2.1.c – Ethical and sociocultural issues in physical actvity and sport
Learning objectves
To understand the diference between sportsmanship and gamesmanship.
To identiy the main categories oi periormance enhancing drugs (PED) and the efects/side efects.
To understand the impact oi drug in sports on the periormer and the sport.
To evaluate the reasons ior player violence in sport.
Conduct of performersSportsmanship an set oi unwriten rules or code oi behaviour that a player stands by when competng. Each sport has its own code oi behaviour and ‘sportsmanship gestures’.
Think. Pair. Share – How many diferent displays of sportsmanship, fairness or etquete can you think of?
There are places or tmes in a game situaton or competton when sportng gestures are expected to take place.
Conduct of performers
Conduct of performers
Certain sports have a reputaton ior high levels oi sportsmanship. i.e. golf… maintain silence while partner is playing a shot or congratulatng them on a good round.
Conduct of performers
In recent years there has been a huge decline in sportsmanship. This is ior the iollowing reasons:
• A large emphasis on winning.
• Monetary rewards (increased wages & potental sponsorship deals).
• Media hype up events and rivalries.
Think. Pair. Share – How can sportsmanship be promoted in sport?
Conduct of performers
• Introducing iair play schemes and campaigns.• Highlightng positve role models.• Beter quality ofcials and use oi technology.• Development oi positve values early on in childhood.• Punishment ior negatve behaviour.• Stricter code oi conduct ior players, spectators and clubs.
Sportsmanship can be promoted and increased through:
Conduct of performers
Gamesmanship is slightly diferent to sportsmanship as it is the bending the rules to gain an advantage over opponents. Usually a tactcal and unethical ploy.i.e. Sledging in cricket
Think. Pair. Share – Can you think of any other examples of gamesmanship within sport?
Conduct of performers
• Taking injury tme outs during a tennis game.
• Over appealing in cricket.
• Standing in iront oi a snooker players shot line.
• Feintng an injury with 2 minutes lef in a game when you are winning 2-1.
Other acts oi gamesmanship in physical actvity and sport are below:
Conduct of performers
THG
Prohibited substances
Think. Pair. Share – What do all these have in common?
THG
Steroid - Stanozol
Nandrolone
Nandrolone
Nandrolone
Nandrolone
The rewards that come with winning are so great that athletes are increasingly temped to cheat with the use oi drugs.
Think. Pair. Share – Why do sportspeople take drugs?
Prohibited substances
Athletes that might use this category of drug:
Athletcs power events e.g. .... 100m, Shot Put
Prohibited substances
Athletes that might use this category of drug:
Target sports or events that require fne motor control.
Prohibited substances
Athletes that might use this category of drug:
Any event with a sprint start & Boxers
Prohibited substances
Advantages Disadvantages
• It is cheatng and immoral• There are too many
associated health risks• Fines and bans ior those
caught• Signifcant reputaton
damage
• Increased chances oi success
• Fame• Wealth• Athletes would be on an
even playing feld.
Advantages and disadvantages of taking performance enhancing drugs
Disadvantages to sportThe Internatonal Olympic Commitee and other organisatons work hard to eliminate the problem oi drug taking. Below is a summary oi reasons why.
Disadvantages:•Reputaton – a sport can become known ior cheatng and may afect young people taking it up.•Credibility – periormance will be difcult to believe and will afect the number oi spectators.
Player ViolenceControlled aggression is a iundamental part oi many sports. Sometmes, however, this spills over into an uncontrolled situatons where serious physical injury can be caused.
Think. Pair. Share – Why do players show acts of violence during sportng contests?
Violent behaviour can be caused by the iollowing reasons:
• Pressures oi the media• Frustraton as a result oi losing • Sponsorships deals• Pressure irom spectators / tauntng
irom crowd / opponents • As physical retaliaton/as a reacton to
a challenge/tackle• over arousal during the game• Annoyed by poor decisions by ofcials• To gain an advantage / to hurt your
opponent controlled aggression may be required ior efectve play
• As a result oi the infuence oi drugs
Player Violence
Luis Suarez: Suarez has been iound guilty oi bitng an opponent ior the 3rd tme in his career. This latest incident took place during a world cup game in 2014.
Player violence – Case Studies
Why is this an act of violence/deviance?
FIFA ofcially charged Suarez with bitng and suspended him irom all iootball-related actvity ior iour months and was fned £65,000.
Angel Matos (Taekwondo)Matos is a Cuban sportsman, who afer losing a batle ior the bronze medal in the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, atacked the reieree by kicking him in the head.
Why is this an act of violence/deviance?
Matos and his coach received a liietme ban irom Taekwondo's internatonal governing body.
Player violence – Case Studies
Think. Pair. Share – What trends do you notce in data? How could this problem be tackled?
Table 1 below shows data irom the World Ant-Doping Agency.
Data, analysis and evaluaton
Year SportNumber oi
samples takenTotal positve tests iound
2004 Athletcs 19,991 2292005 Athletcs 20,464 3422006 Athletcs 19,781 3152007 Athletcs 23,305 3042008 Athletcs 26,984 3612009 Athletcs 26,593 3982010 Athletcs 25,013 438
Think. Pair. Share – What trends do you notce in data? What are some of the reasons for this?
Table 1 below shows the disciplinary records irom previous FIFA World Cup tournaments.
Data, analysis and evaluaton
2006 2010 2014
Total number oi yellow cards
345 261 187
Average yellow cards per match
5.39 4.08 2.92
Total number oi red cards
28 17 10
Average red cards per match
0.44 0.27 0.16
Apply it! What has stuck with you?
Exam questions
1. Which category of performance enhancing drugs would an Olympic weightlifter take to increase the weight they can lift? (1)A Beta blockersB Narcotic analgesicsC Anabolic SteriodsD Peptide hormones
2. During a football match, a footballer may display gamesmanship or sportsmanship.
Describe the difference between gamesmanship and sportsmanship. (2)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………
Practce it!
Exam questons3. Assess the importance oi elite periormers demonstratng sportsmanship in high-profle sports, such as iootball. (3)
4. Periormers iace lengthy bans irom competng ii they are caught taking a periormance enhancing drug.Identiy two possible non-physiological reasons why a periormer may risk taking a periormance enhancing drug. (2)
1.
2.
Practce it!
Marks Scheme:
1. C2. One mark ior statement about gamesmanship or
sportsmanship and one mark ior appropriate expansion oi how this difers irom the other type oi sports behaviour (up to two marks).
Any one irom:• Gamesmanship is where the periormer tries to ‘bend’ the
rules (1) whereas sportsmanship is strict adherence to the spirit oi the rules/game/good ethics/etquete (1)
• Gamesmanship is where the periormer tries to get away with as much as possible without breaking the rules (1), whereas sportsmanship is admitng or acceptng when you have broken a rule even ii the reieree has not seen it (1).
Practce it!
Marks Scheme:3. One mark ior identiying why elite periormers should demonstrate
sportsmanship and a maximum oi two more marks ior appropriate expansion Any one irom:
• It is important because it will be good ior the sport as it will increase the occurrences oi sportsmanship at grassroots level (1) as elite periormers are role models (1), as iootball is viewed by millions, the iootballers’ behaviour will be seen and copied by those watching (1)
• It is important because it will increase partcipaton at grassroots (1) as elite iootballers are always in the media (1), and ii they demonstrate good behaviour on the pitch this will refect positvely on the sport (1)
• It is important because it will decrease the number oi people infuenced by the negatve actons oi elite sportsmen (1) as it is a high profle sport it will have a lot of media coverage (1) and the media will use instances oi gamesmanship behaviour to sell newspapers/stories (1)
• Increased chances oi success (1) / Fame (1) / Wealth (1) / Level playing feld (1)
Practce it!
