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220 · ;4 !d 220 a ( : 9 (op @nq r" /9 h & m %4n ) 2" d8i j g h9 )5 k 9 : 9l %g hg h 4/f e,., 5/...

Date post: 30-Aug-2019
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4\GN VGW)8C69 A:*E#,$#> +33I1!9)E&5,&B 1L3 !t3+;N'21!5+B 3 INd".1 !3&>6.B 1L%&w43,: !5+B;.?E kQ)9C+8@/NQRk:/)b"8C4N4T +WH)N/

X2s!j/&/H& X2sI2.'5RI5$ X!:!s5RI5$H& X!:!s*j/&/I2.';.3E )& (A/q GO/B P 8(& b A/LeNWQ@AW=3W)H

)

s3,ATP3&> s3,+NADcs NADH3&> s FADc

A/BC

;.>E G""NF,NF 3, ,; ========

4h5NG)P4/"9:NG:/"",;9)W)N4TNG)/)a`R

(Q + _

i i ik/

ik/

;.-E !8P\O58@@P(/9 NhQRQ9yV( ")P9Nl!8:/^( 8Z8G9st ;====+st ,;====_(4zNN8)aW

i

k

=

A/BCA2204!D,?;.iE 4b 4b"V(N^/GG

V]D+9,Z+1FN4N"Oc6 %4NG8:94N+)9X1"

)(4b Q)R:/1Q93,/

oNW)N4b :8CFNQ9NN4C:/+_(8)a:9h(94b G

)s

mg( ;,====

i m i

;.jE P\4!DP!8QRQN")PSI2 4Nj)tt(itr ?; ; ++++−−−−++++====(9)l!8V(G

4K!bGst =====_(4N8)a

= ;,.E W9N)NA/"()48@N9+A/G9 /":NN%

TZ%oPG"BN"6Z%^("(I++4N[01";F",F(

W)PP\ N5 /(4Np/)+4NW[0 F'!FG@25/B

F'!F:5/B

FF5X!:!5>33!!3B

FF5X25>33!!3B

;,,E HGHA"B:9"4N)a HTGA W?3

T HGB( 4+BNOHN H"G

H)]*W)NNNGB H)]*NN)aGA_(

m i

in

;,;E T 4N@Tkg,4b"V( NGs

m>Ih(:/1 94/"9C N 4PGG°°°°=-Z+1 FNL%4N W9(

HIh(G"O@T4P;%FN4N"84No8V(W)Ps

m;)(O@TG

4NT:/oHP&")a/T_)N/>=-, ; /sin

s

mg ====°°°°====L H"59" K

n m n;,=E ;ZR3;;

/4TNY @(G,3ZR?4T 0Y @(GOPW/&*+G6N9X1

4T)a4NZRGY @(G_)(

ik/

i/

L(48 (

4!D 4!D"W@f"A/9/G\@4N GGH"P)T")/NGb"4N&\"

G"4NI++4N`R]*o/BCW:/N"OH)N"W)N_()5a

9 P9*)5GWNOJ\4NBC))a9CWO(No/_)N/ i 4/RA/*5G4C4N4P@T9G>8(G9JG/ e+W6 !N V"QR984N

4/RGT4/RA/*5GGT(W0+G9)4NW&"b\N4@/5/ e+WOH6*5GGj8(4N8A/B4/R4/RG!]*8()a*5G_(8

n LD^!9G +1/9 Nh,LD^!"LD^!"X("^! V(

^! V(NN)a,_(

()VA/Q +(81 /4C4N@TG8(()V(("QR !G""()VG84C/ e+W)N486G("()VG8 +QR

z@J"!J z@J "!J 4N" I*W",I*9A/H4N GHI*4PGC GH"5Ch(N

*9 \CNN)aW)P I,_( m

48 (L(

FC µµµµ==== ?, FC µµµµ==== >;

ΩΩΩΩ==== >,R ΩΩΩΩ==== >;R

ΩΩΩΩ==== ,;=R ΩΩΩΩ==== =?R

V3====εεεε

ΩΩΩΩ==== ;r

ΩΩΩΩ==== >3R

ΩΩΩΩ;

ΩΩΩΩ3,/

ΩΩΩΩ=

ΩΩΩΩ3V,?; ====εεεε

ΩΩΩΩ==== ,;r

V>, ====εεεε

ΩΩΩΩ==== ,,

r

====E

V

A

A/BCA2204!D,>

;;.E PA/(G]*4Ncm,4/1G"W6/VGPN!h(ba;,>m

Cµµµµ(4NO(A/NP

:94a/8bNGMG 58P4N:99Q"8b)aWOH&e+_

=,>, ,j ====ππππ××××====−−−−

Ce/

×/

×/

k ×/

l ×/

;;,E Q92!D:NW/9 ;C( HGN4N5/V9Q9:/2!D:NGCA/8b;====kWOP1

NN)aQ9:/)g/8bN_

i

ni

mi

i

;;;E4N")"5CeQ +W",R_(2")a

n

;;=E4N")4h5 @81W"GA_(b")aW n− n −

48 (L(

ΩΩΩΩ3

ΩΩΩΩ,

ΩΩΩΩ;

R

I

V

T/

B 3====

AIA

3====

)A( )B(

m/3

)(,)(;

A/BCA2204!D,- ;;?E5(" @81L8W/9 "3NNH,Q/T2)W)Nb"I_(R)aNN

i/

i

/

;;3E)NO("A"B)64!DA/ NhO(9B $V8`T4a"R)aQ/TO(L%9+W)PB

N3/O(98A4*CG"9)4NGGN>,? −−−−×××× _ "

A

m.T-,? −−−−××××ππππ====µµµµ

m"F;D* m"F;D* "F;D* "F;D*

;;>ENhO(A/W NW zN1;QRz<H& %4PWO("?8(V(NW(8s

m=Q)A/

P\((4NW @"@%S)P4P!G"BNO()5bG4K!b14PG=8(QR98_(b")aW()"Q)

n m n

;;-E"(( GG3

ππππ4"4QRG;8((84K!b9)4N( 4PGGcm="&*+z<"9

_(4N8)aQRV(BNW()

48 (L(

A/BCA2204!D,i

;;iE4b*(( Q9yZ8GGSI2 4N)tsin(a ππππππππ−−−−==== ,; ;(4K!bGst?,

====$TG W

_(QR@P @81GNN)a(

;;jE8^!A/<Vn 4C" 4~6":NGQRb 8Gcm,(^!QRn 8V(

s

m3_(B+H)an )@NW)N

i i ;=.E 4C")Nn 8G8(4P4h5"Z/)/9Q/)/N H5QR)N

3!'AsK9e'!5;'B u>7'sK9'!+3!B u>7'sK9e'!5;'3!B u>7'sK9uc'!+3!B

;=,E 4b bA/Q"NNN4b b& %"() +8@/n + G?-

(n & %4b b:/2 "(

dHHW \(4b b:/2 NF@s F !G A s F !G NF@s'F ! A s'F !;=;E")!)P4N NW8 PA/+8A/n & %n G(@%S"8bGH_

H X! 5[ 5!

;==E_(8 )aQ")HO+c n & %:/+)N)nmR(/H

,, −−−−====

i ii k m;=?EGBC"8bN4PG )@NWA/8b + Co/9RA/W)N+?(zh6)@NNN BC:/PzN+ev;W)N

4N_(&")aBC9)nQ"8b + C$TGG)Ce(/

,j,>, −−−−××××====

n m mm −× /

lnl −× /

;=3EQ +"1)*+W/9 Nh1"48@HGHQ"+ )*+"QRGH 5X!:!3R!G5X23R!Gs33B

5X23R!G5X!:!3R!Gs33B !:!3R!G5X5"Ts33B 5X23R!G5"Ts33B

48 (L(

A2204!D,j ;=>E(4/B)P@_

5+L!N *2G!+L! 3IB!3"!+L! GJ1+L!!5h K91*B0P3$J03& *2+L!'!J3/03&5#=!5 *23$2!".+!B/K &!'!G12|7+!Jh5 *23$F@'!JA!G+n,l,m,m ls20 !B

;=-E4 4()P_)@/"8bo/RW/G

−+I,Xe,Cs iiii −−−

ni

S,P,Si

+++Na,K,Rb lk +++

Cu,Ni,Co l

m

k

;=iE(4/B)P@_)W+1*5,!N;X!:!5&#\+:#Y;+5X23B0I2!;=$5K3;+:#./c$X/-,Z+n+;3!B1 ,2"#$ THe".1*X%& 7+L!JNeA2"!B5!'*+ &1L3&'IJ)*X2!5&#\+:#525&#\+:#'!K32B

;=jE4N"&")T4N4T +N""+&")T90N4PW(4/B)PW(N@_EX&JE>!%!!+&h B5,!-8/F5,!-8/'!D"! I:BX2!+S4GBX&J"!B1 E>!,/A!03";++CE"!!B

;?.E _((W4/B)P

[23$11&++Na−

Cl!1EJ3#2A3#E./m"!B#5I3E/NaCl8!+&C&>;`T!2"!+!O5;5Z!E.//B3/!'*+L!C&E+c$'!53;GC&ENh003503&J1*#E./+L!J1*+/Bj1;+5+3;1j1;1!SI3!C&E+'I+035:ZJ+3/B

;?,E ;"P yyAyy yy0yy4yy("4yyN yy$+ZRZsyyT9Xyy1Ayy2Db yy(O/Byy2Db yy(O/ByyG

)OH,MgSO(g/ ;? -,;=3T_()PW4 :/2Db (O/BT)

)mol.g:OH,MgSO( ,;? ,i,; −−−−========

m / k nki/ m

;?;ENIh)PQ /G−−−−COOCH=_((W "!!1*1P&2!s%23&4K9BA!X2!3$"!!1*%2+B"!1E1*%2A!1!&45 E>!+,#\,/B1 E>!";,/-,ZO+3&4+3&4+A!"&g+"!!1*B

48 (L(

VA IVA IIIA IIA "

"

E D C B ;

F =

G ?

O

OOH

OH

OCH=

A2204!D;.

;?=EQ /++++

;NO9& b NG:NP")(Q")HGH9"(4N)Db (QRG"yHNyH

2"D+ "&.\s53CE/ 3&4;"&.\sI3$s53CE/+:2A!X2! 3&4;+:2A!X2!3$sI

;??EO+:N) 1GH"& b 8(4PQ"8bDTQR"($h6WG)y 1GHO+4NA/B)+

NJClJNClJ(58#`JCl SJOJSOJ(58#`JSClJBeJBeClJ5JCl OJFJOFJ03&,JO

;?3E_((4/B)PA!+;I!+HIJ1 KE>J3&I!\C& 0+5C&E1C& /BN5E>*5ZK"!1E1 4#E&5ZK1:hsBsC&!s+ :!1 4C& s"!1 2!C& sB,5ZK1E>*+"!1EJ&Z'"!+B

;?>E)P4N"& CN$P+N4/B_((W"5"!+ !0I3\3C&E5L3&3&43!BA!,+!!1*1P&2!+5 E>!,#\3!B!C&23&5#$0I5 25#$0IGB1*5>E>Kii OHC

"!B

;?-E+ 4NoP")P4b*4PJW()QQRG _)g(H)aq()OH(Be)l(OH)s(Be +→+

)g(O)aq(COLi)g(CO)aq(OLi +→+)aq(KNO)s(PbCrO)aq(CrOK)aq()NO(Pb +→+

)aq(KCl)s(BaSO)aq(SOK)aq(BaCl +→+;?iEoP"9,;/Q")HO/)( N2NPi y+2y8O/)y(& y)yaWCyP)y(A/8N)

_ )ebN)()mol.g:Na,O,C,H( ,;=,>,;, −−−−================

/ i

/

/ i

/

;?jE9;COQ)9 (9 \g/;3(4N2NPO@P)aW "CP)@PO@P& !W:+_)/R+ NNoP"H9N)4Pj)N)

)mol.g:HCOCa( ,,,;,>? −−−−================ n

48 (L(

A2204!D;,

;3.E 3& !8b,, −−−−L.mol/N285,3& !8b,; −−−−L.mol

/N+OP 0)/PO/B

")HoP"OH=,? −−−−×××× oP"W)/R(4N)T)/P5& )PoP"H9N)"C<)H_) s<! &0m s3#2A:&m s<! &0l s3#2A:&li

;3,E D +4/B)P(Nz/QBN:8 (oP"G_(WNC4H"CGG9yyb\oyP"GyH)

2" $w"!5JB E∆H∆3!JX2!B0!,+L!(X254 *X!:!"!+BK,/<X2!+03K,/0!+!J"!B

;3;EoP")g(CH)g(H ?;; →→→→++++yCEsC4 8(Q"W)y5Wl!8Q 8@1NGkJ-3" y9Ry

4(N^!oP"GkJ/?;)5W)NJPE∆∆∆∆_(&" P)aNNoP":/ nk/− kk/− nk/+ kk/+

;3=EoP"4N4T +N/9GH#

kJH,)g(CO)s(OFe)g(CO)s(OFe)

kJH,)g(CO)s(FeO)g(CO)s(Fe)

kJH),g(CO)s(FeO)g(CO)s(OFe)

/3?i;==

,,;

;;=,

;?==;

;

;?=

−−−−====∆∆∆∆++++→→→→++++

−−−−====∆∆∆∆++++→→→→++++

++++====∆∆∆∆++++→→→→++++

:HR& HoHPGN)4b$GIII_(&" P)aNNW:HRBC4N)@Pik /− il/− i /+ i /+

;3?E4P:/4N4T +N°°°°∆∆∆∆H+GH )g(OH,)s(OP,)g(PH ;,?= yNyNNIy++4yNW& yyN&" yPGy/N

;?;−−−−W,;= −−−−"j++++W(°°°°∆∆∆∆H9:8 (oP"=PH_(&" P)aNNW

i i ki

;33E3baN)@P")HO/)(& !8b,,, −−−−mL.g/N->

/:HRIIW)yH PoP"2Db (

)aNNW)@P")HO/)(& !K|ppm_(

,3>=;;=,>, −−−−==================== mol.g:Fe,S,Na,O,Hnm

/ kl

/ nmi/ ml

/

;3>E +WZR& !WoP")P _→+ )aq(KI)aq()NO(Pb →+ )aq(CONa)aq(CaCl

→+ )aq(PONa)aq(ZnSO →+ )aq(SOH)s()OH(Mg

48 (L(

, ; = ? 3 > -

,

)s(t

mol

=KClO

3/

A2204!D;;;3-E& !,&F ;ZnCl& !N4@/5;,

/CW28 R&F y0Nq yTGyGy"

J A2%&4sOs X&%&4sOs A2%&4s%&4s X&OsOs

;3iENi;/

@P")HO(81& !)aW);)aI/5+4N"&F & !8b;QRF _yP4y`+Q y+

4/B) 0Na4N(9H)mol.g:K,O,H( ,=j,>, −−−−============ mk

/ mki

/ km

/ kmi

/

;3jE4N" 4N4T +Nyy(9FQ94)aI/5+4NW"+,398b;O2"JW2PO(814/BJ+9

;MnO_)/R(4NW9ba;OWo/9R^/

NN,i −−−−L.g/",,> −−−−==== mol.gO(

ii

;>.E 4N4T +NG9oP"4N4PW/9&")TGH#)g(D)g(C)g(B)g(A ;;; ++++→→→→++++)5W( NWx_()P

/

/

i/

n/

48 (L(

oP"K|)HH

oP"9|R)L.mol( ,−−−−

o/9R

B A

oP"V(

)s.L.mol( ,, −−−−−−−−

, ,/ ,/ ;,,;; −−−−×××× /

;,/ ;/ ;,;?? −−−−××××

/

==/ ;/ ;,-;,; −−−−××××

/

??/ x

,,;?? −−−−×××× /

A2204!D;=;>,E & A/)g(NH=& A/")g(O;&y*+4yN:y*GyWy/9oyP"NyhW48@yNGy8bA/LA/

)()W&*+b\;/& )g(N; T" 0"8yN4H9 09)PF K|W)N48

_()PI/5+4N&*+N )g(OH)g(N)g(O)g(NH ;;;= >;=? ++++++++

s)*/

s)*i/

s1P&2!/

s1P&2!i/

;>;E_((4/B)P

C3.5>8X2!)aq(CoCl−)aq()OH(Co

+n"!&IIJB

+!!g12)g(NO0F\QJ%/1*+!5/B

5>8-'!J g<2A&#25I:ZX2!"!+'B ?*S?21!!\CoCl5!3345*QJ)9t&b/B

;>=Eii?/

OH.BaCl ;; ;"OH/9oP"$%G8b"48@N(Lg/=>ZR0N&*+b\

_()Po/9R^/oP":/&*+NW)N48 T",,>, −−−−======== mol.g:O,H

−× −×

−× −× ;>?E)P(4/B@_

X2!#R+#RJ+! *2+!X&XJ"!!X2!"$%&&8+B3'!5E0W(X2!NZ!5hh@5/*J5&,&/G& &+"!+!Ba:;5#Ra:;X2!2'JX2!13/NZ!+503&/BX2!#R+5C&E!IJ+!/B

;>3E4`+GN)(A/v8(W@0Wu/"Q NGCOOH)CH(CH)mol.gM( ,>;=,;i? −−−−====)@yP")HO/)(N

X("PM,QR4NBC<)@P")HO/)())/BC\G94yN)@yP")HO/)()a")?;,/

_(9F)(A/v8( P

,;=,>, −−−−============ mol.g:Na,O,Hm

48 (L(

)g(OH)s(BaCl)s(OH.BaCl2222

22 +


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