiple controls Multiple controls are heat-sensitivesealed valve controlledoutlets (single or multiple) using either glass bulbs or soldered links or levers as theheat-sensitivedevice.They aredesignedfor usein systemsusingmediumvelocity or highvelocity sprayersof the ‘open’ type in circumstanceswhereit is requiredto operatesmallgroups of sprayerssimultaneously.They may also be used in connectionwith bypasspiping for alarm purposes.The controlsare madein varioussizesrelevantto the diameterof the valve and the numberof sprayersthat are to be fed therefrom.The sizesrangefrom20 mm to 80 mm.

6.2.4 Residential sprinkler A type of fast responsesprinkler specifically developedfor useagainstthe type of fire hazardstypically found in dwellings.

6.2.5 Extended coverage sprinkler A type of spray sprinkler specifically developedwith an extendedmaximumprotectionarea.

Abbreviation:EC

6.2.6 Large drop sprinkler A type of sprinkler that is capable of producingcharacteristiclarge water droplets to enable its use in controlling fires in specific highchallengefire hazards.

Abbreviation:LD

6.2.7 Early suppressionfast response A type of fast responsesprinkler developedforits capability to providefire suppressionfor specifichigh challengefire hazards.

Abbreviation:ESFR

6.3 SPRINKLER K FACTORS, ORIFICE AND THREAD SIZES Sprinklers shallhave the K factors, nominal orifice sizes, and nominal pipe thread sizes set out inAS 4118.1.1.

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AS 2118.1—1995 68

6.4 APPLICATION OF SPRINKLER TYPES The types of sprinkler for theappropriatehazardclassshall be limited to thosenominatedin Clauses9.4.1.1,10.4.1.1and 11.4.1.1exceptas permittedin Clause6.1.

6.5 TEMPERATURE RATINGS The temperatureratings chosen shall be not lessthan30°C abovethe highestanticipatedtemperatureconditionsexceptthat—

(a) under glazing, translucent plastics and uninsulated metal roofs, in unventilatedconcealedspacesand showwindows on externalwalls, and in other locationswhichare directly exposedto the sun, it may be necessaryto install sprinklers with atemperaturerating between79°C and100°C;

(b) in high hazardsystemsprotecting high piled storage,sprinklers having a nominaltemperaturerating of 141°C shall be usedat the roof or ceiling;

(c) where high temperaturesprinklers are installed within drying ovens or hoodsoverpapermakingmachinesand the like (seeClauses5.6.14and5.7.5), sprinklersat theceiling or roof immediatelyover and to a distanceof 3 m beyondthe boundaryofsuchstructuresshouldbe of the sametemperaturerating, subject to a maximum of141°C.

NOTES:

1 Sprinklers shall be approved in nominal temperatureratings ranging from 57°C to260°C.

2 For normal conditionsin temperateclimates,ratingsof 68°C to 74°C will be generallysuitable.

6.6 COLOUR CODING The colour code given in AS 4118.1.1shall be used todistinguishsprinklersof different nominal temperatureratings.

6.7 STOCK OF REPLACEMENT SPRINKLERS A stock of sparesprinklers,withthe necessaryspanners,shall be maintainedon the premisesso that sprinklers that haveoperatedor havebeendamagedin any way can be promptly replaced.

The spare sprinklers and spannersshall be kept in an accessibledesignatedposition,which shall be indicated on the block plan (see Clause8.3), and where the ambienttemperaturedoesnot exceed38°C.

NOTE: The number of sparesprinklers to be maintainedon the premiseswill dependon thehazardclassof the systemand the typesand temperatureratingsof the sprinklersinstalled.

As a generalguide the following numberof sparesof standardtemperatureratingsshouldbe:

Light hazardsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 sprinklers.

Ordinaryhazardsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 sprinklers.

High hazardsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 sprinklers.

Shouldthe systemsincludesprinklersof high temperatureratings,e.g. in boiler roomsor dryingovens,an adequatenumberof sparesprinklersof the appropriatetemperaturerating shouldalsobe maintained.Similarly if the systemsinclude sidewall or other special type sprinklersor ifthereare any multiple controls,an adequatenumberof sparesshouldbe maintained.

Sparesshouldbe replenishedimmediatelyafter an incident. Advice shouldbe soughtregardingthe possiblenecessityof replacingsprinklers,on the perimeterof the area,which althoughtheyhavenot operated,may havebeenheat-affected.

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6.8 ANTI-CORROSION TREATMENT OF SPRINKLERS Sprinklers used inbleach, dye and textile print works, alkali plants, organic fertilizer plants, foundries,pickle and vinegarworks, electroplatingand galvanizingworks, papermills, tanneriesandin any other premisesor portionsof premiseswherecorrosivevapoursare prevalent,shallhave corrosion-resistantcoatingsor shall be coatedtwice with a good quality petroleumjelly, the first coat to be appliedbeforeinstallationandthe secondafter installation.Theselater coatingsshall be renewedat periodic intervalsas may be necessary(seeAS 1851.3),but only after the existing coatingshave beenthoroughlywiped off. For glassbulb typesprinklers,the anti-corrosiontreatmentneedonly be appliedto the body and yoke.

6.9 SPRINKLER GUARDS In situationswhere sprinklers are liable to damage,orwhere otherwise specified by the regulatory authority, sprinklers shall be protectedbymetalguards.

6.10 ESCUTCHEON PLATE ASSEMBLIES Escutcheonplate assembliesfitted tosprinklers shall be of metal and securely attachedso that they cannot slip down andadverselyaffect activationor the water dischargepatternof sprinklers.

Recessedescutcheonplate assembliesshall only be usedwith sprinklerswhich have beenapprovedfor suchmounting.

6.11 PROTECTION AGAINST FROST Sprinklersshall not be wrappedor enclosedin any materialfor protectionagainstfrost.

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AS 2118.1—1995 70

S E C T I O N 7 P I P I N G

7.1 PIPE AND PIPE FITTING All pipes and pipe fittings in an installation shall benew and shall comply with the requirementsof AS 4118.2.1.

7.2 HYDRAULIC TEST PRESSURE All new installations, trunk mains and watersupply connectionsshall be capableof withstandinga hydraulic test pressureas specifiedin AS 2118.9Section3.

7.3 PIPING IN UNSPRINKLERED BUILDINGS Sprinkler piping shall not passthrough unsprinkleredareasunlessenclosedby constructionhaving an FRL of not lessthan−/240/240.

NOTE: Seealso Clause7.4 regardingspecialprecautionsfor piping, valves,fittings and similarin buildingsor sectionsof premisesin which particularly hazardousprocessesare carriedout orconditionsexist which are liable to result in explosions.

7.4 HAZARDOUS PROCESSES AND EXPLOSION HAZARD —SPECIALPRECAUTIONS CONCERNING PIPING AND VALVES In buildings or sectionsofpremisesin which particularly hazardousprocessesare carried on or conditions existwhich are liable to result in explosions,the following specialprecautionsshall be taken:

(a) Separatecontrol assembliesshall be provided to control the sprinklersand shall belocated—

(i) in a structureseparatedfrom the hazardousbuilding by a distancenot lessthan6 m; or

(ii) where this is not practicable,in an enclosureseparatedfrom the hazardousbuilding by imperforate concrete or masonry walls and roof with afire-resistancerating of not less than 4 h. When this enclosureis recessedinan externalwall of the building which doesnot havea fire-resistancerating,a return wall 3 m long and the same height as the enclosure, with afire-resistancerating not less than 4 h, shall be provided on eachside. Soleaccessto the valve enclosureshall not be throughthe hazardousarea.

(b) Trunk mains leadingto and from such installationshall be either carried externaltothe buildings concernedor adequatelyprotectedfrom damagearising from buildingcollapsefollowing an explosion(seeClause7.3).

(c) Water suppliessuch as pumps,pressuretanks or gravity tanks shall not be housedtherein.

7.5 SLOPE OF PIPES FOR DRAINAGE Sprinklers forming part of dry or alternatewet and dry systemsshall be so installed that the system can be thoroughly drained.Rangepiping shall have a slope of not less than 4 mm in 1 m, and distribution pipingshall havea slopeof not lessthan2 mm in 1 m.

NOTE: Piping in all systemsincluding piping in wet systemshouldbe arrangedto drain to theinstallationdrain valve which shouldbe not lessthan 50 mm in diameterfor ordinary and highhazardsystemsand not lessthan 40 mm in diameterfor light hazardsystems.

7.6 LOW LEVEL DRAINAGE In basementsand other areaswheresprinkler piping isbelow the installationdrain valves and in other trappedsectionsin the system,auxiliarydrain valvesof the following minimum sizesshall be provided:

(a) For pipesup to 50 mm diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 mm.

(b) For 65 mm diameterpipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 mm.

(c) For pipeslarger than 65 mm diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 mm.

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7.7 PIPE SIZES Pipe size shall be determinedeither by full hydraulic calculation(seeSection12), or partly by pre-calculatedpipe size tables and partly by hydrauliccalculations in accordance with the requirements for the class of hazard(seeClauses9.4, 10.4and 11.4).

7.8 ORIFICE PLATES Orifice platesfitted to assistin hydraulically balancinga highhazardclasssystemor to meet pump characteristiccurvesshall have an orifice diameterof not less than 50 percentof the diameterof the pipe into which the plate is to be fittedand shall comply with the requirementsof AppendixC. Such orifice plates shall bepermittedonly in pipes50 mm diameteror larger.

7.9 SUPPORT OF SPRINKLER PIPING When a pipe support system is beingdesignedfor a standardfire sprinkler system,considerationshall be given to the correctlocationof pipe supportsand to—

(a) the stressesand loads which may be imposed on the support system from allexternal causesincluding differential movementof the building structure and allinternalcausesincluding pressurereactions;

(b) the transmissionof vibration from the building to the piping and from the piping tothe building; and

(c) the effect a corrosiveatmospheremay haveon the materialsused.

Fire sprinkler piping support systemsshall comply with the requirementsspecified inAS 2118.9.

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AS 2118.1—1995 72

S E C T I O N 8 V A L V E S A N D A N C I L L A R YE Q U I P M E N T

8.1 CONTROL ASSEMBLIES Each installation shall be provided with a set ofcontrol assembliesand ancillary equipmentcomprisingthe following:

(a) A main stopvalve (seeClause8.2.2).

(b) (i) An alarm valve (wet) (see Clause8.7.1) or an alarm valve (dry)(seeClause8.7.2);or

(ii) a composite alarm valve suitable for either wet or dry systems(seeClause8.7.3).

(c) A water motor alarm andgong(seeClauses8.10.3and 3.3).

(d) Direct brigade alarm equipment, where facilities for such are available(seeClause3.2).

(e) A plan of the risk (block plan, seeClause8.3).

(f) Emergencyinstructions(seeClause8.5).

(g) A location plate(seeClause8.4).

(h) A plate,or plates,giving essentialinformationon the installation.

NOTE: Installationcontrol assembliesand ancillary equipmentshouldbe placedneara mainentranceto the building, in such a location as to be readily visible and accessibletoauthorizedpersons.

8.2 STOP VALVES

8.2.1 General All stop valves (except thosefitted by the water supply authoritiesonthe branchesfrom a town main) shall comply with the requirementsof AS 4118.1.6.

All valves shall be permanentlyidentified to show their function and normal operatingposition.All valveson the water supply side of the sprinkler alarm valvesshall be subjectto the requirementsof the water supplyauthority.

8.2.2 Main stop valves Water suppliesto eachsprinkler installationshall passthrougha main stop valve. Before passingthrough the main stop valves, water suppliesshall becombined.The main stop valve shall be securedopenby a padlockedor riveted strapandshall be adequatelyprotectedfrom the effect of frost.

NOTE: Provisionshall be madefor closureof the main stop valve to give a visible and audiblealarm at a placeunderconstantsurveillance(seeClause3.4).

8.2.3 Stop valves controlling water supplies All stop valves controlling watersupplies,except thoseunder control of the water supply authority, shall be securedopenby a padlockedchain or a padlockedor riveted strap. In the elevatedprivate reservoirsand gravity tanks, the stop valve shall be fixed close to the non-returnvalve and on thereservoiror tank sidethereof.

8.2.4 Subsidiary stop valves Stopvalvescontrolling the flow of water to any sprinklerare not permitteddownstreamof the alarm valve exceptin the following circumstances:

(a) To facilitate the testing of a dry valve when a systemis permanentlyon the drysystem.

(b) To control sprinklers on a tail-end system (see Clauses2.3.1.5 and 2.3.1.6),provided that the valve is positionedin a conspicuousplace and there are suitableauxiliary drainagefacilities.

(c) In connectionwith hoods over drying ends of a papermakingmachine to enablecylindersto be changed.

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Where subsidiarystop valves are usedin the abovelocations,they shall be padlockedinthe openpositionand suitableauxiliary drainagefacilities shall be provided.

Where the regulatory authority has approved the use of a subsidiary valve in acircumstancethat is not listed above, such valve shall be completely monitored at alltimes and, in the eventof the closing of the valve, a visible and audiblewarning shall begiven at someplaceunderconstantsurveillance(seeClause3.4).

8.3 BLOCK PLAN A plan of the risk (block plan) with the position of the main stopvalvesclearly indicatedthereonshall be placedadjacentto eachset of installationcontrolassembliesor group of valves where it can be readily seen by firemen and othersrespondingto the alarm. The plan of the risk shall be in the form of a permanentdiagramwhich is water-resistantand fade-resistantand shall include—

(a) the layout of the protectedbuildingsor areasandadjacentstreets;

(b) a diagramof water suppliesincluding sizesand locationsof supply authority mainsand valves (dimensioned),connectionsfor non-industrial purposes,storage tanks(capacityand locations),andpumpduties;

(c) the location of control valves,subsidiarystop valves,remotetest valves,tail-end airvalves, anti-freeze devices, drains, air release valves, orifice plates, externalsprinklersand any unusualfeaturesof the installation;

(d) the location and telephone number of the fire station to which the system isconnectedandTelecomAustraliaprivate line (alarm transmission)numbers;

(e) the location of the main switchboard,distribution boardsand starters,and ratingsofelectrical servicesassociatedwith all pumps,and details of auxiliary power supply,if applicable;

(f) the locationof the stock of replacementsprinklers(seeClause6.7);

(g) the year of installationof the systemand of any major extensionthereto;

(h) the height in metresabovethe installation gaugeof the highestsprinkler used forthe purposeof sizing the distribution piping for each installation and hazardclassand the pressure and flow requirements when carrying out proving tests(seeClauses9.2.1,10.2.1and 11.2.1);and

(j) the outline of the areaof eachindividual hazardand the designdensityfor that area.

Seealso Clause12.16.

8.4 LOCATION PLATE A location plate shall be fixed on the outsideof an externalwall, as near to the main stop valve as possible,bearing the following words in raisedlettersor other approvedtype of letters:

SPRINKLERSTOPVALVE

INSIDE

NOTE: The wordsSPRINKLER STOPVALVE shouldbe in lettersat least35 mm high and theword INSIDE in lettersat least25 mm high.

It is recommendedthat the wordsbe paintedwhite on a black background.

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AS 2118.1—1995 74

8.5 EMERGENCY INSTRUCTIONS The following instructions together with anappropriatevalve arrangementshall be permanentlydisplayedat the control valves:

EMERGENCY INSTRUCTIONS

1 MAKE SURETHAT FIRE IS OUT.

2 CLOSE MAIN STOPVALVE (SHUTTING OFF WATER SUPPLY).

3 OPENWASTE VALVE (DRAINING INSTALLATION).

4 TELEPHONE. . . . .*

5 REMAIN AT VALVES.IF FIRE RE-OCCURS—(A) CLOSE WASTE VALVE, AND(B) RE-OPENMAIN STOPVALVE.

* Name and telephone number of responsible maintenancecontractor to beinserted.

8.6 NON-RETURN (BACK PRESSURE) VALVES Where there is more than onewater supplyto an installation,a non-returnvalve shall be fitted in eachwater supplypipeand a test cock for testing the valve shall be provided betweenthe non-returnvalve andthe supply control valve, subject, for town mains, to the approval of the water supplyauthority.Non-returnvalvesshall be readily accessiblefor testingand maintenance.

All valves on the water supply side of the sprinkler alarm valves shall be subject to therequirementsof the water supplyauthority.

Where the fitting of a non-returnvalve below ground is unavoidable,the position of thevalve shall be indicatedandan inspectionchambershall be provided.

Where an elevated private reservoir or gravity tank forms one of the supplies, thenon-return valve on the supply pipe shall be not less than 5 m below the base of thereservoiror tank.

All non-returnvalvesshall comply with the requirementsof AS 4118.1.6.

8.7 ALARM VALVES

8.7.1 Alarm valves (wet) Alarm valves (wet) shall comply with the requirementsofAS 4118.1.2.They shall be fixed on the main supply pipe immediately above the mainstopvalve and beforeany connectionis takenoff to supplyany part of the installation.

8.7.2 Alarm valves (dry) Alarm valves (dry) shall comply with the requirementsofAS 4118.1.7.They shall be fixed on the main supply pipe immediately above the mainstop valve (and the alarm valve (wet) in installationson the alternatewet and dry systemnot employing a compositealarm valve as specified in Clause8.7.3) and before anyconnectionis takenoff to supplyany part of the installation.

In dry systemsmaintainedpermanentlyunderair pressure,the water motor alarm shall beconnectedto the atmosphericchamberor the alarm motor auxiliary valve of the alarmvalves(dry).

NOTE: In order to facilitate the carrying out of flow tests when an installation is under airpressure,an additional drain valve, of a size appropriateto the hazard class, may be fitted.Alternatively, a stop valve of approvedtype may be installed immediately above the alarmvalve (dry) (seeClause8.2.4(a)).

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8.7.3 Composite alarm valves Composite alarm valves shall comply with therequirementsof AS 4118.1.7and shall be fitted on the main supply pipe and immediatelyabove the main stop valve before any connectionis taken off to supply any part of theinstallation.

NOTE: Compositealarm valves are dual purpose,i.e. they may be used in either wet or drysystems.

8.7.4 Identification of alarm valves and alarm gongs In buildings containing morethan one installation, each alarm valve and direct brigade alarm (see Clause3.2) shallhave a number(s) indicated thereon and the relevant alarm gong (see Clause3.3) shallbearthe samenumber(s)in bold figures.

8.7.5 Accelerators or exhaustersfor alarm valves (dry system) (See Clause2.3.1.4)Thesedevicesare designedto acceleratethe operationof an alarm valve (dry). They shallbe located as close as possibleto the alarm valve (dry) or compositealarm valve. Theconnectionto the device from the systemshall be so located that the restriction orificeand other opening parts are not likely to becomeflooded with priming water or backdrainageundernormal conditions.

8.8 PRESSURE-REDUCING VALVES Pressure-reducingvalves shall comply withthe requirementsof AS 4118.1.8.

8.9 DELUGE AND PRE-ACTION VALVES

8.9.1 Delugevalves Delugevalvesshall comply with the requirementsof AS 4118.1.5.

NOTE: Thesevalves are used to control the water to an array of open sprinklers or sprayers(seeClause2.3.2.4) which are required to dischargesimultaneously.The valve, normally heldclosed, is releasedautomatically either by the loss of air pressurefrom independentpipingcarrying sprinklersacting as heat detectors,or by the operationof an approvedheat or smokedetectionsystem.Alarm equipmentis normally connectedto the outlet piping from the valve sothat an alarm is given when water flows into the distributionpiping.

8.9.2 Pre-action valves Pre-action valves shall comply with the requirements ofAS 4118.1.5.

NOTE: Thesevalvesare usedfor either of the following purposes:

(a) To control the water supply to a dry sprinkler installationto preventwater dischargefrompiping or sprinklers which have suffered mechanicaldamage.The valve, normally heldclosed, is releasedby the operationof a heat or smokedetectionsystemand is of similartype to the delugevalve describedin Clause8.9.1, but the sprinkler piping will be chargedwith air.

(b) To admit water to the piping of a dry installationprior to the operationof a sprinkler orsprinklers.The valve may be a standardalarm valve (dry) (which may be fitted with anaccelerator).The heat or smokedetectionsystemis arrangedto trip the valve in a similarmannerto the operationof an exhauster.

8.10 ALARM DEVICES

8.10.1 General Each installation shall be so arrangedthat the installed alarm devices(see Clauses3.2 and3.3) shall respondwithin 3 min of opening the test valve with a15 mm bore referred to in Clause8.10.6 and within 6 min of opening the remote testvalve referredto in Clause8.11.

8.10.2 Prevention of false alarms Where water suppliesinclude a town main knownto have widely fluctuating pressure characteristicssuch that the normal installationpressureis exceeded,causingintermittentoperationof the alarm valve, false alarmsshallbe preventedby one of the following means:

(a) Installationof an approvedretardingdevice.

(b) Maintenanceof the installation pressureabove the maximum anticipated mainspressure.

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AS 2118.1—1995 76

8.10.3 Local water motor alarms

8.10.3.1 General Local water motor alarms shall comply with the requirementsofAS 4118.1.3.

NOTE: Where an alarm bell is requiredto be installed in a high level valve room, a pressureswitch and electronicbell may installedin lieu.

8.10.3.2 Height abovevalve Water motor alarmsshall be locatednot higher than 6 mabovethe valve(s).

8.10.3.3 Piping finish and size The piping shall comply with the requirementsofAS 4118.2.1.

The sizeof pipe shall be as follows:

(a) Wherethe length of the piping to the alarm doesnot exceed6 m, it shall be not lessthan15 mm nominaldiameter.

(b) Where the length of the piping to the alarm exceeds6 m but doesnot exceed25 m,it shall be not lessthan 20 mm nominaldiameter.

(c) Where the length of the piping exceeds25 m, it shall be not less than 25 mmnominal diameter.

8.10.3.4 Drainageprovisions Dry, pre-actionand all systemsin which the water motoralarm piping could be subjectto freezingshall havesuchpiping arrangedto drain througha fitting having an orifice not larger than 3 mm diameter.The orifice plate (which may beintegral with the fitting) shall be either stainlesssteel or a suitablenon-ferrousmaterialsuchthat the hole will not becomeblockedby productsof corrosion.

8.10.3.5 Alarm valve not to be bypassed Except for approved water supply shuntapparatus installed for the purpose of continuous main stop valve supervision, noconnectionbetweenthe water supply piping and water motor alarm shall directly bypassthe alarm valve.

8.10.4 Direct brigade alarms Direct brigadealarmsshall be initiated by—

(a) a flow of water from the alarm valve througha watermotor device;

(b) a flow of water from the valve causingactuationof the pressureswitch; or

(c) a fall in pressurein the systempiping abovethe alarm valve.

NOTE: Auxiliary alarmsmay take the form of electric flow or pressureswitches.They maybe incorporatedin the systempiping abovethe alarm valves to indicate on a central panelwhich particularsectionof the systemis operating.

The feedpiping for hydraulically operatedalarmsshall be fitted with lock-openvalves.

8.10.5 Pressure switches Pressureswitchesfor transmitting alarm signals to the firebrigadeshall be mountedon a vertical branchpipe at least300 mm long.

Wherethe pressureswitch is situatedon the pipe leadingto the sprinkler alarm motor, thestop valve controlling the flow of water to the sprinkler alarm motor shall be positionedon the alarm motor sideof the pressureswitch. Wherean installationis on the dry system,an approved means can be employed to ensure that pressureoperation of the switchcannot be preventedeither in the event of a fire or during the weekly test of the alarmmotor. If at any time the connectionto the fire brigadeis severed,e.g. during hydraulictesting, then attention shall be automaticallydrawn to this fact by meansof duplicatewarning lights, conspicuouslyplaced,or a buzzer.

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77 AS 2118.1— 1995

8.10.6 Testing of alarm devices Alarm devicesshall be testedthrough a 15 mm testvalve locatedon the installationside of the alarm valve. Installationson the alternatewetand dry systemusing both wet and dry alarm valves shall have testingvalves fixed bothabove the dry alarm valve (for use when the installation is under water pressure)andbetweenthe wet anddry alarm valves(for usewhen the installationis underair pressure).(SeeAS 1851.3,for testprocedure.)

8.11 REMOTE TEST VALVES For the purposeof the commissioningand periodictesting,a remotetestvalve shall be providedon eachinstallation(seeFigure 8.1).

The remotetest valve piping shall not be less than 25 mm nominal diameterand shall betaken from the end of a range pipe in the most remote group of sprinklers on theinstallation.

Where the most remote group of sprinklers is not the highest in the installation, anadditionalremotetestvalve shall be connectedto the rangepipe at the highestlevel.

The test pipe shall terminatein a smoothbore, corrosionresistantorifice giving a flowequivalentto the smallestorifice sprinkler representativeof the installation.

The remotetestvalve shall be readily accessible,lockedshut,and labelled—

‘Sprinkler RemoteTest Valve—To be locked shut’.

FIGURE 8.1 TYPICAL REMOTE TEST VALVE

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AS 2118.1—1995 78

8.12 PRESSURE GAUGES Pressuregaugesshall comply with the requirementsofAS 1349 and shall havescaleswith graduationsas follows:

Maximum scalereading

Maximumgraduation interval

MPA kPa

1.01.6

>1.6

2050

100

NOTE: The maximumscalevalue of gaugesshouldbe approximately150 percentof the knownmaximumpressure.

Means shall be provided to enable each pressuregaugeto be readily removed withoutinterruptionto installationwatersupplies.

Gaugesto monitor pressuresshall be installedin the systemat the following locations:

(a) Immediatelyabovethe alarm valve.

(b) Adjacent to the main stop valve, connectedto indicate the pressureof each watersupply.The connectionfor suchgaugesshall be on the supplyside of the non-returnvalve nearestthe supply.

NOTE: For multiple installationsystems,eachsubsequentmain stopvalve, or groupof mainstopvalves,may be fitted with a gaugeindicatingtrunk main pressureonly.

(c) On the delivery side of all pumps.

(d) On the suctionsideof all pumps.

(e) On all pressuretanks(seeClause4.13).

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79 AS 2118.1— 1995

S E C T I O N 9 L I G H T H A Z A R D C L A S SS Y S T E M S

9.1 DESIGN DATA Light hazardsystemsshall be hydraulically designedto providean appropriate density of discharge over an assumedarea of operation (number ofsprinklerslikely to operate)in all areasof the protectedbuilding as follows:

The designdensityof dischargeand the assumedareaof operationshall be asfollows:

(a) Designdensityof discharge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.25mm/min.

(b) Assumedareaof operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 m2. (SeeClause2.2.2.)

In certain areas of light hazard, the density shall be increasedby closer spacing ofsprinklers(seeClause9.3.1).

9.2 WATER SUPPLIES

9.2.1 Pressure and flow requirements The water supply shall provide at theinstallationcontrol assembliesa minimum running pressure,measuredon the installationgaugeimmediatelyabovethe alarm valve, of—

(a) 220 kPa plus the pressureequivalentof the differencein height betweenthe controlassembliesand the highest sprinkler when water is being dischargedthrough thecontrol assembliesat a rate of 225 L/min; and

(b) at least 170 kPa plus the pressureequivalentof the differencein heightbetweenthehighest sprinkler and the control assemblieswhen the flow is increased to400 L/min. (SeeClause4.5.)

9.2.2 Minimum capacity of water supplies

9.2.2.1 Town main A town main supply shall be fed from a sourceof at least 1 MLcapacity.

NOTE: A sourceof smaller capacity may be approvedif full particularsare submittedto theregulatoryauthority.

TABLE 9.2.2.2

WATER STORAGE CAPACITY FOR LIGHTHAZARD CLASS SYSTEMS

Maximum height of sprinkler abovelowest sprinkler

Minimum capacity*†

m L

153045

21 00025 00028 000

6075

31 00033 000

* Wherethe systemis divided into variouspressurestages,as requiredby Clause4.6, the tank capacitymay be basedon the maximumstageheight, rather thanon the total heightof the building. Wherethe totalbuilding height exceeds 75 m, the capacities given are to beincreasedby one-thirdfor eachadditional75 m or part thereof.

† In fully hydraulically calculated light hazard systems, the waterrequirementis the maximum calculateddemandin litres per minutefor the hydraulically most favourablearea for a period of 30 min.SeeSection12.

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AS 2118.1—1995 80

9.2.2.2 Reservoirsand tanks other than pressuretanks The minimum capacitiesshallbe as specifiedin Table9.2.2.2.Thesecapacitiesrelate to stored water entirely reservedfor the sprinkler system (including fire hose reels). For pump suction tanks, thesecapacitiesmay be reducedin accordancewith Clause9.2.2.3,but the maximumperiod ofinflow shall be 30 min.

9.2.2.3 Pump suction tanks Pump suction tanks shall have an effective capacityreservedentirely for the sprinkler system not less than that specified in Table 9.2.2.2.Smaller capacity, but not less than 9000 L, may be permitted, provided that automaticinflow can be relied on to enablethe pump to operateat full capacity for not less than30 min. (See also Clause4.8.1.) Where tanks are used for a Grade2 water supply,referenceshouldbe madeto Clause4.3.3.(c).

9.2.2.4 Suppliesnot reservedentirely for sprinklers Any private reservoir which alsoprovides water for trade and domesticpurposesshall contain at all times not less than500 000 L.

9.2.2.5 Pressuretank The minimum quantity of water to be maintainedin a pressuretank reservedentirely for sprinklersshall be as follows:

(a) Wheresole supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 000 L.

(b) Whereduplicatesupply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 000 L.

The minimum air pressureto be maintainedin a pressuretank shall be determinedfromthe appropriateformula set out in Clause4.13 and shall be not lessthan 190 kPa plus thepressureloss in the piping, or 30 kPa, whichever is the greater.The pressureloss in thepiping shall include all valves between the outlet from the pressure tank and theinstallation gauge, and shall be calculated at a flow rate of 400 L/min. Table9.2.2.5indicatesthe required working pressurefor tanks having proportionsof air of one-third,one-halfand two-thirds.

TABLE 9.2.2.5

MINIMUM AIR PRESSUREIN PRESSURETANKS

Proportion of airin tank

Minimum air pressureto bemaintained in tank whenbaseis level with highest

sprinkler

Add for eachmetre orpart thereof where tank

is below highestsprinkler

kPa kPa

One-thirdOne-halfTwo-thirds

860380540

301520

9.2.3 Pumps Pumpsshall comply with the requirementsof AS 2941.

9.2.4 Proving of water supplies Water suppliesshall be provedin accordancewith therequirementsof Clause4.14.

9.3 SPACING OF SPRINKLERS

9.3.1 Maximum area coverage per sprinkler The maximum area coverage persprinklershall be as follows:

(a) Sidewallsprinklers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 m2 (seealsoClause5.5).

(b) Other sprinklers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 m2 (seealsoSection6).

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In certain areas of light hazard occupanciessuch as attics, basements,boiler rooms,kitchens, laundries, storage areas, workrooms, electronic data processing rooms, airconditioning and building services plant rooms, restaurantsand cafes not exceeding126 m2 in area,the maximumareacoverageshall be limited to 9 m2 per sprinkler and themaximumdistancebetweensprinklersshall be limited to 3.7 m.

9.3.2 Maximum distance between sprinklers on range pipes and between adjacentrows of sprinklers The maximum distance between sprinklers on range pipes andbetweenadjacentrows shall be as follows:

(a) Sidewallsprinklersalong the walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 m (seealsoClause5.5).

(b) Other sprinklers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 m.

NOTE: Seealso Clause9.3.1 for reduceddistancesfor certainoccupancies.

9.3.3 Maximum distance from walls and partitions (See also Clauses5.4.2and 5.5.) The maximum distancesof sprinklers from walls and partitions shall be asfollows:

(a) Sidewallsprinklersfrom end walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 m.

(b) Other sprinklers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 m.

9.4 SYSTEM COMPONENTS

9.4.1 Sprinklers

9.4.1.1 Sizeand type Sprinklersshall havea nominal orifice size of 10 mm and may bespray,ceiling (flush) or sidewall pattern.

9.4.1.2 Stockof replacementsprinklers A stock of sparesprinklers shall be provided.As a generalguide, the minimum numberof sparesof standardtemperaturerating shouldbe six sprinklers.

9.4.2 Piping

9.4.2.1 Pipe sizes Pipe sizes shall be determinedpartly by the pre-calculatedpipesizing table and partly by hydraulic calculation,or by full hydraulic calculation.Refer toSection12.

Table9.4.2.2 shall be applied only to those portions of the piping described inClause9.4.2.2; the remainder of the piping shall be calculated in accordancewithClause9.4.2.3.

Figure 9.4.2.1 illustrates piping arrangements showing the various design points(3-sprinklerpoints) from which the piping shall be calculatedhydraulically.The length ofpre-calculatedpiping to any sprinkler downstreamof the design point shall not exceed14 m, inclusive of equivalent length allowance for elbows (see Clause9.4.2.3). Thedesign point shall be within this 14 m maximum permitted length and shall be taken asthe sprinkler, elbow or tee in the piping, downstreamof which not more than threesprinklersare located.In the determinationof the appropriatediameterof the pipes in thehydraulically calculatedportionsof a system,apart from complying with the requirementsfor maximum aggregatepressure loss, pipes shall diminish in diameter only in thedirectionof the flow of water to any sprinkler.

9.4.2.2 Pre-calculatedpiping Piping at the extremities of light hazard class systemsdownstreamof eachdesignpoint (3-sprinkler points) shall comply with the requirementsof Table9.4.2.2.

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AS 2118.1—1995 82

NOTES:

1 BetweenvalvesanddesignpointsA–H, pressurelossnot exceeding200 kPa.

2 Circled dimensions—calculated.Otherdimensions—from pre-calculatedtables.

3 Pipesizesarenominal internaldiametersin millimetres.

FIGURE 9.4.2.1 TYPICAL LIGHT HAZARD CLASS SYSTEM

TABLE 9.4.2.2

MAXIMUM NUMBER OF SPRINKLERS ONPRE-CALCULATED PIPING

Nominal internal pipe size*mm

Maximum number of sprinklerspermitted

2025

13†

* The length of 20 mm pipe in any route from a sprinkler to theinstallation valves is not to exceed 8 m and the total length ofpre-calculatedpipe, both 20 mm and 25 mm, is not to exceed14 m,inclusive of equivalentlengthallowancefor elbowsin eachcase.

† This doesnot precludethe useof 25 mm pipe betweenthe designpointand the installation valves if hydraulic calculation shows that this ispossible.

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83 AS 2118.1— 1995

9.4.2.3 Hydraulic calculation of piping (partly pre-calculated systems) The size orsizes of the piping between each design point and the installation valves shall becalculatedhydraulically on the basisthat with a flow of 400 L/min the aggregatepressurelossdueto friction doesnot exceed200 kPa.

The lossesgiven in Table 9.4.2.3shall be usedfor the calculations.The loss of pressureat eachelbow, bend or tee where water is turned throughan angle shall be takenas thatincurredthrough2 m of straightpipe.

TABLE 9.4.2.3

PRESSURELOSS FOR MEDIUM* TUBESTO AS 1074

Nominal internalpipe size

mm

Loss of pressureper metrelength of pipe†

kPa

253240

56.814.87.1

506580

2.270.640.29

100150200

0.080.0120.0029

* For heavy tubes, the lossesare calculatedfor a flow of400 L/min from the datagiven in Section12.

† Calculationsfor the ringed portions of distribution pipesare to be based on these pressurelosses on the totallength of eachpipe size multiplied by a factor of 0.14.

Where sprinkler protection is to be provided at various height levels, as in storeyedbuildings or buildings having basementareas,the above-mentionedmaximum allowablepressureloss upstreamof the design point(s) on each floor may be increasedby anamountequalto the differencein static pressurebetweenthe level of the sprinklerson thefloor concernedand the level of the sprinklers in the top storey, except that where asystemis divided into pressurestagesas required by Clause4.6, no advantagemay betakenof the differencein heightof sprinklersin anotherstage.

9.4.2.4 Fully hydraulically calculated systems Where complex piping configuration isinvolved and where economiesin designcan be effected, the piping may be designedonthe basis of individual hydraulic calculation of pipes throughout the system. Refer toSection12.

9.4.2.5 Sprinklers in concealed spaces Where sprinkler protection is required byClauses5.6.1and5.6.2, sprinklersmay be fed individually from piping feedingsprinklersin the room below, provided that in determiningthe size of rangepipesup to the designpoint the sprinklersaboveandbelow are takencumulatively.

9.5 SYSTEM DRAINAGE All pipes shall be arrangedwith slope for drainage asspecifiedin Clause7.5.

NOTE: Piping in all systemsincluding piping in wet systemsshouldbe arrangedto drain to theinstallationdrain valveswhich shouldbe not lessthan 40 mm diameter.

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AS 2118.1—1995 84

S E C T I O N 1 0 O R D I N A R Y H A Z A R D C L A S SS Y S T E M S

10.1 DESIGN DATA Ordinary hazard systems shall be hydraulically designed toprovide an appropriatedensityof dischargeover an assumedareaof operation(numberofsprinklers likely to operate) in all areas including the hydraulically most unfavourableareasof the protectedbuilding.

The designdensityof dischargeand the assumedareaof operationshall be asfollows:

(a) Designdensityof discharge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 mm/min.

(b) Assumedareaof operation:

OH 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 m2.OH 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 m2.OH 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 m2.OH Special(seeNote) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 m2.

NOTE: This group is an extension of OH 3 occupancieswhere flash fires are likely,covering somewhatlarger areasof operation,such as might be anticipatedin connectionwith preparatoryprocessesin textile mills and certain other risks (for classification ofoccupancies,seeClause2.2.3).

10.2 WATER SUPPLIES

10.2.1 Pressure and flow requirements Water supplies for ordinary hazard classsystemsshall comply with Table10.2.1.

TABLE 10.2.1

PRESSUREAND FLOW REQUIREMENTS FORORDINARY HAZARD CLASS SYSTEMS

Occupancygroup

Minimum running*pressure

Flow rate

kPA L/min

1 10070

375540

2 140100

7251 000

3 170140

1 1001 350

Special 200150

1 8002 100

* The pressureequivalentof the distancein height betweenthehighest sprinkler and the control assembly is added to allpressurevalues when discharging the relevant flows at thecontrol assembly.The running pressureis measuredat theinstallationgauge.

10.2.2 Minimum capacity of water supplies

10.2.2.1 Town mains A town main supply shall be fed from a sourceof at least 1 MLcapacity.

Terminal mains or branch ‘dead end’ mains of less than 150 mm diametershall not beusedfor OH 3 or OH Specialsystems.

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10.2.2.2 Reservoirsand tanksother than pressuretanks The minimum capacitiesshallbe as specifiedin Table 10.2.2.2.Thesecapacitiesrelate to storedwater sourcesentirelyreservedfor the sprinkler system(including fire hosereels).For pump suctiontanksthesecapacitiesmay be reducedin accordancewith Clause10.2.2.3,but the maximumperiodofinflow shall be 1 h.

Where a private car park is strictly incidental to an otherwiselight hazardclassbuilding,as may occur in office and residential type buildings, the minimum capacity requiredbyTable10.2.2.2 for a stored water source may, when used as one supply of a duplicatesupply systemonly, be halvedprovided that the maximumperiod of inflow for a suctiontank relying on automaticinflow shall be halved,i.e. to 30 min.

TABLE 10.2.2.2

WATER STORAGE CAPACITY FOR ORDINARYHAZARD CLASS SYSTEMS

Occupancygroup Maximum height of sprinklers in buildingor stageabovelowest sprinkler

m

Minimum capacityL

1 1530456075

55 00070 00080 00090 000

100 000

2 1530456075

105 000125 000140 000160 000175 000

3 1530456075

135 000160 000185 000205 000220 000

Special 1530456075

160 000185 000205 000225 000245 000

* Wherethe systemis divided into variouspressurestagesas requiredby Clause4.6, the tankcapacitymay be basedon the maximum stageheight rather than on the total height of thebuilding. For storeyedbuildings in excessof 15 m in height with different hazardclassesatvariouslevels, economiesmay be effectedby calculatingthe minimum capacitiesof storagetanks,provided that in the calculationsof distribution piping no advantagehas beentakenof the differencein static pressureas allowed in Clause10.4.2.3.The minimum capacitymust be sufficient to supply the pump for 1 h when runningat its nominal rating.The nominal rating of the pump is that point on its characteristiccurve which satisfiestheformula—

Q = K √(P – h)where

Q = rateof flow, in litres per minuteK = constantas setout in Table4.10.2P = pressureat pump discharge,in kilopascalsh = pressureequivalentof the height abovethe pump of the sprinkler array

hydraulicallynearestthe valves,in kilopascals.The storagecapacityshall be not lessthan that allowed in Table10.2.2.2for a building of15 m for the particularoccupancygroup.In fully hydraulically calculated ordinary hazard systems,the water requirementis themaximum calculateddemandin litres per minute for the hydraulically most favourableareafor a periodof 60 min. (SeeSection12.)

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AS 2118.1—1995 86

10.2.2.3 Pump suction tanks Pump suction tanks shall have an effective capacityreservedentirely for the sprinkler systemnot less than that specified in Table10.2.2.2except that, where there is an automaticinflow which can be relied upon at all times, asmaller capacitywill be allowed, provided that the pump can operateat full capacity fornot lessthan 1 h, subjectto the following minimum capacities(seealsoClause4.8.1):

OH 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 000 L.OH 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 000 L.OH 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 000 L.OH Special . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 000 L.

10.2.2.4 Suppliesnot reservedentirely for sprinklers Any private reservoirwhich alsoprovideswater for trade and domesticpurposesshall have a constantcapacityof at least1 ML.

10.2.2.5 Pressuretank The minimum quantity of water to be maintainedin a pressuretank reservedentirely for sprinklersshall be as follows:

(a) Wheresole supply (OH 1 only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 000 L.

(b) Whereduplicatesupply (OH 1, 2, 3 and Special) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 000 L.

The minimum air pressureto be maintainedin a pressuretank shall be determinedfromone of the formulasset out in Clause4.13.2andshall be not lessthan—

OH 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 kPa;OH 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 kPa;OH 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 kPa; andOH Special . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 kPa;

plus 30 kPa, or the pressure loss in the piping between the pressuretank and theinstallationgauge,whichever is the greater.The pressureloss in the piping shall includeall valves and shall be calculated at the maximum rate of flow for the group(seeClause10.2.1). Table10.2.2.5indicatesthe required working air pressurefor tankshaving proportionsof air of one-third,one-halfand two-thirds.

NOTE: For pressurelimitations,seeClause4.6.

TABLE 10.2.2.5

MINIMUM AIR PRESSUREIN TANKS

Occupancygroup

Proportion ofair in tank

Minimum air pressureto be maintained in

tank when baseis levelwith highest sprinkler

kPa

Add for eachmetreor part thereof wheretank is below highest

sprinklerkPa

1One-thirdOne-halfTwo-thirds

500300200

302015

2One-thirdOne-halfTwo-thirds

620380260

302015

3One-thirdOne-halfTwo-thirds

710440330

302015

SpecialOne-thirdOne-halfTwo thirds

800500350

302015

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87 AS 2118.1— 1995

10.2.3 Pumps

10.2.3.1 General Pumpsshall comply with the requirementsof AS 2941.

10.2.4 Proving of water supplies Water suppliesshall be proved in accordancewiththe requirementsof Clause4.14.

10.3 SPACING OF SPRINKLERS10.3.1 Maximum area coverage per sprinkler The maximum area coverage persprinklershall be as follows:

(a) Sidewallsprinklers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 m2 (seealsoClause5.5).

(b) Other sprinklers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 m2.

In cold storagewarehousesusing the air circulation method of refrigeration, provenderand rice mills (other than those using the pneumaticsystem of conveying), film andtelevision production studios, theatresand music halls (stage protection), the maximumareacoverageis limited to 9 m2 and the maximumdistancebetweensprinklersto 3 m.

10.3.2 Maximum distance between sprinklers on range pipes and between adjacentrows of sprinklers The maximum distance between sprinklers on range pipes andbetweenadjacentrows shall be as follows:

(a) Sidewallsprinklersalong the walls (seealsoClause5.5)—

fire-resistingceilings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 m; and

non-fire-resistingceilings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 m.

(b) Other sprinklers—

standardspacing(seeClause5.1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 m;

staggeredspacing(seeClause5.2)—

betweensprinklers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 m; and

betweenrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 m.NOTE: Seealso Clause10.3.1for reduceddistancesfor certainoccupancies.

10.3.3 Maximum distance from walls and partitions (See also Clauses5.4.2and 5.5.) The maximum distanceof sprinklers from walls and partitions shall be asfollows:

(a) Sidewallsprinklersfrom end walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8 m.

(b) Other sprinklers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 m

or half the maximumallowabledesignspacingwhicheveris the lesser.

10.4 SYSTEM COMPONENTS

10.4.1 Sprinklers

10.4.1.1 Sizeand type Sprinklersshall have a nominal orifice size of 15 mm and maybe conventional,spray,ceiling (flush), or sidewall.

10.4.1.2 Stockof replacementsprinklers As a generalguide, the minimum numberofsparesof standardtemperaturerating shouldbe 24 sprinklers.

10.4.2 Piping

10.4.2.1 General Pipe sizes shall be determinedeither by full hydraulic calculation(see Section12), or partly by pre-calculatedpipe size tables and partly by hydrauliccalculations.

Figure 10.4.2.1 illustrates piping arrangementsshowing the various design points fromwhich the piping shall be calculatedhydraulically. Piping at the extremitiesof systemsdownstream of each design point (16/18-sprinkler point) shall comply with therequirementsof Table 10.4.2.2.

Pipesmay only reducein diameterin the direction of flow of water to any sprinkler.

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AS 2118.1—1995 88

10.4.2.2 Pre-calculatedpiping Where rangesare directly connectedto the distributionpipe without risers (or drops), the design point shall be taken as the last elbow, tee orbranchdownstreamof which the 16/18-sprinklerarray is located(designpoints A and Bin Figure10.4.2.1).

Where rangesare connectedto the distribution pipe with risers (or drops),suchrisers (ordrops) shall be consideredas distribution pipes, and the design point shall be moveddownstreamto the point of connectionof the riser (or drop) nearestthe installationvalvesin the 16/18-sprinklerarray (designpointsC, D andE in Figure10.4.2.1).

Where the number or sprinklers in a separatearray (see Clause1.4.10) is less than thenumber of sprinklers for which the distribution pipes are hydraulically designed,thedesignpoint shall be takenas the point of connectionof the rangenearestthe installationvalvesin suchseparatearray (designpoint F in Figure10.4.2.1).

Where single sprinklersare connectedto horizontalpipesby risers (or drops),such risersshall be consideredrangepipes. Where such risers (or drops) exceed300 mm in length,the horizontal pipes to which they are connectedshall be sizedas distribution pipes to amaximumof 18 sprinklers.

For complex piping arrangementsrequiring the use of both arm pieces and risers(or drops),piping feedingsucharrangementsshall be sizedas a combinationof rangeanddistributionpipesin accordancewith Table10.4.2.2to a maximumof 18 sprinklers.

NOTE: AppendixD providesa seriesof sketchesillustrating theserequirements.

10.4.2.3 Hydraulic calculation of piping (partly pre-calculated system) The size orsizesof the piping (including main distribution pipes and all risers) betweeneachdesignpoint and the installationvalvesshall be calculatedon the basisthat with a rate of flow of1800L/min the aggregatepressureloss due to friction does not exceed 150 kPa. Thelossesgiven in Table10.4.2.3(A)shall be usedfor thesecalculations.

Wheresprinkler protectionis providedat variousheight levels,pressureloss to the designpoint at each level may be increasedby an amount equal to the difference in staticpressurebetweenthe level of the sprinklerson the floor concernedand the level of thehighest sprinklers on the site. This may apply in storeyedbuildings, buildings havingmore than one main height level of protection within a storey (e.g. mezzaninefloor orextensiveplatform levels), or separatebuildings of different height on the same site,provided that each installation so designed shares a common water supply with theinstallation having the highest sprinklers on the site, and has a water supply runningpressure(see Clause10.2) basedon the highestsprinklerson the site measuredon eachinstallationgauge.

Where a systemis divided into pressurestagesas required by Clause4.6, no advantagemay be takenof the differencein heightof sprinklersin anotherstage.

In all caseswhere advantageis taken of this static pressuregain, the height in metresofthe highest sprinkler above the installation gauge used for the calculation for theparticular installationshall be indicatedon the block plan (seeClause8.3) with referenceto that installation.

The block plan shall also state the necessarypressurerequirementsat the installationgauge for the proving tests basedon the highest sprinkler. The height of the highestsprinkler used for these calculations shall be that of a sprinkler actually installed orintendedto be installed at the time of specifying the design of a particular installationdistributionpiping system.

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89 AS 2118.1— 1995

Distribution pipes to be calculated on the basis that with a flow of 1800 L/min the aggregate frictionloss shall not exceed 150 kPa between each point A, B, C, D, E, F and the installation valves

The flow between Y and F shall be taken as 70 L/min per sprinkler (see Table 10.4.2.3(B)).Between Y and installation valve at 1800 L/min.

SYSTEM COMPRISING 276 SPRINKLERS. Spacing 1:12 m2 (3.46 m x 3.46 m). Length of hydraulicroute (incl. allowance for bends) between —

design points A and installation control valves = 46 m approx.design points B and installation control valves = 64 m approx.design points C and installation control valves = 43 m approx.design points D and installation control valves = 69 m approx.design points E and installation control valves = 71 m approx.design points F and installation control valves = 73 m approx.Therefore maximum diameter of distribution pipe = 100 mm. Valves = 100 mm.

FIGURE 10.4.2.1 TYPICAL ORDINARY HAZARD CLASS SYSTEM

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AS 2118.1—1995 90

10.4.2.4 Fully hydraulically calculatedsystems Where complexpiping configurationisinvolved and where economiesin designcan be effected, the piping may be designedonthe basis of individual hydraulic calculation of pipes throughout the system. ReferSection12.

TABLE 10.4.2.2

MAXIMUM NUMBER OF SPRINKLERS ONPRE-CALCULATED PIPING

(a) Range pipes

RangesNominal internal

pipe sizemm

Maximum number ofsprinklers permitted

on range pipes*

Rangesat remoteendof alldistribution pipes:

(i) Two end-sidelayouts—last tworanges

(ii) Threeend-sidelayouts—lastthreeranges

(iii) All other layouts—last range

2532

2532

25324050

12

23

2349

All other ranges 25324050

3469

(b) Distribution pipes

Distribution pipesNominal internal

pipe sizemm

Maximum number ofsprinklers to be fedby distribution pipe

Pipesat extremitiesof system:(i) Two end-sidelayouts

(ii) All other layouts

32405065

32405065

248

16†

369

18†

Pipesbetweenthe above-mentionedextremitiesandthe installationvalves

To be individually hydraulically calculatedin accordancewith Clause10.4.2.3

* The number of sprinklers on a range pipe when the rangesrun longitudinallyunder roofs sloping at an angle in excessof 6 degreesmust not exceed6. Themaximum length of 25 mm pipe allowed in any route from a sprinkler to theinstallationvalvesis 15 m including allowancefor elbows.

† This requirementdoesnot precludethe useof 65 mm diameterpipe betweenthedesignpoint and the installation valvesif hydraulic calculationshowsthat this ispossible.

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91 AS 2118.1— 1995

TABLE 10.4.2.3(A)

PRESSURELOSSESFOR MEDIUM* TUBESTO AS 1074

Nominal internalpipe size

mm

Loss of pressureper metrelength of pipe with a flow of

1800L/min†‡

6580

100

10.34.71.3

150200

0.190.046

* For heavy tubes, the lossesare calculated for a flow rate of1800L/min from the data in Section12. The loss of pressureateach elbow bend or tee where the water is turned through anangleshouldbe takenas equivalentto that incurredthrough3 mof straightpipe.

† Where the numberof sprinklers in a separatearray is less thanthe number for which the distribution pipes are hydraulicallycalculated,up to a maximumof 12 sprinklers,the lossesmay becalculatedon the arbitrary basisof 70 L/min per sprinkler (seeTable10.4.2.3(B)) from the design point of such separatearrayback to the junction with anotherdistribution pipe, then at thefull flow rate of 1800 L/min. Aggregateloss to the valves is notto exceed 150 kPa. An example of this is illustrated inFigure10.4.2.1 between design point F, point Y and controlvalves.

‡ Calculationsfor the ringedportionsof distribution pipesshall bebasedon thesepressurelosseson the total length of eachpipesizemultiplied by a factorof 0.14.

TABLE 10.4.2.3(B)

PRESSURELOSSESFOR MEDIUM* TUBES TO AS 1074—ORDINARY HAZARD

Number ofsprinklers in

array

Loss of pressureper metre length of pipe, kPa

Nominal internal pipe size,mm

25 32 40 50 65 80 100 150

1 2.26 0.59 0.28 0.08 0.02 — — —

2 8.15 2.15 1.01 0.32 0.09 0.04 — —

3 — 4.48 2.14 0.67 0.19 0.09 — —

4 — 7.64 3.65 1.15 0.32 0.15 — —

5 — — 5.51 1.74 0.49 0.22 0.06 —

6 — — 7.73 2.44 0.68 0.31 0.08 —

7 — — — 3.24 0.91 0.41 0.12 —

8 — — — 4.15 1.16 0.53 0.14 —

9 — — — 5.16 1.45 0.66 0.18 —

10 — — — — 1.76 0.80 0.22 0.03

11 — — — — 2.10 0.96 0.27 0.04

12 — — — — 2.47 1.13 0.31 0.05

* For heavy tubes, the lossesare calculatedfor the flow rate from the data in Appendix E. The loss ofpressureat each elbow bend or tee where the water is turned through an angle should be taken asequivalentto that incurredthrough3 m of straightpipe.

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AS 2118.1—1995 92

10.4.2.5 Sprinklers in concealedspaces Where sprinkler protection is required underClauses5.6.1 and 5.6.2, such protection shall be installed with either 10 mm or 15 mmnominal size sprinklers, but with ordinary hazard spacing and pipe sizing. Where theconcealedspacescontain nothing but water pipes, electric wiring or air conditioningtrunking of non-combustiblematerial, the sprinkler protection may be installed on thelight hazardspacingbasis, i.e. with 10 mm nominal size sprinklers and maximum areacoverageof 21 m2 per sprinkler,but with piping as for ordinary hazardsystems.

Where sprinkler protection is installed on the extended(skeleton) spacing basis underClauses5.6.1.2 and5.6.2.2, such protection shall be installed with 10 mm nominal sizesprinklers,but with piping as for ordinary hazardsystems.

Sprinklers may be fed individually from piping feeding sprinklers in the room below,provided that in the determinationof the size of range and distribution pipes up to thedesign point the sprinklers above and below are taken cumulatively (see alsoClause5.6.3).

10.5 SYSTEM DRAINAGE All pipes shall be arrangedwith slope for drainageasspecifiedin Clause7.5.

NOTE: Piping in all systems,including piping in wet systems,should be arrangedto drain tothe installationdrain valve which shouldbe not lessthan50 mm diameter.

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93 AS 2118.1— 1995

S E C T I O N 1 1 H I G H H A Z A R D C L A S SS Y S T E M S

11.1 DESIGN DATA

11.1.1 General High hazard systemsshall be hydraulically designedto provide anappropriatedensityof dischargeover an assumedareaof operation(numberof sprinklerslikely to operate)in all areasincluding the hydraulically most unfavourableareasof theprotectedbuilding.

The designdensitiesof dischargeand the assumedareasof operationshall be as follows:

(a) Processrisks (seealso Clause11.1.2).

(i) Designdensityof discharge . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5 mm/min to 12.5 mm/min.

(ii) Assumedareaof operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 m2 to 360 m2.

(b) High piled storagerisks (seealso Clause11.1.3).

(i) Designdensityof discharge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5 mm/min to 30 mm/min.

(ii) Assumedareaof operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 m2 to 300 m2

(accordingto densityof discharge).

11.1.2 Process risks For process risks, density of dischargeand assumedareas ofoperationshall be asgiven in Table11.1.2.

11.1.3 High piled storage risks

11.1.3.1 Methods of storage The methodsof storagewhich may be found in a highpiled storagerisk are as follows:

(a) Freestandingstorageor block stacking.

(b) Bin-box—a containerup to 1.8 m3, having onevertical faceopen.

(c) Storagein post or box pallets (where the post or box pallets have solid floors, thestorageshall be takenas solid shelf storage).

(d) Storageon solid shelves.

(e) Storagein multiple row and drive-throughracks.

(f) Palletizedrack storage.

(g) Bondedstores(spirituousliquors) storage.

11.1.3.2 General design data The design density of dischargefor high piled storagerisks dependson the hazardousnatureof the stock and the height of storage.Theserisksare subdividedinto five categoriesaccordingto the severity of the hazardof the stock(seeClause2.2.4.2).

Tables11.1.3.2(A) and 11.1.3.2(B) indicate the appropriate density of discharge andassumedareaof operationaccordingto the category,methodof storageand stack heightwhere roof or ceiling protection only is provided. Where storagefixtures are of solid orshelvedconstruction,the requirementsof Clause5.7.7shall apply.

Where an alternatewet and dry systemis installed at roof or ceiling level, the assumedareaof operationshall be increasedby 25 percent.

NOTE: It is recommendedthat high hazardsystemsfor high piled storagerisks be installedonthe wet system.Approval may be given for pre-actionsystemsor alternatewet and dry systemsto be installedin unheatedbuildings.

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AS 2118.1—1995 94

TABLE 11.1.2

DISCHARGE DENSITY AND ASSUMED AREA OFOPERATION FOR PROCESSRISKS*

OccupancyDesigndensity

mm/minAssumedarea of operation

m2

Aircraft enginetestingAircraft hangars

10.07.5

260Zoneprotection(delugesystem)

Celluloid manufacturersandcelluloidgoodsmanufacturers

12.5 260

Distilleries (still houses) 12.0 260

Electrical/electronicmanufacturingandassembly(predominantlyplasticcomponents)

Exhibition halls with unusuallyhighceilings andhigh concentrationofcombustibles

7.512.0

260360

FirelightermanufacturersFirework manufacturers

10.010.0

260†Completedelugeprotectionrequiredfor eachbuilding

Flammableliquid sprayingFloor cloth and linoleum manufacturersFoamplasticsgoodsmanufacturersand

processingFoamrubbergoodsmanufacturersand

processing

12.07.5

12.0

12.0

260260

260

260

Paintandvarnishworks (solventbased)Plasticsgoodsmanufacturingand process

works (whereplastic is oneof the basicmaterialsin the operation)

7.5

12.0

260†

260

Resinand turpsmanufacturers 7.5 260†

TheatricalscenerystoreTar distillers

10.010.0

260260†

Vehicle repairworkshops 10.0 260

* Assumesuseof 141°C ratedsprinklers.

† Supplementaryprotectionby high or medium velocity sprayers,as appropriate,will be requiredin these risks in areas where solvents or other flammable liquids are stored or handled(seeClause5.6.16).

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95 AS 2118.1— 1995

TABLE 11.1.3.2(A)

DISCHARGE DENSITY AND ASSUMED AREA OF OPERATION FORHIGH PILED STORAGE RISKS INVOLVING FREESTANDING STORAGE,

BIN BOX STORAGE OR BLOCK STACKING WHERE CEILING ORROOF PROTECTION ONLY IS PROVIDED

Dischargedensity*

Assumedareaof operation

Maximum storageheight, m

mm/min m2 Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4

7.510.012.515.017.5

——260——

5.36.57.6——

4.15.05.96.77.6

2.93.54.14.75.2

1.62.02.32.73.0

20.022.525.027.530.0

——300——

—————

—————

5.76.36.77.2—

3.33.63.84.14.4

NOTE: In designatedstorageareasto providefor any future requirements,the heightof storageshouldbetakenas not lessthan1 m below any ceiling or roof.

* Where storageis encapsulatedthe ceiling sprinkler dischargedensity shall be increasedby 25% forCategory1 and50% for Category2 and no specialrequirementsfor Categories3 and4.

(The term ‘storage’ includesthe warehousingor the temporarydepositingof goodsor materialswhileundergoingprocess.)

TABLE 11.1.3.2(B)

DISCHARGE DENSITY AND ASSUMED AREA OF OPERATION FORHIGH PILED STORAGE RISKS INVOLVING POST OR BOX PALLETS(IN SINGLE OR DOUBLE ROWS) OR PALLETIZED RACK STORAGE

WHERE ROOF OR CEILING PROTECTION ONLY IS PROVIDED

Dischargedensity*

Assumedareaof operation

Maximum storageheight, m

mm/min m2 Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4

7.510.012.515.017.5

——260——

4.75.76.8——

3.44.25.05.66.0

2.22.63.23.74.1

1.62.02.32.73.0

20.025.030.0

—300—

———

———

4.45.36.0

3.33.84.4

* Wherestorageis encapsulatedat the ceiling sprinkler dischargedensity shall be increasedby 25% forCategory1 and50% for Category2 and no specialrequirementsfor Categories3 and4.

This also appliesto storagearrangementswhereintermediatesprinklersareprovided.

NOTES:

1 Good practice dictates that post or box pallet storage should not exceed two rows wide in onedirection.

2 Rackstoragewith aisleslessthan1.2 m in width is treatedasmultiple row racks(seeTable2.2.4.2).

3 In designatedstorageareasto provide for future requirements,the heightof storageshouldbe takenasnot lessthan1 m below any ceiling or roof.

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AS 2118.1—1995 96

The maximum storageheightsof 7.6 m for Categories1 and 2, 7.2 m for Category3 and4.4 m for Category4 indicatedin Table11.1.3.2(A)are consideredto be a limiting factorto efficient sprinklerprotectionwheresprinklersareprovidedat the ceiling or roof only.

The maximumstorageheightsof 6.8 m for Category1, 6.0 m for Categories2 and3, and4.4 m for Category4 indicatedin Table11.1.3.2(B)are consideredto be a limiting factorto efficient sprinkler protectionwhere sprinklersare providedat the ceiling or roof only.Wherestoragein racking and postor box palletsis abovetheseheights,intermediatelevelprotectionshall be provided.

11.1.3.3 Storagein multiple row and drive-throughor flow-through racks Intermediatesprinklers shall be installed in multiple row and drive-through or flow-through rackswhere storage heights exceed the ordinary hazard limitations for post pallets andpalletizedrack storagein Note 2 to Table11.1.3.2(B)in accordancewith Clause11.1.3.4.

Rack storagewith aisleslessthan1.2 m in width shall be treatedasmultiple row racks.

11.1.3.4 Intermediate level protection in storage racks Intermediate level protectionshall be providedas indicatedby the following:

(a) General Supplementaryintermediatelevel protection shall be provided in storagerackswhereheightsof storageexceedthosein Table11.1.3.2(B).

Flow rates for intermediate level sprinkler protection shall be hydraulicallycalculatedassetout in Clause11.2.2.5.

Where racking does not exceed 3.2 m in width, one row of sprinklers shall belocated centrally along the length of the rack. Where racking exceeds3.2 m inwidth, but does not exceed 6 m, two rows of sprinklers shall be provided. Thedesignof protectionfor racking exceeding6 m in width shall be subjectto approval.(See Figure 11.1.3.4(a),(b) and (c) for maximum spacing, stagger spacing andmaximumareacoverageper sprinkler.)

Wheneverany rack or structural steelwork is likely to significantly interfere withwater dischargefrom sprinklers,additional sprinklers shall be provided and takeninto accountin water flow calculations.

Each intermediatelevel sprinkler shall be fitted with a metal water shield 75 mm indiameter,located immediatelyabovethe sprinkler. For sprinklers mountedupright,the shield shall not be attacheddirectly to the sprinkler deflector. Any bracketsupportingthe shieldshall causeminimal obstructionto the water distribution.

Provision shall be made for the protection of piping and sprinklers againstmechanicaldamage(seeClauses6.9 and7.4).

(b) Location of intermediate level sprinklers Sprinklers within racks shall bepositionedso that there is not less than 150 mm clearancebetweenthe deflectorsand the top of the storagein the tier immediatelybelow the line of sprinklers.

Sprinklersshall be locatedin racksas follows:

(i) Category1 or 2 goods Theseshall be protectedas follows:

(A) Every alternaterack tier, but not exceeding3.7 m from the floor to thelowest level and betweensuccessivelevels.

(B) Every alternate junction of longitudinal and transverseflues or gapsbetweenpallets.

(C) Sprinklersshall be staggeredbetweentiers.

(D) The horizontalspacingof sprinklerswithin tiers shall not exceed2.8 m(seeFigure 11.1.3.4(a)).

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97 AS 2118.1— 1995

(ii) Category3 goods (or Categories1 and 2 goods when they are mixed withCategory3 goods) Theseshall be protectedas follows:

(A) Every alternaterack tier, but not exceeding3.7 m from the floor to thelowest level and betweensuccessivelevels.

(B) Every junction of the longitudinal and transverseflues or gapsbetweenpallets.

(C) The horizontalspacingof sprinklerswithin tiers shall not exceed1.4 m(seeFigure 11.1.3.4(b)).

(iii) Category4 goods(or Categories1, 2 and 3 goodswhen they are mixedwithCategory4 goods) Theseshall be protectedas follows:

(A) At every tier, but not exceeding2.3 m from the floor to the lowestlevel and betweensuccessivelevels.

(B) Every alternatejunction of the longitudinaland transverseflues or gapsbetweenpallets.

(C) Sprinklersshall be staggeredbetweentiers.

(D) The horizontalspacingof sprinklerswithin tiers shall not exceed2.8 m(seeFigure 11.1.3.4(c)).

Providedthat the roof or ceiling protectionis not more than 3 m abovethe top ofthe stored goods, the uppermost row of intermediate level sprinklers may beomitted if this would otherwise be located at the top of the stored goods(seeFigure 11.1.3.4(a),(b), (c) and(d)).

(c) Design data for roof or ceiling sprinklers Where intermediatelevel sprinklersareprovided—

(i) the densityof dischargefor the roof or ceiling sprinklersshall be appropriateto the height of storage above the highest level of intermediate levelprotection which can be taken from Table 11.1.3.2(B) with a minimumdensityof dischargeof 7.5 mm/min; and

(ii) the assumedareaof operationof roof or ceiling sprinklersshall be takenas—

(A) for wet systems—260 m2 irrespectiveof total storageheight; or

(B) for alternatewet anddry systems—325 m2.

(d) The floor area controlled by a single installation of intermediatelevel sprinklers,shall not exceed4000m2 of floor areaoccupiedby the racks,including aisles.

11.1.3.5 Sprinkler protectionof building columns Whereany building column having afire resistancerating of less than 2 h is enclosedin a rack without intermediatelevelsprinkler protection,or is within 300 mm of such a rack, the column shall be sprinklerprotected.

Starting at the top of the storage,sprinklers shall be installed on oppositesides of thecolumn at vertical intervals downwardsnot exceeding4.5 m. Additional sprinklersshallbe provided where obstructionsprevent run-down within the 4.5 m interval. Sprinklersshall be directedto wet the surfaceareaat an applicationrateof not lessthan10 mm/min.The discharge from these sprinklers within the assumedarea of operation shall beincludedin water supplycalculations.

11.1.3.6 Bonded stores (spirituous liquors)—Rack storage For rack storage thefollowing parametersshall apply:

(a) General For barrel storagein racks in bondedstores,the provisionsfor high piledstorage risks shall be modified in accordancewith Paragraphs(b) to (d), asappropriate.

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AS 2118.1—1995 98

(b) Double rack storage with aisles and walkways (See Figure11.1.3.6(A).) Thefollowing modificationsshall apply to double rack storagewith aislesbetweenandhaving walkwaysat variouslevels:

(i) Storage height not exceeding 9.7 m For storage heights not exceeding9.7 m, roof or ceiling protectiononly is acceptable.Table11.1.3.6shall beused to obtain densitiesof dischargeand assumedarea of operationwherestorageheightsexceed7.6 m.

(ii) Storage height exceeding 9.7 m For storage heights exceeding 9.7 m,intermediatelevel protectionshall be installedbeneathwalkwaysat intervalsnot exceeding6.5 m commencingwith the lowest walkway. Sprinklersunderwalkways shall be spacedat not more than 3.5 m and the maximum areacoverageper sprinkler at each intermediatelevel shall not exceed 11 m2.Sprinklers at alternate levels shall be staggeredin relation to the rows ofsprinklersaboveand below.

The flow requirementsof walkway sprinklersshall be calculatedwith an operationalpressureof not less than 200 kPa at the hydraulically most unfavourablesprinklerwhensevensprinklersare operatingat eachwalkway level protected.

(c) Continuous racking without aisles or walkways (See Figure 11.1.3.6(B).) Thefollowing modifications shall apply to continuousrack storagewithout aisles orwalkways:

(i) Storageheight not exceeding5 m For storageheights not exceeding5 m,roof or ceiling protectiononly is acceptable.

(ii) Storage height exceeding 5 m For storage heights exceeding 5 m,intermediatelevel protectionshall be installedthroughoutat vertical intervalsnot exceeding5 m. There shall be a clear spaceof not less than 500 mmbeneath the deflectors of sprinklers in intermediate level protection.Sprinklers shall be positionedover each of the line of gapsbetweenbarrelends with a maximum spacingdown each line of 7 m. The maximum areacoverage per sprinkler at each intermediate level shall not exceed 7 m2.Sprinklers shall be arrangedin staggerformation so that, in alternatelines,they are midway betweenthe sprinklersin the adjacentlines. The followingdesigndatashall be used:

(A) Designdensityof dischargefor sprinklersat intermediatelevels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 mm/min.

(B) Assumedareaof operationat eachlevelof intermediateprotection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 m2.

(d) Clearancebelow sprinklers Clearancebelow sprinklersat roof or ceiling level maybe reducedto 300 mm insteadof the 500 mm clearancerequiredby Clause5.4.8.

11.1.4 Type of system Wherethereis no dangerof freezing,high hazardsystemsshallbe of the wet type. Where there is danger of freezing, a pre-action type system oralternatewet and dry system may be installed. If an alternatewet and dry system isinstalledat only ceiling or roof, the designareaof sprinkler operationshall be increasedby 25 percent.

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99 AS 2118.1— 1995

FIGURE 11.1.3.4 (in part) INTERMEDIATE LEVEL PROTECTION

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AS 2118.1—1995 100

(d) Isometric view of typical rack — Category 4

FIGURE 11.1.3.4 (in part) INTERMEDIATE LEVEL PROTECTION

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101 AS 2118.1— 1995

FIGURE 11.1.3.6(A) TYPICAL BONDED STORES (SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS)

Staggered arrangement of intermediate sprinklers in double rack storage with aisles between, having walkways atvarious levels: maximum area per sprinkler = 11 m2

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AS 2118.1—1995 102

FIGURE 11.1.3.6(B) TYPICAL BONDED STORES (SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS)

Staggered arrangement of intermediate sprinklers in continuous racking without aisles or walkways: maximumarea per sprinkler = 7 m2

TABLE 11.1.3.6

DISCHARGE DENSITY AND ASSUMED AREA OF OPERATION AT CEILINGFOR BONDED STORES (SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS) RACK STORAGE

Category ofstorage

Height of storageDischargedensity

requiredmm/min

Assumedareaof operation

m2

1 Not more than 5.3 mAbove 5.3 m but not more than 6.5 mAbove 6.5 m but not more than 7.6 mAbove 7.6 m but not more than 8.7 mAbove 8.7 m but not more than 9.7 m

7.510.512.515.017.5

260260260260260

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103 AS 2118.1— 1995

11.2 WATER SUPPLIES

11.2.1 Pressureand flow requirements The pressureand flow for fully hydraulicallycalculated systems shall be determined by calculation (see Section12). Installationstandingpressureshall not be lessthan 800 kPa.

For systemsdesignedin accordancewith Tables11.4.2.2(A) to 11.4.2.2(C),the pressureand flow shall comply with the following requirements:

(a) The water supply shall provide the flow and the correspondingrunning pressuregiven in Table11.2.1at the hydraulically mostunfavourablysituateddesignpoint inthe high hazardportion of the premisescommensuratewith the requireddensity ofdischargeand the area of operation laid down in Clause11.1 for the particularoccupancycategory.

(b) Where the high hazardportion comprisesless than 48 sprinklersand the provisionsof (d) below do not apply, the required flow and running pressure given inTable11.2.1 shall be provided at the level of the highestsprinklersat the point ofentry to the sprinkler array.

(c) Where the designarea of operationis fed by more than one distribution pipe, therunning pressureat the level of the highestsprinklers at the design point shall beeither that given in Table 11.2.1 for the required density of discharge,or thatdeterminedby hydraulic calculation.The flow rate for each distribution pipe shallbe determinedon the pro ratabasisdescribedin (h) below.

(d) Where the area of the high hazard portion of the risk is less than the area ofoperation given in Table11.1.3.6,11.1.3.2(A) or 11.1.3.2(B), as appropriate, theflow rate shownin Table11.2.1may be proportionatelyreduced(see(h) below), butthe running pressureat the level of the highestsprinklersat the designpoint shallbe that given in the tablesfor the requireddensityof discharge.

(e) Where the basic design area of operation for a given density of discharge isincreaseddue to circumstancesdescribedunder Clauses11.1.2 and 11.1.3,the flowrate shall be proportionatelyincreased(see(h) below) but the pressureat the designpoint shall be maintained.

NOTE: For example, in a high hazard system with design density of 12.5 mm min and15 mm sprinklers,with piping conformingto Table11.4.2.2(C)and spacingof one per 9 m2,if the flow rate was increasedby 25 percent in accordancewith Clause11.1.3 (i.e. from3800L/min to 4750 L/min), the appropriatepressurerequirementat the designpoint wouldbe 245 kPa(seeTable11.2.1).

(f) Where the design area of operation is greater than the area of high hazardprotection,and this areais adjacentto ordinary hazardprotection,the total flow rateshall be calculatedon the basisof the rate of flow in the high hazardportion beingproportionalto its areaas above(see(h) below), and the flow in the ordinary hazardportion of the risk being equalto 0.1 times the balanceof the areaof operation.Thepressureat the level of the highestsprinklersin the high hazardportion of the riskat the designpoint shall be either that given in the tablesfor the requireddensityofdischargeor that determinedby hydraulic calculation.

(g) The flow requirementsspecifiedin items3 and 4 of Table11.2.1apply only to piperangeswhich are horizontalor at a slopenot exceeding5 degreesto the horizontal.Where the angleof 5 degreesis exceeded,the flow requirementsshall be increasedby 5 percentfor each additional 5 degreesof slopeor part thereof, and there shallbe a correspondingpercentagedecreasein the permittedmaximumperiod of inflowfor suctiontanks(seeClause11.2.2).

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AS 2118.1—1995 104

(h) The increasedor decreasedflow ratesreferredto in (c), (d), (e) and (f) aboveshallbe determinedon a pro rata basisaccordingto the following formula:

Q2 =

where

Q2 = flow rate required(or in circumstancesdescribedin (c), the flow rate in eachpipe)

Q1 = flow rate requiredas given in the tables

a2 = area of operation required (or in circumstancesdescribed in (c), the areaservedby eachpipe).

a1 = areaof operationgiven in the tablesfor the dischargedensityrequired.

(j) Where supplementarysprinklersare installed at intermediatelevels in racking, thewater supply shall be adequatefor simultaneousflow to the ceiling or roofsprinklersand intermediatelevel sprinklersin the hydraulically most favourableareaof operationderivedfrom the interceptof the water supply curveand the squarelawcurve for the hydraulicallymost favourablearea.

The flow requirementsof sprinklers within the racks shall be calculated on theassumption of an operational pressure of 200 kPa at the hydraulically mostunfavourablesprinkler when—

(i) three sprinklers are operating at every sprinkler level for Categories1, 2and 3 goods;

(ii) two sprinklersare operatingat every sprinkler level for Category4 goods;

(iii) where rack aislesexceed2.4 m in width, at least one rack shall be assumedto be involved;

(iv) where rack aislesexceed1.2 m and do not exceed2.4 m, at least two racksshall be assumedto be involved;

(v) where racks are closer than 1.2 m (multiple row racks), at least three racksshall be assumedto be involved; and

(vi) in no case,needmore than threerows of sprinklers,asseenin plan view, beassumedto be simultaneouslyinvolved at eachsprinkler level.

11.2.2 Minimum capacity of water supplies

11.2.2.1 Town main The town main supplyshall be fed from a sourceof at least1 MLcapacity plus the stored capacity specified in Table 11.2.2.2.Terminal mains or branch‘dead ends’ mainsof lessthan150 mm diametershall not be used.

11.2.2.2 Reservoirsand tanksother than pressuretanks The minimum capacitiesshallbe as specifiedin Table11.2.2.2.Thesecapacitiesrelate to storedwater sourcesentirelyreservedfor the sprinkler system(including fire hosereels).

For pumpsuctiontanks,thesecapacitiesmay be reducedto not lessthan two-thirdsof thelisted capacity, provided that reliable automatic inflow is available which will providesufficient water for the pump to operateat the maximum flow rate for not less than90 min.

11.2.2.3 Suppliesnot reservedentirely for sprinklers Any private reservoirwhich alsoprovideswater for industrial anddomesticpurposesshall havea constantcapacitynot lessthan1 ML plus the storedcapacitygiven in Table11.2.2.2.

NOTE: Pressureand flow testsin connectionwith the approvalof supply shouldbe carriedoutwhen the demandfor other servicesis at its peak.

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105 AS 2118.1— 1995

TABLE 11.2.1

PRESSURE/FLOW REQUIREMENTS FOR HIGH HAZARDCLASS SYSTEMS

Density ofdischarge Flow rate

Running pressureat the designpoint(48-sprinkler point) at the level of the highest

sprinklers in the high hazard area, kPa

Designspacingof sprinklers, m2

mm/min L/min (SeeClause 11.3.2,Note)

6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1. Systemshavingpiping in accordancewith Table11.4.2.2(A)and15 mmnominal sprinklers

7.510.012.515.0

2 3003 0503 8004 500

—180270380

—240365520

180315475675

225390600—

280480730—

335575——

385680——

2. Systemshavingpiping in accordancewith Table11.4.2.2(B)and15 mmnominal sprinklers

7.510.012.515.0

2 3003 0503 8004 550

—130200280

—180275385

135235360510

175300460650

215375570—

265455700—

315545835—

3. Systemshavingpiping in accordancewith Table11.4.2.2(C)and15 mmnominal sprinklers

7.510.012.515.017.520.022.525.027.530.0

2 3003 0503 8004 5504 8506 4007 2008 0008 8009 650

—70

110160215280350435525620

—95

150215290380480590715

—

70125195280380500630775

——

90160245355480630795

———

110195305435590775

————

135235370525715—————

160230435625——————

4. Systemshavingpiping in accordancewith Table11.4.2.2(C)and20 mmnominal sprinklers

7.510.012.515.017.520.022.525.027.530.0

2 3003 0503 8004 5504 8506 4007 2008 0008 8009 650

———95

125165205255305360

——90

125170225285350420495

——

115165225295370455550650

—95

145210280370470575690

—

—115180255345460575710

——

80140215310420555695

———

95165255365495655————

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AS 2118.1—1995 106

11.2.2.4 Pressuretanks Pressuretank suppliesare not acceptablefor high hazardclasssystems.

11.2.2.5 Supplementarysprinklers For storagerisks comingunderthe high hazardclasswhere supplementarysprinklers are installed at intermediatelevels within racking, theminimum volumeof water availableshall be sufficient to supply for 90 min the maximumcalculatedsimultaneousflow for both ceiling or roof and intermediatelevel sprinklersforthe hydraulically most favourablearea(seealsoClauses11.2.1and 11.4.2.6).

11.2.3 Pumps Pumpsshall comply with the requirementsof AS 2941.

11.2.4 Proving of water supplies Water suppliesshall be proved in accordancewiththe requirementsof Clause4.14.

TABLE 11.2.2.2

WATER STORAGE CAPACITY FOR HIGH HAZARDCLASS SYSTEMS

DesigndensityMinimumcapacity*

Maximum period ofinflow for suction tanks

mm/min L min

7.510.012.5

15.017.520.0

22.525.027.530.0

237 000316 000395 000

474 000553 000729 000

820 000911 000

1 002 0001 094 000

909090

909090

90909090

* In fully hydraulically calculatedsystemsonly, the abovecapacitiesmay be reducedprovidedthe maximum calculateddemandin litresper minute for the hydraulically most favourable area (seeSection12) for a period of 90 min showsthis to be possible.In nocase is it required that the above capacitiesbe increasedexceptthat they must be adjustedwhere the design area is increasedordecreasedor where supplementary protection is provided inaccordancewith Clauses11.1.3,11.1.4and11.2.1.

11.3 SPACING OF SPRINKLERS

11.3.1 Maximum distance between sprinklers Except for sprinklers in storageracks(seeClause11.1.3.4),the maximumareacoverageper sprinkler shall be 9 m2.

11.3.2 Maximum distance between sprinklers on range pipes and between adjacentrows of sprinklers Except for sprinklers in storage racks (see Clause11.1.3.4), themaximumdistancebetweensprinklersand adjacentrows shall be 3.7 m.

NOTE: Wherethereis no exposedstructuralsteelworkand providedthat a clear spaceof 2 m isnormally maintainedbeneaththe sprinklersunderthe ceiling or roof, specialpermissionmay begrantedfor an increasein areacoverageto 12 m2 per sprinkler if full particularsare submittedto the regulatoryauthority.Similarly, specialconsiderationmay be given to an areacoverageof12 m2 per sprinkler where occupancy changescause the classification to be altered fromordinary to high hazard.The appropriatepressuresat the design point for areasper sprinklergreaterthan9 m2 up to 12 m2 are shownin Table11.2.1.

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107 AS 2118.1— 1995

11.3.3 Maximum distance from walls and partitions The distanceof sprinklersfromwalls or partitionsshall not exceed2 m or half the designspacingwhicheveris the lesser(seealso Clause5.4.2).

11.4 SYSTEM COMPONENTS

11.4.1 Sprinklers

11.4.1.1 Sizeand type Sprinklersshall havea nominal orifice size of 15 mm or 20 mmand may be of conventionalor spray type, exceptthat intermediatelevel sprinklerswithinstorageracksshall havea nominalorifice size of 15 mm.

Where sprinklers are required for building column protection in accordance withClause11.1.3.5, spray type sprinklers installed horizontally or side wall sprinklersinstalled vertically shall be used, subject to a minimum orifice size of not less than10 mm.

11.4.1.2 Stock of replacement sprinklers A stock of spare sprinklers shall bemaintained.As a generalguide, the minimum numberof sparesof standardtemperaturerating shouldbe 36 sprinklers.

11.4.1.3 Sprinkler temperatures In systems,with in-rack sprinklers, protecting highpiled storage,141°C temperaturerated sprinklersshall be usedat the roof or ceiling, and68°C to 74°C nominal temperatureratedsprinklersshall be installedwithin storageracks,and for column protection.

11.4.2 Piping

11.4.2.1 General The appropriatesizing of piping for high hazardsystemsdependsonthe following factors:

(a) Requireddensityof discharge.

(b) Spacingof sprinklers.

(c) Sizeof sprinklerorifice used.

(d) Pressureand flow characteristicsof the water supply.

To accommodatethis wide range of conditions, and to provide reasonableeconomy inpiping, systemsare designedeither partly by the pre-calculatedpipe tablesand partly byhydraulic calculation (see Clauses11.4.2.2and11.4.2.3)or by full hydraulic calculation(seeSection12).

Figures11.4.2.1(A) to 11.4.2.1(C)illustrate piping arrangementsshowing various designpoints from which the piping shall be calculatedhydraulically when the pre-calculatedpipe sizing tablesare used.

Pipesmay reducein diameteronly in the direction of flow of water to any sprinkler. Anexceptionto this requirementmay be permitted in systemswhich are fully hydraulicallycalculatedin accordancewith Section12.

11.4.2.2 Pre-calculatedpiping Where rangesare directly connectedto the distributionpipe without risers (or drops) the design point shall be taken as the last elbow, tee orbranch downstreamof which the 48-sprinkler array is located (see design point A inFigures11.4.2.1(A)to 11.4.2.1(C)).

Where rangesare connectedto the distribution pipe with risers (or drops), such risers(or drops) shall be consideredas distribution pipes, and the designpoint shall be moveddownstreamto the point of connectionof the riser (or drop) nearestthe installationvalvesin the 48-sprinklerarray (seedesignpoint B in Figures11.4.2.1(A)to 11.4.2.1(C)).

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AS 2118.1—1995 108

Where the numberof sprinklers in a separatearray is less than the numberof sprinklersfor which the distributionpipesare hydraulically designed,the designpoint shall be takenas the point of connectionof the range nearestthe installation valves in such separatearray.

Where single sprinklersare connectedto horizontalpipesby risers (or drops),such risersshall be consideredrangepipes. Where such risers (or drops) exceed300 mm in length,the horizontalpipesto which they are connectedshall be sizedas distributionpipes.

For complex piping arrangementsrequiring the use of both armpieces and risers(or drops),piping feedingsucharrangementsshall be sizedas a combinationof rangeanddistribution pipes in accordancewith Tables11.4.2.2(A)to 11.4.2.2(C),to a maximumofsix sprinklers.

NOTE: AppendixD providesa seriesof sketchesillustrating theserequirements.

11.4.2.3 Hydraulic calculation of distribution piping (partly pre-calculated systems)The distribution and rise pipe from the installationvalves to the variousnominal terminalpoints of the network, i.e. at eachdesignpoint or at the point of entry to eachsprinklerarray whereverfewer than 48 sprinklersare involved (seeClause11.2), shall be calculatedhydraulically on the basisthat, under the relevant flow conditionsstatedin Table11.2.1,the pressuredrop in this individually calculated piping will not exceed the residualpressureavailablefrom the water supply when allowancehasbeenmadefor the pressurerequiredat the designpoint in Table 11.2.1plus the static head loss due to the height ofthe highestsprinkler in the high hazardnetwork abovethe installationvalves.Where thehighestsprinkler of a high hazardportion of the premisesis not beyondthe designpoint,such portion requiring the higher static head shall have its own terminating distributionpipe. The pressureloss in the distribution pipe to each section of the high hazard riskshall be adjustedto that required either by suitably sizing the distribution pipes or byfitting an orifice plate in the feed main (seeClause11.4.2.5)or by a combinationof thesetwo methods.The lossesgiven in Table11.4.2.3shall be usedfor thesecalculations.

11.4.2.4 Fully hydraulically calculatedsystems Where complex piping configurationisinvolved and where economiesin designcan be effected, the piping may be designedonthe basis of individual hydraulic calculation of pipes throughout the system. SeeSection12.

11.4.2.5 Hydraulic balancing of systemswith orifice plates Where it is considerednecessaryto fit orifice platesin order to assistin hydraulically balancinga systemor tomeet pump characteristiccurves, the diameter of the orifice shall be not less than50 percentof the diameterof the pipe into which the plate is to be fitted. Such orificeplates shall be fitted only in pipes of 50 mm diameter or larger. Orifice plates shallcomply with the requirementsof Appendix C.

The relationshipbetweenthe size of the orifice, the flow and the pressureloss, shall becalculatedon the basisof the informationgiven in AppendixC.

11.4.2.6 Piping for supplementary protection within storage racking Wheresupplementarysprinklers are installed at intermediatelevels within storageracking, thepiping shall be fully hydraulically calculated.In the sizing of the distribution piping, thewater flow requiredby the intermediatesprinklersshall be addedto that requiredby theroof sprinklers.

Intermediatelevel protectionwithin storageracksshall be controlledby a separatecontrolassembly,except that subjectto approval,not more than 50 intermediatelevel sprinklersmay be fed directly from roof or ceiling systemdistributionpiping.

Where storage racks are freestanding, and the intermediate sprinklers are fed bydistribution pipesattachedto the building structure,the rack piping shall be connectedtothe distributionpipesby universaljoints or flexible connections.

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109 AS 2118.1— 1995

11.4.2.7 Sprinklers in concealedspaces Where sprinkler protection is required underClauses5.6.1 and 5.6.2.1,suchprotectionshall be installed with either 10 mm or 15 mmnominal size sprinklers, but with ordinary hazard spacing and pipe sizing. Where theconcealedspacescontain nothing but water pipes, electric wiring or air-conditioningducting of non-combustiblematerial,the sprinkler protectionmay be installedon the lighthazardspacingbasis,i.e. 10 mm nominal size sprinklerswith maximumareacoverageof21 m2 per sprinkler,but with piping as for ordinary hazardsystems.

Where sprinkler protection is installed on the extended(skeleton) spacing basis underClauses5.6.1.2 and5.6.2.2, such protection shall be installed with 10 mm nominal sizesprinklersbut with piping as for ordinary hazardsystems.

Sprinklersshall be fed by separatepiping from that feedingsprinklersin the room belowwhich may be connectedto the main distribution pipe anywherebetweenthe installationcontrol assemblyand the designpoint of the most distantarray, or, for fully hydraulicallycalculatedsystems,the point of entry of the main distribution pipe into the hydraulicallymostunfavourableareaof operation.

The water requirementsof sprinklers within concealedspacesneed not be taken intoaccountin the sizing of the distributionpiping (seealso Clause5.6.3).

11.5 SYSTEM DRAINAGE All pipes shall be arrangedwith slope for drainage inaccordancewith Clause7.5.

NOTE: Piping in all systems,including piping in wet systems,should be arrangedto drain tothe installationdrain valve which shouldbe not lessthan50 mm diameter.

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AS 2118.1—1995 110

FIGURE 11.4.2.1(A) TYPICAL HIGH HAZARD CLASS SYSTEM —PIPE SIZES BASED ON TABLE 11.4.2.2(A)

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111 AS 2118.1— 1995

FIGURE 11.4.2.1(B) TYPICAL HIGH HAZARD CLASS SYSTEM —PIPE SIZES BASED ON TABLE 11.4.2.2(B)

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AS 2118.1—1995 112

FIGURE 11.4.2.1(C) TYPICAL HIGH HAZARD CLASS SYSTEM —PIPE SIZES BASED ON TABLE 11.4.2.2(C)

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113 AS 2118.1— 1995

TABLE 11.4.2.2(A)

MAXIMUM NUMBER OF SPRINKLERS ON PRE-CALCULATED PIPINGFOR DESIGN DENSITIES OF DISCHARGE NOT EXCEEDING 15 mm/min

Systemswith water suppliescomplying with the pressureand flow requirementsfor Item 1 inTable11.2.1andusing 15 mm (nominal) sizesprinklers.

(a) Rangepipes

RangesNominal internal

pipe sizemm

Maximum number ofsprinklers permitted

on range pipes*

Rangesat remoteendof all distribution pipes:

(i) Two end-sidelayouts—Last two ranges 2532

12

(ii) Threeend-sidelayouts—Last threeranges 2532

23

(iii) All other layouts—Last range 253240

234

All other ranges 2532

34

(b) Distribution pipes

Distribution pipesNominal internal

pipe sizemm

Maximum number ofsprinklers to be fedby distribution pipe

Pipesat extremitiesof system 3240506580

100

248

121848†

Pipesbetweenthe above-mentionedextremitiesandthe installationvalves‡

To be individually calculatedhydraulicallyin accordancewith Clause11.4.2.3

* No arrangementis allowed with more than four sprinklersper rangepipe. No rangepipe may beconnectedto a distribution pipe exceeding150 mm diameter.

† This requirementdoes not precludethe use of 100 mm pipe betweenthe design point and theinstallationcontrol assembliesif hydraulic calculationshowsthat this is possible.

‡ The maximum length of 25 mm pipe allowed in any route from a sprinkler to the installationcontrol assemblyis 15 m including allowancefor elbows.

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AS 2118.1—1995 114

TABLE 11.4.2.2(B)

MAXIMUM NUMBER OF SPRINKLERS ON PRE-CALCULATED PIPINGFOR DESIGN DENSITIES OF DISCHARGE NOT EXCEEDING 15 mm/min

Systemswith water suppliescomplying with the pressureand flow requirementsfor Item 2 inTable11.2.1andusing 15 mm (nominal) sizesprinklers

(a) Rangepipes

RangesNominal internal

pipe sizemm

Maximum number ofsprinklers permitted

on range pipes*

Rangesat remoteendof all distribution pipes:

(i) Two end-sidelayouts—Last two ranges 2532

13

(ii) Threeend-sidelayouts—Last threeranges 2532

23

(iii) All other layouts—Last range 253240

234

All other ranges 2532

34

(b) Distribution pipes

Distribution pipesNominal internal

pipe sizemm

Maximum number ofsprinklers to be fed by

distribution pipe

Pipesat extremitiesof system 50†6580

100150

48

121648‡

Pipesbetweenthe above-mentionedextremitiesandthe installationvalves§

To be individually calculatedhydraulically inaccordancewith Clause11.4.2.3

* No arrangementis allowed with more than four sprinklersper rangepipe. No rangepipe may beconnectedto a distribution pipe exceeding150 mm diameter.

† No distributionpipe lessthan 65 mm diameteris permittedfor four end-sidesystems.

‡ This requirementdoes not precludethe use of 150 mm pipe betweenthe design point and theinstallationcontrol assembliesif hydraulic calculationshowsthat this is possible.

§ The maximum length of 25 mm pipe allowed in any route from a sprinkler to the installationcontrol assemblyis 15 m including allowancefor elbows.

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115 AS 2118.1— 1995

TABLE 11.4.2.2(C)

MAXIMUM NUMBER OF SPRINKLERS ON PRE-CALCULATED PIPINGFOR DESIGN DENSITIES OF DISCHARGE UP TO 30 mm/min

Systemshaving watersuppliescomplying with the pressureand flow requirementsfor Item 3 inTable11.2.1andusing 15 mm (nominal) sizesprinklers

OR

Systemshavingwater suppliescomplying with the pressureand flow requirementsfor Item 4 inTable11.2.1andusing 20 mm (nominal) sizesprinklers

(a) Rangepipes

RangesNominal internal

pipe sizemm

Maximum number ofsprinklers permitted

on range pipes*

End-sidearrangements:

(i) Last threerangesat remoteendof alldistribution pipes

405065

136

(ii) Other ranges 32405065

1246

End-centrearrangements:

(i) Two end-centresystems—

(a) Last threerangesat remoteendof alldistribution pipes

3240

12

(b) Other ranges 32 2

(ii) Threeandfour end-centresystems—All ranges 324050

124

(b) Distribution pipes

Distribution pipesNominal internal

pipe sizemm

Maximum number ofsprinklers to be fed by

distribution pipe

Pipesat extremitiesof system 50†6580

100150

48

121648‡

Pipesbetweenthe above-mentionedextremitiesandthe installationvalves

To be individually calculatedhydraulically inaccordancewith Clause11.4.2.3

* No end-side arrangementis allowed with more than six sprinklers per range pipe and noend-centrearrangementwith more than four sprinklers per range pipe. No range pipe may beconnectedto a distribution pipe exceeding150 mm diameter.

† No distributionpipe lessthan 65 mm in diameteris permittedfor four end-sidesystems.

‡ This requirementdoes not precludethe use of 150 mm pipe betweenthe design point and theinstallationcontrol assemblyif hydrauliccalculationshowsthat this is possible.

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AS 2118.1—1995 116

TABLE 11.4.2.3

PRESSURELOSSESFOR MEDIUM* TUBESTO AS 1074

Flow rate

L/min

Loss of pressureper metre length of pipe, kPa†

Nominal internal pipe size,mm

100 150 200 250

1001 5002 000

0.440.921.6

0.0650.140.24

0.0150.0320.055

0.0050.0110.018

2 3003 0503 800

2.03.45.2

0.30.510.77

0.0710.120.18

0.0230.0390.059

4 5504 8506 400

7.28.1

13.5

1.11.22.0

0.250.280.47

0.0820.0920.15

7 2008 0008 800

16.820.524.4

2.53.13.6

0.580.710.85

0.190.230.28

9 650 29.0 4.3 1.0 0.33

* For heavy tubes,the lossesarecalculatedfor the appropriateflow ratefrom the data in Section12. The loss of pressureat eachelbow, bendor tee where the water is turned through an angle, is to be taken asequalto that incurredthrough3 m of straightpipe.

† Calculations for the ringed portions of distribution pipes shall bebasedon thesepressurelosseson the total length of each pipe sizemultiplied by a factor of 0.14.

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117 AS 2118.1— 1995

S E C T I O N 1 2 F U L L H Y D R A U L I CC A L C U L A T I O N O F S P R I N K L E R S Y S T E M S

12.1 GENERAL This Sectiondetails requirementsfor the designof sprinkler systemsbasedon hydraulic calculationsof all piping. This methodof systemdesign,wherebypipesizes are selectedon the basis of water supply characteristicsand pressurelosses toachieve minimum densitiesof discharge,is an alternative method to that describedinClauses9.4.2,10.4.2and11.4.2for pre-calculatedsystems.

12.2 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR DENSITY OF DISCHARGE The calculateddensity of discharge within any assumed area of operation with all sprinklerssimultaneouslydischargingshall be not lessthan the designdensityof dischargespecifiedin Clauses9.1, 10.1 or 11.1, as appropriate.The calculation shall involve one of thefollowing methods:

(a) Method 1 Where sprinklersare regularly spacedor staggerspaced,the densityofdischargebetweenany four adjacentsprinklersin a squareor rectangle(in the caseof regular spacing) or parallelogram(in the case of staggeredspacing) shall beassumedto be the total flow from the four sprinklersin L/min divided by four timesthe floor areaenclosedby the sprinklers.

(b) Method 2 Where the spacingof sprinklersalong adjacentrangesdiffers, and thewidth of the floor areacoveredby a row of sprinklersconnectedto a commonrangepipe is constant, and readily definable (as in Figure 12.4(F)), the density ofdischargebetweenany two adjacentsprinklers connectedto a commonrange pipeshall be assumedto be the total flow from the two sprinklers in L/min divided bytwice the areaderived from multiplying the width of the floor areacoveredby therow of sprinklersby the distancebetweenthe two sprinklers.In using this method,the width of the floor areacoveredby a row of sprinklersshall be basedon the rowbeingcentral to the width.

NOTE: For sprinklersin racksseeClause11.2.1(j).

12.3 ASSUMED AREA OF OPERATION The assumedarea of operation shallcomply with Clauses9.1, 10.1or 11.1. (SeealsoClause2.2.2.)

12.4 SPRINKLERS IN OPERATION The number of sprinklers assumedto be insimultaneousoperation shall be all sprinklers which fall within the assumedarea ofoperation, including any sprinklers located under obstructions within that area, butexcluding sprinklers in concealedspaces.The location of the boundaryof the assumedarea of operation,as well as its shapeand position, shall be establishedas set out inClauses12.5 and12.6.

For the purposeof this Clause,meaningsshall be assignedto varioustermsas follows:

(a) ‘Barrier’ shall mean‘barrier to efficient water spraydistribution’. Wheresprinklershave been positioned from a beam to avoid undue interference to a sprinklerdischargepattern,in accordancewith Clause5.4.4, sucha beamshall not constitutea ‘barrier’.

(b) ‘Perimeter boundary’ shall meanthe boundaryat the perimeterof the assumedareaof operation.

Where the assumedarea of operation abuts the extremity of the total protectedbuilding area on one or more sides, this extremity shall constitute the perimeterboundary.

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AS 2118.1—1995 118

(c) ‘Intermediate boundary’ shall mean the boundary separating areas covered byindividual sprinklersor groupsof sprinklerswithin the assumedareaof operation.

Locationsof boundariesshall satisfy the formula—

Y × Z × 4 = A

where

Y = distancefrom a sprinkler to a boundaryparallel with a range,in m

Z = distancefrom a sprinkler to a boundarynormal to a range,in m

A = maximum area coverage per sprinkler specified in Clauses9.3.1,10.3.1and 11.3.1,in sq m

Y or Z mustbe constantwhen applicableeither sideof a sprinkler.

Where a barrier exists betweenperimeter sprinklers and what would otherwise be theperimeter boundary, the barrier shall constitute the perimeter boundary.Other barriersshall constituteintermediateboundaries.

The requirementsof Clauses12.3,12.5 and 12.6 shall alsobe satisfied.

NOTE: Figures12.4(A) to (F) provideguidancein the applicationof this Clause.

12.5 POSITION OF ASSUMED AREA OF OPERATION

12.5.1 Hydraulically most unfavourable area of operation For the purpose ofdeterminingthe hydraulically most unfavourableposition, the assumedarea of operationshall be locatedin turn asfollows:

(a) Terminal main system with terminal range pipes At the hydraulically mostunfavourablepositionon eachdistributionpipe. (SeeFigures12.5.1(A)and(B).)

(b) Looped main systems with terminal range pipes At the hydraulically mostunfavourablepositionon the most remoteloop. (SeeFigures12.5.1(C)and (D).)

(c) Gridded systems Thesecomein two typesas follows:

(i) With terminal range pipes At the mostunfavourableposition as appropriatein oneof the following:

(A) Betweenthe distributionpipes.

(B) Partly betweenthe distribution pipes and partly within the areaof theterminal ranges.

(C) Wholly within the areaof the terminal ranges.

(ii) Without terminal range pipes At the hydraulically most unfavourablepositionbetweenthe distributionpipes.(SeeFigure12.5.1(E).)

When flowing, the hydraulically most unfavourableareaof operationcreatesthe highestpressurerequirement in a system. This condition shall be used to establish that theminimum sprinkler dischargepressureand required dischargedensity,averagedover anyfour adjacentsprinklersasdefinedin Clause12.2,are met.

NOTES:

1 Where the most unfavourableposition is not readily apparent,calculationof more than oneassumedareamay be required.The most remoteareain terms of distanceis not necessarilythe hydraulically most unfavourablearea. Proof that the most unfavourablearea has beenestablishedmay be required.

2 Where it is obvious that other arrays similar to that under considerationare hydraulicallynearerto the water supply,suchother arraysmay be ignored.

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119 AS 2118.1— 1995

12.5.2 Hydraulically most favourable area of operation For the purpose ofdetermining the hydraulically most favourable area of operation, the assumedarea ofoperationshall be locatedas follows:

(a) Terminal main system with terminal range pipes At the hydraulically mostfavourablepositionon eachdistributionpipe. (SeeFigure 12.5.1(A).)

(b) Looped main system with terminal range pipes At the hydraulically mostfavourablepositionon the loopedmain. (SeeFigure12.5.1(C).)

(c) Gridded systems Thesecomein two typesas follows:

(i) Systemwithout terminal range pipes Adjacent to the hydraulically mostfavourabledistributionpipe. (SeeFigure12.5.1(E).)

(ii) Systemwith terminal range pipes Where the terminal rangesare fed fromthe most hydraulically favourabledistribution pipe, the rangepipes shall beeither wholly or partly included in the assumed area of operation.(SeeClause12.6.1.2.)

The hydraulically most favourable area of operation,when extrapolatedonto the watersupply pressureand flow characteristiccurve, createsthe maximum flow condition in asystem.This flow shall be usedto determinethe water supplyrequirements.

NOTE: Wherethe most favourablepositionis not readily apparent,calculationof more than oneassumedareamay be required.

12.6 SHAPE OF ASSUMED AREA OF OPERATION

12.6.1 Hydraulically most unfavourable area of operation

12.6.1.1 Terminal main systemwith terminal range pipes or looped main systemwithterminal range pipes In a systemwith terminal mains or loopedmains,the shapeof theassumedmostunfavourableareaof operationshall be as nearas possiblerectangular.Onesideof the rectangleshall be definedby—

(a) the sprinklerson a rangepipe for an end-sidearray; or

(b) the sprinklerson a pair of rangepipeswherethereis an end-centrearray,as derivedfrom the calculation—

(or pair of rangepipesin end-centrearray)

Remainingsprinklers not constituting a full range pipe or pair of range pipes shall begrouped adjacent to the distribution pipe on the next range pipe row of the area.(SeeFigures12.5.1(A) and(B).)

12.6.1.2 Gridded system In a gridded system,where rangepipes run parallel with theridge of a roof having a slope greater than 6 degrees,or along bays formed by beamsdeeper than 1 m, the shape of the assumedhydraulically most unfavourableareas ofoperationshall be rectangular,with a length (L) greaterthan or equal to twice the squareroot of the area(A), i.e.

L ≥ 2√A . . . 12.6.1.2(1)

In all other cases,the shapeof the assumedareaof operationshall be rectangularwith alength greaterthanor equalto 1.2 times the squareroot of the area,i.e.

L ≥ 1.2√A . . . 12.6.1.2(2)

where

L = length of areaof operationparallel with rangepipes,in metres

A = assumedareaof operation,in squaremetres.

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AS 2118.1—1995 120

Any remaining sprinklers shall be grouped on the next range row of the area.(SeeFigures12.5.1(E)and(F).)

For the purposesof this Clause,all measurementsshall be made in the horizontal plane,including installationswith slopingpiping.

12.6.2 Hydraulically most favourable area of operation

12.6.2.1 Terminal main systemwith terminal range pipes or looped main systemswithterminal range pipes In a systemwith terminal mainsor loopedmains,the shapeof theassumedmost favourableareaof operationshall be as nearaspossiblesquare.As far as ispracticable,the sprinklers under considerationshall be served by one distribution pipeonly.

The sprinklers assumedto be operatingshall be located on each range pipe or pair ofrangepipesfor end-centrearrays,at the hydraulicallymost favourableposition.

Any remainingsprinklersnot constitutinga full rangepipe or pair of rangepipesshall begrouped adjacent to the distribution pipe on the next range pipe row of the area.(SeeFigures12.5.1(A),and(B), (C) and (D).)

12.6.2.2 Gridded system In a griddedsystem,the shapeof the most favourableareaofoperationshall be asnearas possible,square.

The sprinklers calculated to be operating shall be located on each range pipe at thehydraulicallymost favourableposition.

Any remaining sprinklers shall be grouped on the next range pipe row of the area.(SeeFigure12.5.1(E)and (F).)

12.7 WATER SUPPLIES Water supplies shall comply with the requirements ofSection4. For specific sourcesof supply, the requirementsof Clauses12.8 to 12.9 shalltakeprecedencewheresystemsare fully hydraulicallycalculated.

12.8 PUMPSETS

12.8.1 General Pumpsets shall be capable of satisfying the flow and pressurerequirementsof any assumedareasof operation.

12.8.2 Maximum flow rate The maximum flow rate (Q max.) shall be assumedtooccur at the intercept of the system demand pressureand flow relationship for thehydraulically most favourable assumedarea of operation with the pump performancepressureand flow characteristic,when the pump suctiontank water level is at the normalwater line (seeFigure4.8.2).

12.9 CALCULATION OF PRESSURELOSS IN PIPES Pressurelossesdue to waterflow throughpipesshall be calculatedusing the HazenWilliams equation—

P = . . . 12.9(1)

where

P = lossof pressureper metreof pipe, in kilopascalsper metre

Q = flow rateof water throughpipe, in L/min

C = roughnesscoefficient for the type of pipe, (seeTable12.9.2)

d = meandiameterof pipe, in millimetres(seeTables12.9.1.1and12.9.1.2)

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121 AS 2118.1— 1995

Pressurelossesin steel,galvanizedsteel,cast iron, ductile iron and copperpipesmay becalculatedusinga simplified equation:

P = KQ1.85 . . . 12.9(2)

where

P = lossof pressureper metrelengthof pipe, in kilopascals

K = a constantof valuegiven in Tables12.9.1.1and12.9.1.2.

Q = flow rate of water throughpipe length,in L/min.

12.10 PRESSURELOSSES

12.10.1 Fittings and valves Loss of pressuredue to water flow through pipe fittings,where the direction of water flow is changedthrough an angle of 45 degreesor more(other than the changeof direction into a sprinkler from an elbow or tee into which thesprinkler is fitted), or through valves, shall be calculated by adding the appropriateequivalentpipe lengthsgiven in Table12.10.1,to the actual lengthsin the network underconsideration.

TABLE 12.9.1.1

MEAN INTERNAL DIAMETERS AND VALUES OFK FOR STEEL TUBE TO AS 1074

Nominalbore

Medium Heavy

Meandiameter

mmK

Meandiameter

Kmm

202532

21.627.336.0

2.73 × 10-3

8.73 × 10-4

2.27 × 10-4

20.425.734.4

3.61 × 10-3

1.17 × 10-3

2.83 × 10-4

405065

41.953.068.7

1.08 × 10-4

3.45 × 10-5

9.76 × 10-6

40.351.367.0

1.31 × 10-4

4.05 × 10-5

1.10 × 10-5

8090*

100

80.793.2

105.1

4.45 × 10-6

2.21 × 10-6

1.23 × 10-6

79.191.6

103.3

4.91 × 10-6

2.41 × 10-6

1.34 × 10-6

125150

129.9155.4

4.38 × 10-7

1.83 × 10-7128.8154.3

4.58 × 10-7

1.90 × 10-7

NOTE: The valuesfor K arebasedon a roughnesscoefficient,C, of 120.

* While no longer manufactured,90 mm tube is included to facilitatecalculationsfor existing systemsinvolving this size.

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AS 2118.1—1995 122

TABLE 12.9.1.2

MEAN INTERNAL DIAMETERS AND VALUES OFK FOR COPPER PIPES TO AS 1432

Nominalbore

Type A Type B

Meandiameter

mmK

Meandiameter

mmK

mm

202532

16.222.128.4

7.34 × 10-3

1.62 × 10-3

4.77 × 10-4

17.022.929.3

5.81 × 10-3

1.36 × 10-3

4.10 × 10-4

405065

34.847.560.2

1.77 × 10-4

3.89 × 10-5

1.23 × 10-5

35.648.361.0

1.59 × 10-4

3.59 × 10-5

1.15 × 10-5

8090

100

72.084.797.4

5.14 × 10-6

2.33 × 10-6

1.18 × 10-6

72.885.598.2

4.87 × 10-6

2.22 × 10-6

1.13 × 10-6

125150

122.8147.0

3.83 × 10-7

1.59 × 10-7123.6148.2

3.70 × 10-7

1.53 × 10-7

NOTES:

1 Thesevaluesfor K arebasedon a roughnesscoefficient,C, of 150.

2 Diametersfor pipesin other materialsshouldbe obtainedfrom themanufacturers.

TABLE 12.9.2

DESIGN ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENTS, C

Types of pipeSuggesteddesign values

C

Castiron (unlined) 100

Steel(galvanized) 120

Steel(black: weldedor seamless) 120

Asbestoscement 140

Concrete(bitumenlined) 140

Steel(bitumenlined) 140

Iron or steel(cementlined) 140

Copper 150

Polyethylene 150

PVC (UPVC) unplasticized 150

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123 AS 2118.1— 1995

TABLE 12.10.1

EQUIVALENT PIPE LENGTHS FOR FITTINGS AND VALVES(APPLICABLE TO HAZEN WILLIAMS C value of 120 only)

Fittings and valves

Equivalent length, m

Nominal diameter (mm)

20 25 32 40 50 65 80 90 100 125 150 200 250 300

90° standardelbow 0.6 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 3.0 3.7 4.3 5.5 6.7 8.2

90° long radiuselbow 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.8 2.4 2.7 4.0 4.9 5.5

45° elbow 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.5 2.1 2.7 3.4 4.0

Teeor cross(flowturned90°)

0.9 1.5 1.8 2.4 3.0 3.7 4.6 5.2 6.1 7.6 9.1 10.7 15.2 18.3

Gatevalve 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8

Checkvalve or alarmvalve (swing)

— 1.5 2.1 2.7 3.4 4.3 4.9 5.8 6.7 8.2 9.8 13.7 16.8 19.8

Checkvalve or alarmvalve (mushroom)

— — — — — — — — 18.0 — 30.0 45.0 60.0 —

Checkvalve or alarmvalve (butterfly)

— — — — 1.8 2.1 3.0 — 3.7 2.7 3.0 3.7 5.8 6.4

For other valuesof C, the equivalentlengthsshall be multiplied by factorsas follows:

C Value 100 110 120 130 140 150

Factor 0.71 0.85 1.00 1.16 1.33 1.51

12.10.2 Dry pendent (or upright) sprinklers For a dry patternsprinkler assembly,theK factor shall be consideredto apply at the entry to the sprinkler assembly.Allowanceshall be madefor the static headgain or loss due to the length and orientationof the drypipe. No allowance shall be made for friction lossesdue to flow through the sprinklerassemblydry pipe.

12.11 ACCURACY OF CALCULATIONS At every hydraulic junction where flowsdivide or join—

(a) the total flow into the junction shall equal the total flow out of the junction to anaccuracyof ±2 L/min; and

(b) the pressureshall balanceto within 0.5 kPa.

12.12 MINIMUM SPRINKLER DISCHARGE PRESSURE The pressure at anysprinkler, with all sprinklers discharging simultaneouslywithin an assumedarea ofoperation,shall not be lessthan—

(a) Light hazardsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 kPa;

(b) Ordinary hazardsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 kPa; and

(c) High hazardsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 kPa.

12.13 MINIMUM PIPE SIZES No distributionor rangepipe shall be lessthan—

(a) 20 mm nominal pipe diameterin light hazardsystems;or

(b) 25 mm nominal pipe diameterin ordinary and high hazardsystems.

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AS 2118.1—1995 124

12.14 VELOCITY LIMITATION The water velocity shall not exceed6 m/s at anyvalve nor exceed10 m/s at any point in the system,for any stabilizedflow condition.

12.15 VELOCITY PRESSURE Velocity pressuresmay be included in hydrauliccalculationsat the discretionof the installer. Where included,velocity pressuresshall becalculatedfor both rangepipesanddistributionmains.

NOTE: The inclusion of velocity pressuresin hydraulic calculationsimprovesthe predictabilityof the actualsprinklersystemperformance.

12.16 IDENTIFICATION OF FULLY HYDRAULICALLY CALCULATEDSYSTEMS A durablenotice shall be affixed to the riser pipe, immediatelyadjacenttothe control assembly,of any installation which has been hydraulically calculated.Thenotice shall be similar to that shown in Figure12.18 and shall include at least thefollowing information:

(a) Installationnumber.

(b) Installationhazardclassification(s).

(c) For eachhazardclasswithin the installation—

(i) the system design requirement at the installation gauge for the mostunfavourableand favourableassumedareasof operation;

(ii) the systemdesign requirementat the pump delivery pressuregaugefor themostunfavourableand favourableassumedareasof operation;

(iii) height of highest sprinklers above the installation gauge in the mostunfavourableand favourableassumedareaof operation;and

(iv) height difference between installation gauge and pump delivery pressuregauge.

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125 AS 2118.1— 1995

FIGURE 12.4(A) EXTRACT FROM GRIDDED SYSTEM LAYOUT (ORDINARY HAZARD 3)

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AS 2118.1—1995 126

FIGURE 12.4(B) STEP 1: SPRINKLERS A1 TO A7 SELECTED AS ONE SIDE OF ASSUMEDAREA OF OPERATION, BASED ON FORMULA L ≥ 1.2√A

(FOR ORDINARY HAZARD 3 = 1.2 √216 = 17.64 m)

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127 AS 2118.1— 1995

DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES

FIGURE 12.4(C) STEP 2: LENGTH OF NEXT TWO RANGE ZONES DETERMINEDSTEP 3: SPRINKLERS ON SAME CENTRE-LINE GROUPED AND BOXED

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AS 2118.1—1995 128

DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES

FIGURE 12.4(D) STEP 4: DISTANCES TO BOUNDARIES CHECKED

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129 AS 2118.1— 1995

Example: For ordinary hazard 3: (227.6 – 216 = 11.6; therefore sprinkler cannot be deducted).

DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES

FIGURE 12.4(E) STEP 6: CHECK WHETHER SPRINKLERS TO BE ADDED,OR SPRINKLERS TO BE DEDUCTED

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AS 2118.1—1995 130

NOTE: SprinklerD1 was initially included and areastotalled 269.9m2 thereforeD1 was excludedwith a resultantareanow 260.9 m2.

DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES

FIGURE 12.4(F) EXAMPLE OF BOUNDARY LOCATION FOR HIGH HAZARD LAYOUT(L ≥ 1.2√260 = 19.3494 min)

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131 AS 2118.1—1995

FIGURE 12.5.1(A) TYPICAL HYDRAULICALLY MOST FAVOURABLE AND UNFAVOURABLE AREAS OF OPERATION IN A TERMINALMAIN SYSTEMS WITH TERMINAL RANGE PIPES

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AS 2118.1—1995 132

Discharge density =

=

=

= 20.23 mm/min

FIGURE 12.5.1(B) HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF MOST UNFAVOURABLE AREA OFOPERATION (See Figure 12.5.1(A)) ASSUMING 20 mm/minMINIMUM DISCHARGE DENSITY THROUGHOUT SYSTEM

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133 AS 2118.1—1995

FIGURE 12.5.1(C) TYPICAL HYDRAULICALLY MOST FAVOURABLE AND MOST UNFAVOURABLE AREAS OF OPERATION IN A LOOPEDMAIN SYSTEM WITH TERMINAL RANGE PIPES

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AS 2118.1—1995 134

Derivation of average discharge density in hatched area U

Discharge density = Total flow (L/min) from the four enclosing sprinklers4 × floor area (m 2) enclosed by the four sprinklers

= 180.77 194.57 180.00 193.754 × 3 × 3

= 749.0936

= 20.81 mm/min

FIGURE 12.5.1(D) HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF MOST UNFAVOURABLE AREA OFOPERATION (See Figure 12.5.1(C)) ASSUMING 20 mm/minMINIMUM DISCHARGE DENSITY THROUGHOUT SYSTEM

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135 AS 2118.1—1995

FIGURE 12.5.1(E) TYPICAL HYDRAULICALLY MOST FAVOURABLE AND MOST UNFAVOURABLE AREAS OF OPERATION IN A GRIDDEDSYSTEM

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AS 2118.1—1995 136

Derivation of average discharge density in hatched area V

Discharge density =

=

=

= 20.05 mm/min

FIGURE 12.5.1(F) HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF MOST UNFAVOURABLEAREA OF OPERATION (see Figure 12.5.1(C)) ASSUMING A 20 mm/min MINIMUM

DISCHARGE DENSITY THROUGHOUT A SYSTEM

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137 AS 2118.1— 1995

Installation No. System hydraulic data

Hazardclass

Design specification

Heightof*

highesthead m

System demand

Area ofoperation

m2

Density ofdischargemm/min

Unfavourable area Favourable area

FlowL/min

Pressure(kPa)

installationgauge

Pumpgauge

FlowL/min

Pressure(kPa)

installationgauge

Pumpgauge

*Height of highest head measured from installation gauge.The head difference between the installation gauge and the pump delivery gauge is . . . . . m.

INSTALLATION ENGINEERS

Name Address Reference number and data installed

FIGURE 12.18 ILLUSTRATION OF INSTALLATION NOTICE

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AS 2118.1—1995 138

APPENDIX A

REFERENCEDDOCUMENTS

(Normative)

The following documentsare referredto in this Standard:

AS1074 Steeltubesand tubularsfor ordinaryservice

1349 Bourdontubepressureand vacuumgauges

1432 Coppertubesfor plumbing,gasfittinganddrainageapplications

1603 Automatic fire detectionand alarm systems1603.4 Part4: Control and indicatingequipment

1657 Fixed platforms, walkways, stairways and ladders—Design, constructionandinstallation

1668 The useof mechanicalventilationandairconditioningin buildings1668.1 Part1: Fire and smokecontrol

1670 Automatic detection and alarm systems—System design, installation andcommissioning

1735 Lifts, escalatorsandmoving walks (known as the SAA Lift Code)1735.1 Part1: Generalrequirements1735.2 Part2: Passengerand goodslifts —Electric1735.3 Part3: Passengerand goodslifts —Electrohydraulic1735.4 Part4: Servicelifts— Power-operated1735.5 Part5: Escalators1735.6 Part6: Moving walks1735.7 Part7: Stairwaylifts1735.8 Part8: Inclined lifts1735.10 Part10: Tests1735.11 Part11: Fire-ratedlanding doors

1851 Maintenanceof fire protectionequipment1851.3 Part3: Automatic fire sprinkler systems

2118 Automatic fire sprinkler systems2118.2 Part2: Wall wetting sprinklers(Drenchers)2118.6 Part6: Combinedsprinkler and hydrant2118.9 Part9: Piping supportand installation

2201 Intruder alarm systems2201.2 Part2: Centralstations

2419 Fire hydrant installations

2484 Fire—Glossaryof terms2484.1 Part1: Fire tests2484.2 Part2: Fire protectionand firefighting equipment

2941 Fixed fire protectioninstallations—Pumpsetsystems

3000 Electrical installations—Buildings, structuresand premises(known as the SAAWiring Rules)

3013 Electrical installations—Wiring systemsfor specificapplications

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139 AS 2118.1— 1995

AS3500 NationalPlumbingand DrainageCode3500.0 Part0: Glossaryof terms

4118 Fire sprinkler systems4118.1.1 Part1.1: Components—Sprinklersandsprayers4118.1.2 Part1.2: Components—Alarm valves(wet)4118.1.3 Part1.3: Components—Water motor alarms4118.1.4 Part1.4: Components—Valve monitors4118.1.5 Part1.5: Components—Delugeand pre-actionvalves4118.1.6 Part1.6: Components—Stopvalvesandnon-returnvalves4118.1.7 Part1.7: Components—Alarm valves(dry)4118.1.8 Part1.8: Components—Pressurereducingvalves4118.2.1 Part2.1: Piping—General

BRITISH STANDARDS

BS1042 Methodsfor the measurementof fluid flow in pipes1042.1 Part1: Orifice plates,nozzlesand venturi tubes

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AS 2118.1—1995 140

APPENDIX B

WIRING SYSTEMSRATING

(Normative)

B1 PROTECTION AGAINST EXPOSURE TO FIRE All wiring systemsnecessaryfor the operation of sprinkler systemsshall have a protection against exposureto firerating of not lessthan 120 min. This rating is representedas WS5X.

B2 PROTECTION AGAINST MECHANICAL DAMAGE Protection againstmechanicaldamageshall be provided as listed below. The areasindicatedshouldnot beconsideredas a rigid list to be adheredto with no deviations, rather they should beconsideredas a guide to the types of areas and causesof damageto be encountered.Details of ways to achievethe gradeof protectioncan be found in AS 3013.

WS5X — Areas wherephysicaldamageis consideredto be unlikely. Examplesof theseareasare—

(a) masonryriser shaftswith strictly limited access;

(b) non-trafficableceiling void areas;

(c) inaccessibleunderfloorareas;

(d) undergroundinstallationin accordancewith AS 3000;and

(e) internal domestic and office situations where cabling is mounted onwalls at heightsabove1.5 m.

WS51 — Areas where physical damage by light impact is considered possible.Examplesof theseareasare—

(a) internal domesticor office situationswherecableis mountedon walls atheightsbelow 1.5 m; and

(b) trafficable ceiling void areas where access to building services formaintenancepurposesis required.

WS52 — Areas where physical damageby impact from manually propelled vehicle ispossible.Examplesof theseareasare—

(a) passagewaysand storerooms in domestic, office and commerciallocations where hand trucks and barrows may be used,and cablesaremountedat a height of lessthan 1.5 m;

(b) plant roomswhereonly minor equipmentis installed;and

(c) workshops where repair and maintenance,on small equipment andfurniture or the like, is carried out, and cablesare mountedat a heightof lessthan2.0 m.

WS53 — Areas where physical damage by impact from light vehicles is possible.Examplesof theseareasare—

(a) car parks and drivewayswhere cars and other light vehiclesare presentand cablesaremountedat a height of lessthan 2.0 m;

(b) display areas of items such as white goods, furniture and cars andcabling is mountedat a heightof lessthan 2.0 m; and

(c) storageareaswheremanuallyoperateddevicessuchas pallet trucksmaybe operatedandcablesare mountedat a heightof lessthan 2.5 m.

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141 AS 2118.1— 1995

WS54 — Areas wherephysical impact from vehicleswith rigid framesor rigid objects,the weight of which does not exceed 2.0 t, is possible.Examplesof theseareasare—

(a) Small delivery docks where the cabling is mountedbelow a height of3.0 m;

(b) warehouseswith pallet storageup to 3.0 m and use of forklift trucks;and

(c) heavyvehicle workshops.

WS55 — Areas were physical damagefrom impact by laden vehicles or objects theladenweight of which exceeds2.0 t. Examplesof theseareasare—

(a) loading and delivery docks;

(b) fabricationandmaintenanceareasfor mediumto heavyengineering;and

(c) largehigh pile storagewarehouseswith forklift trucks.

Whereany WS cabling traversesareasof variousprotectionrequirement,and it is neitherviable nor practicable to change the degree of protection at the transition points, theinstalledcabling shall comply with the highestrequirementof protection.

B3 PROTECTION AGAINST HOSING WITH WATER Where the wiring systemisrequired to maintain its integrity, after exposureto fire and subsequentlyhosed withwater, it shall havethe suffix W appendedto its rating, i.e. WS5XW.

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AS 2118.1—1995 142

APPENDIX C

ORIFICE PLATES

(Normative)

C1 SCOPE TablesC1 and C2 have been produced to assist in calculating theappropriatediameterof the orifice to achievethe desiredhydraulic balancementionedinClauses7.8 and11.4.2.5.

The tables indicate the correct orifice diameter in respectof pipe sizes from 50 mm to200 mm for discretevalues of pressureloss (Po) in kilopascalsfor an assumedrate offlow (Qo) in L/min. Table C1 for the smaller diameter pipes is based on a flow of500 L/min and TableC2 for the larger diameterpipesis basedon a flow of 5000L/min.

The K factor referred to in the last column of TablesC1 andC2 is the constantin thefollowing formula—

whereP is the pressureloss in kilopascalsdue to the orifice with a rate of flow of waterQ L/min.

The pressureloss producedby the orifice plate is the net pressureacrossthe orifice andnot the pressuredifferencemeasuredat ‘flange’, ‘corner’ or ‘D andD/2’ tappingpoints.

C2 REQUIREMENTS Orifice platesshall be of brasswith plain central holeswithoutburrs and of thicknessspecifiedin TableC3. They shall be locatednot less than two pipediametersfrom any elbow or bend, measuredin the direction of flow. They shall have aprojecting identification tag which shall be readily visible, and on which shall be stampedthe nominalpipe diameterand K factor of the orifice.

C3 NOTES ON THE USE OF TABLES C1 AND C2 To selectan orifice plate whichwill producea pressurelossof Px kPawith a rateof flow of Qx L/min, calculatethe valueof Po from the following formulaeand refer to the appropriatetable for the correct orificediameter.Interpolateasnecessary.

(a) Pipesizes50 and 65—

. . . C3(a)

(b) Pipesizes80, 100, 150 and 200—

. . . C3(b)

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143 AS 2118.1— 1995

TABLE C1

ORIFICE PLATES FOR PIPES OF SIZE 50 AND 65FOR A FLOW RATE OF 500 L/min

PressurelossPo

kPa

Orifice diameter, mm

Nominal internal pipe size,mm

50 65 K factor

250225200

25.926.527.1

———

31.633.335.4

175150125

27.928.829.6

———

37.840.844.7

1009080

30.931.132.2

——

34.5

50.052.755.9

706050

32.833.734.7

35.336.337.6

59.864.570.7

403020

35.937.539.7

39.341.244.2

79.191.3

111.8

105

42.7—

49.153.6

158.1223.6

TABLE C2

ORIFICE PLATES FOR PIPES OF SIZE 80, 100, 150AND 200 FOR A FLOW RATE OF 5 000 L/min

PressurelossPo

kPa

Orifice diameter, mm

Nominal internal pipe size,mm

80 100 150 200 K factor

3 5003 0002 500

41.943.044.8

———

———

———

84.591.3

100.0

2 0001 5001 000

46.448.952.3

——

55.6

———

———

111.18129.1158.1

900800700

53.254.155.3

57.659.060.4

———

———

166.7176.8189.0

600500400

56.658.259.3

62.063.966.5

———

———

204.1223.6250.0

300200100

62.065.0—

69.774.281.1

—82.395.8

———

288.7353.6500.0

908070

———

82.283.384.4

97.199.3

101.7

105.7108.1111.1

527.0559.0597.6

605040

———

85.787.0—

104.0106.8110.1

113.9117.7122.2

645.5707.1790.6

302010

———

———

115.1120.6

—

129.1137.7152.6

912.91 118.01 581.0

5 — — — 165.8 2 236.0

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AS 2118.1—1995 144

TABLE C3

ORIFICE PLATETHICKNESS

Nominal internalpipe size

mm

Orifice platethickness

mm

506580

333

100150200

666

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145 AS 2118.1— 1995

APPENDIX D

PIPING INTERPRETATIONS

(Informative)

The figures in this Appendix are includedto clarify the terminologyappliedto piping.

FIGURE D1 ORDINARY AND HIGH HAZARD — ARMPIECES AND RISERS (OR DROPS)

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AS 2118.1—1995 146

FIGURE D2 ORDINARY AND HIGH HAZARD — ARMPIECES AND RISERS (OR DROPS)

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147 AS 2118.1— 1995

Piping downstream of point ’x’ is considered range pipe.

FIGURE D3 ORDINARY AND HIGH HAZARD — ARMPIECES AND RISERS (OR DROPS)

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AS 2118.1—1995 148

APPENDIX E

COMPLETION CERTIFICATE

(Informative)

We (Name of installer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hereby certify thatwe have completed on (date) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a (name of system). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . automatic sprinkler installation/s extension/s designed and erectedin accordance with AS 2118, Automatic fire sprinkler systems.Name of client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Address of protected premises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Premises known as, or occupied by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Type of system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Buildingsprotected

Hazardclass*

InstallationNo.

Numberof headsinstalled

Total †heads on

installation

Highesthead m

Hand-extinguishing

appliances(type)

* The hazard class will normally have been determined by the owner in consultation withthe authority having jurisdiction before the installation is designed.

† Excluding those in concealed spaces, etc.

The maximum number of sprinklers in any one separate risk is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Installation No. . . .High piled storage (type, height, location and design density of discharge) . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Direct brigade alarm is/is not connected to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Fire Brigade Station. Date of connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Portions of building(s) not protected and not requiring protection under the BCA . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Variations to the Standard previously agreed to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Date of placing sprinklers in full commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

WATER SUPPLIES

The following water supplies have been provided:

*Town main (1): Diameter ........mm Supply pipe diameter ...mm*Town main (2): Diameter ........mm Supply pipe diameter ...mm*Elevated private reservoir: Construction ........ Capacity ...........litres*Gravity tank: Construction ........ Capacity ...........litres*Suction tank: Construction ........ Capacity ...........litresRate of replenishment by town main . . . . . . . . . . . L/min

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149 AS 2118.1— 1995

Pumps* 1. 2. 3.Motive power ......... ......... .........

Nominal ratinglitres/min ......... ......... .........kPa ......... ......... .........

Drawing water from ......... ......... .........

Pressure tanks*Total capacity .........litres Ratio: Air-to-water ..........Required air pressure .........(taking into account any losses referred to below)

* The pressure loss under the flow conditions for the respective hazard class in the piping andfittings, back pressure valves and alarm valves, between the pump or pressure tank and thevarious installation pressure gauges, are calculated to be as follows:

Installation No.Pressure loss

kPaFlow rate

L/min

Remarks: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Signature) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Date) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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AS 2118.1—1995 150

WATER SUPPLIES TEST DATA SHEET

Accompanying COMPLETION CERTIFICATE in respect of sprinkler systems completed on

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Name of client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Address of protected premises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

TEST APPARATUS (TYPE): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

STANDARD TEST ORIFICE DETAILS if applicable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DateInstNo.

Watersupply

Hazardclass

Testrequirements

Testresults*,

kPaAlarm time in seconds

Pumpcut-inkPa

Highesthead m

Staticloss†

Remarks

FlowL/min

PressurekPa

A B C D

15 mm testvalve

Remote testvalve

Gong DBA Gong DBA

* A, B and D are measured at the installation gauge; C is measured at the pump suction gauge.A Under test flow conditions.B With drain valve fully open.C Booster pump.D After tests completed (standing pressure).

† Where an installation comprises more than one hazard class, the loss to be stated shall be that between the installationgauge and the highest sprinkler in the particular hazard class or, where advantage is taken of the static pressure gaindescribed in Tables 9.4.2.3, 10.4.2.3 or 11.4.2.3, it shall be the height of the sprinkler used for the purpose of sizing thedistribution piping for the particular installation.

Completed by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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151 AS 2118.1— 1995

INDEXAccelerators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7.5Acceptablesourcesof watersupply . . . . . . . . . . 4.3Air-handling plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.20Air pressuretanks(seePressuretanks)Air valve (seeDry valve)Alarm devices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.10

direct brigade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.10.4electrically operated. . . . . . . . . . . . 8.10.4Notelocal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.10.3pressureswitches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.10.5transmissionof signal to fire brigade. . . . . . . 3.2water flow switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.10.4watermotor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.10.4

Alarm valves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7.4

Alternatewet and dry pipe systems. . . . . . . 2.3.1.3numberof sprinklers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1.3

Anti-corrosiontreatmentof sprinklers . . . . . . . . 6.8Anti-freezingdevicewith pendentsprinklers 2.3.1.3,

2.3.1.4Approved,definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.2Area to be protected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.1Automatic pumps(seePumps,automatic)

Back-pressurevalves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6Baffle plates(watershields) . . . . . . . 5.6.6, 11.1.3.4Baffles betweensprinklers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3Balconies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.1,5.6.14Beams,joists, locationof sprinklers . . . . . . . 5.4.4Bins and silos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.3(d)Block plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3Bondedstores(spirituousliquors) . . . . . . . 11.1.3.6Building servicesshafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.6

Calculationof static pressureloss . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5Canopies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.11Ceiling sprinklers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.1(c)Ceilings androofs, distanceof sprinklersbelow 5.4.3Checkvalves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6Chutes—

enclosed,throughfloors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.6Classification—

occupancies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2sprinkleredbuildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.1.3sprinklersystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1

Clearspacebelow sprinklers. . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4.8Cold storagewarehouse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.10Columns,location of sprinklers. . . . . . . . . . . 5.4.5Commercialtype cooking equipment. . . . . . 5.6.19Communicationswith non-sprinkleredareas3.1.1,3.1.3Compositewet anddry alarmvalve . . . . . . . . 8.7.3Computerrooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.21Concealedspaces

ceiling materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.3floor spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.2machinerypits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.5roof spaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.1spacingandpiping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6undergroundfloors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.4

Control of water supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1

Control assemblies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1Controls,multiple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.3Corn, rice, provenderandoil mills dusttrunks 5.6.8Corrosionprotectionof sprinklers . . . . . . . . . . . 6.8

Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4Delugevalves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.9.1Density of discharge(seeDesigndata)Designdata

light hazard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1ordinaryhazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.1high hazard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1bondedstores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1.3.6high piled storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1.3intermediateprotection. . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1.3.4processrisks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1.2

Direct brigadealarms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.10.4Distribution, obstructionto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7Drainageof piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5Drying ovensand enclosures. . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.16Dry pendentsprinklers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.1(e)Dry alarm valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7.2

accelerators/exhaustersfor . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7.5Dry andalternatewet and dry systems,high

piled storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1.3.2Dry system,numberof sprinklers . . . . . . . . 2.3.1.3Dry upright sprinklers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.1(f)Ducts,protectionunder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7.3Duplicatedwater supplies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.4Dust receivers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.7Dust trunks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.8

Eaves(seeRoof overhang). . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.12Electrical alarmpressureswitches . . . . . . . . 8.10.5Electric switchgear,protection . . . . . . . . . 3.1.3(c)Elevatedreservoir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9.2Elevators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.7Escalators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.10Escutcheonplates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.10Exhausters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7.5Explosionhazard,precautionsagainstdamageto

piping, valvesandsimilar . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4Exposedstructuralsteelwork. . . . . . . . . . . 11.4.1.1Exterior docksand platforms . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.13Externalsprinklers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.2.2

Falsealarms,prevention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.10.2Film and televisionproductionstudios . . . . . . . . 5.8Fire brigadeboosterconnection. . . . . . . . . . . 4.4.3Fire brigade,transmissionof alarmsignals. . . . . 3.2Fixtures,storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7.6,5.7.7Flammableliquid hazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.18Floor, spacesbetween . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.2Flow alarmswitches,water . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.10.4Flow loss tables. . . . . . . . Tables12.9.1.1,12.9.1.2Flushsprinklers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.1(c)Frying ranges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.19Fully hydraulicallycalculatedsystemsand

light hazardandordinaryhazard9.4.2.4,10.4.2.4Fully hydraulicallycalculatedhigh hazard

system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4.2.4

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Galleries,protectionunder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7.2Gauges,pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.12Gearingboxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.7Girders,location of sprinklers. . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4.6Gradingof water supplies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.1Grain silos andbins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.9Gravity tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9.3Griddedsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5.1(c)Groundfloors, concealedspacesunder. . . . . . 5.6.4Guardsfor sprinklers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.6,6.9

Hazardousprocesses,precautionsagainstdamagetopiping andsimilar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4

Heatingpanels,protectionunder . . . . . . . . . . 5.7.2High hazardoccupancies

examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.4high piled storagerisk with intermediate

protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1.3.4High hazardsystems

designdata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1high piled storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1.3minimum capacity,watersupply . . . . . . . . . . 4.7pipe sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4.2.1pressureand flow requirements. . . . . . . . 11.2.1processrisks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1.2spacingandareaof coverage . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3supplementaryprotection,storageracks . 11.1.3.4

High piled storagerisksexamplesof categories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.4.2intermediatesprinklersin racks. . . . . . . 11.1.3.4

High temperaturerating sprinklers,high piledstorage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5(b),11.4.1.3

High velocity sprayers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.2(b)Hoists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.6Hoodsover papermakingmachines . . . . . . . . 5.7.5Hovels,kilns and ovens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.3(e)Hydraulically calculatedhigh hazardsystems11.4.2.4Hydraulic calculations,distributionpiping . 9.4.2.3,

10.4.2.3,11.4.2.3Hydraulic test pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2

Identification,alarmvalvesand gongs . . . . . . 8.7.4Inoperativesystems,precautions. . . . . . AS 1851.3Installationcontrol valves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1Intermediatesprinklersin racks. . . . . . . . . 11.1.3.4

Joistsand beams,location of sprinklers . . . . . 5.4.4

Kilns, ovensandhovels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.3(e)

Lift shafts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.6Light fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4.4Light hazardoccupancies

examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.2Light hazardsystems

components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4designdata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1minimum capacity,watersupply . . . . . . . . 9.2.2pipe sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4.2.1pressureand flow requirements. . . . . . . . . 9.2.1spacingandareaof coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3

Locationof sprinklers,general . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4.1Locationof sprinklerswith respectto

beams,joists andsimilar . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4.4

ceilings androofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4.3columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4.5girders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4.6roof trusses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4.7walls andpartitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4.2

Location,main stopvalve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2.2Locationplate,main stopvalve . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4Local alarm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3Local water motor alarms . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3, 8.10.3Loopedsystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5.1(b)Low level drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5

Machinerypits, protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.5Main stopvalve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2.2Maximum numberof sprinklers. . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1.2Medium velocity sprayers. . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.2(a)Metal melt pans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.3(g)Method of calculatingstatic pressureloss . . . . . 4.5Minimum capacity,watersupplies. . . . . . . . . . . 4.7

high hazard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2.2light hazard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2.2ordinaryhazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2.2

Monitoring, system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4Multiple controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.3

Non-returnvalves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6Non-sprinkleredareas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.3Numberof sprinklersper setof valves 4.7, 9.6, 10.6

Obstructionsbelow sprinklers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7Occupancy,classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2Oil and flammableliquid hazards . . . . . . . . 5.6.18Oil mill dust trunks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.8Ordinaryhazardoccupancies

examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.3Ordinaryhazardsystems

designdata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.1minimum capacitywater supply . . . . . . . 10.2.2pipe sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4.2pressureand flow requirements. . . . . . . . 10.2.1spacingandareaof coverage . . . . . . . . . . . 10.3

Orifice plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8, App. BOrifice sizes,sprinklers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3Ovens,hovelsandkilns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.3(e)Overheadplatforms,protectionunder . . . . . . 5.7.2Overheadplatformsand walkways. . . . . . . . . 5.8.1

Paint lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.16Papermakingmachines

wet ends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.3(f)protectionunderhoods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7.5

Performancerequirements,pumps . . . . . . . . 4.11.4Pipesizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.7

hazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4.2.1fully calculated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4.2.4light hazard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4.2.1ordinaryhazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.4.2.1

Pipeand pipefitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1Piping

concealedspaces. 5.6, 9.4.2.5,10.4.2.5,11.4.2.7drainage,slope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5equivalentlength, fittings . . . . . . . . . . . 12.10.1friction loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.10

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orifice plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8protectionin unsprinkleredareas. . . . . . . . . . 7.3specialprecautions,explosion . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4test pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2

Potteries,ovens,hovelsandkilns . . . . . . . 3.1.3(e)Pre-actionsystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1.7

valves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.9Pressureand flow requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5

high hazard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2.1light hazard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2.1ordinaryhazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.2.1

Pressuregauges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.12Pressureconsiderations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6Pressureloss in pipesand fittings . . . . . . . . . 12.10Pressure-reducingvalves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.8Pressuretanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.13Preventionof falsealarms,fluctuating supplies8.10.2Productionlines, undersideprotection . . . . . . 5.6.5Provendermill dust trunks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.8Proving test,watersupply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.14Proximity, non-sprinkleredbuildings . . . . . . . 3.1.2Pumps,automatic . 4.11,4.12, 9.2.3,10.2.3,11.2.3

suctionpipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.11.3,4.11.4suctiontanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8supply from town main . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.10.2

Pumpsuctionpipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.11.3Pumpsuctiontanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8

calculation,effectivecapacity . . . . . . . . . . 4.8.2minimum capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8.1

Recyclingpre-actionsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1.8Regulatoryauthority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4.4Remotetestvalve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.10.11Replacementsprinklers,stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7Reservoirs,elevated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9.2Retardingdevices,alarmvalves . . . . . . . 8.10.2(a)Ring mains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 Note 3Roof overhangs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.12Roof spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.1Roofsandceilings,distanceof sprinklersbelow5.4.3Roof trusses,location of sprinklers . . . . . . . . 5.4.7Ropeor strapraces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.7

Salt baths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.3(g)Salt or brackishwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 Note 2Scopeof Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1Separatearray . . . . . . . . 10.4.2.2,Table 10.4.2.3(B)Serviceshafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.6Sidewall sprinklers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.1(d)

spacing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1, 5.5Silos andbins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.3(d)Sloping ceilingsor roofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4.3Spacingof sprinklers . . . . . . . . 5.1, 9.3, 10.3,11.3

maximumcoverage . . . . . . . 9.3.1,10.3.1,11.3.1maximumspacing . . . . . . . . 9.3.2,10.3.2,11.3.2high hazard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3.2light hazard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3.2ordinaryhazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.3.2staggeredspacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2standardspacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1minimum distances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3

Spraybooths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.17Sprayers,mediumandhigh velocity . . . . . . . 6.2.2

Spraysprinklers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.1(b)Sprinklerguards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.9Sprinklerpiping, support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.9Sprinkler systems

alternatewet and dry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1.3classification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1dry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1.4gradingof watersupplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.1maximumnumberof sprinklers

alternatewet and dry . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1.3dry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1.4pre-action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1.7tail end . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1.5wet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1.2pre-action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1.7wet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1.2wet or alternatewet anddry, incorporating

tail-end dry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1.5Sprinkleredbuildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1Sprinkleredbuildings,permittedexceptions . . 3.1.3Sprinklers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1

anti-corrosiontreatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.8ceiling (flush) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.1(c)colour coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6conventional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.1(a)clearspacebelow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4.8dry pendent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.1(e)dry upright . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.1(f)orifice sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3sidewall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.1(d)spray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2.1(b)stockof replacements6.7,9.4.1.2,10.4.1.2,11.4.1.2temperatureratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5

Staggeredspacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2Stagings,protectionunder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7.2Standardspacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1Static pressureloss,calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5Stock, replacementsprinklers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7Stopvalves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2Storageracks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7.6Storage,high piled, sprinklersin racks . . . 11.1.3.4Storagefixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7.7Stoves,drying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.16Subsidiarystopvalves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2.4Suctionpipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.11.3Suctiontanks(seePumpsuctiontanks)Supply from town main . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.10Supply from town main, pump . . . . . . . . . . 4.10.2Supportof sprinklerpiping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.9Suspendedceilings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7.4Systemscomponents . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4, 10.4, 11.4Systemdrainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5, 10.5, 11.5Systemmonitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4

Tables,work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7.7 NoteTail-endanti-freezingsolution systems . . . . 2.3.1.6Tank, gravity (seeGravity tank)Tank, pressure(seePressuretank)Televisionand film productionstudios. . . . . . . . 5.8Temperaturecolour code,sprinklers . . . . . . . . . 6.6Temperatureratings,sprinklers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5Terminalmain system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5.1(a)Terminal rangesystems . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5.1(c)(i)

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Testpressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2Testing,water supplies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.14Theatresand musichalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9Town mains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.10Transformers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6.18Transmissionof alarmsignalsto fire brigade . . 3.2,

8.1(d),8.10.4

Unheatedareas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1.2Unsprinkleredareas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.3

Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section8alarm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7alarm,dry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7.2alarm,wet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7.1backpressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6compositealarm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7.3control assemblies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1deluge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.9.1identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2.1identification of alarm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7.4main stop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2.2main stop, location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2.2non-return. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6pre-action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.9.2pressure-reducing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.8preventionof falsealarm . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.10.2specialprecautions,exposureto explosion . . . 7.4stop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2stop,controlling watersupply . . . . . . . . . . 8.2.3subsidiarystop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2.4

Vortex inhibitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8.3

Walkways,protectionunder . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7.2Walls and partitions,location of sprinklers. . . 5.4.2,

9.3.3,10.3.3,11.3.3Water flow alarmswitches . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.10.4Water motor alarms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.10.3Water shields(baffle plates) . . . . . . . 5.6.6, 11.1.3.4Watersupplies

general . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1, 9.2, 10.2,11.2acceptablesources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2combinedsprinklersandhydrants . . . . . . . 4.4.1connections,other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4control of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1elevatedreservoir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9.2fire brigadeboosterconnection. . . . . . . . . 4.4.3gradeI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.4grades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3gravity tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9.3minimum capacities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7pressuretanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.13proving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.14pump,automatic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.11ring mains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 Note 3salt or brackish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 Note 2town mains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.10

Wet pipe alarmvalves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7.1Wet pipe systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1.2

numberof sprinklers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1.2Worktables,protectionunder . . . . . . . . 5.7.7 Note

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155 AS 2118.1— 1995

RECORD OF AMENDMENTS

Amdt No. Date Clauses,etc., altered

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