221207Toilet Petition-2

8/7/2019 221207Toilet Petition-2

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Indian Express report.

14. 11-12-2007 EXHIBIT F

Times of India report.

15. 6-11-2007 EXHIBIT G

Mumbai Mirror report.

16. EXHIBIT H

Survey report by the Petitioners

No.4 & 5.

17. 18-1-2007 EXHIBIT I

Reuters report.

18. EXHIBIT J

Stated Datas.

19. March, 2004 EXHIBIT K

Infochange Report.

20. AFFIDAVIT IN SUPPORT.

21. CERTIFICATE


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IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT BOMBAY

CIVIL ORIGINAL SIDE

PIL. WRIT PETITION NO. OF 2007

JANHIT MANCH & ORS. Kuber Bhuvan, Bajaj Road, Petitioner (s)

Vile Parle (West),

Mumbai 400 056.

-Versus- Address

THE STATE OF MAHARASHTRA

& ANOTHER Respondent (s)

(IN PERSON).

Office Notes, Office Memorunda of

Corom. Appendices. Courts order or Courts of Judges

Direction and prothonartys order orders.


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IN THE CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION

PIL WRIT PETITION NO. OF 2007

JANHIT MANCH AND ORS. .... PETITIONERS

V/S


AND OTHERS ..RESPONDENTS

S Y N O P S I S

1. 19 th Century- The sanitation crisis facing poor households

in the developing world has parallels with an earlier period

in the history of todays rich countries. Today, People in the

cities of Europe and America live free from fear of

waterborne infectious disease.

2. Rajkot Sanitation Committee, 1896- Latrines for us!

They exclaimed in astonishment. We go and perform our

functions out in the open. Latrines are for you big people,

Mahatma Gandhi recounting Untouchables grievances.

3. UN Human Development Report,1990- Mahbub Ul

Haq wrote, The basic objective of development is to

create an enabling environment in which people can enjoy

long, healthy and creative lives.


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4. March 2004- InfoChange News & Features : In India,

an estimated 591,500 children die from poor hygiene every

year -- the highest in the world.

5. Hindustan Times, Feb.1,2006 : Prime Minister

Manmohan Singh, Lack of sanitation privacy a shame on

us. It is a shame that even today our mothers and sisters in

rural India lack basic privacy. This national disgrace must

be addressed urgrently.

6. UN Human Development Report 2006 : It is

estimated that there is 1 Toilet for 1440 People in a place

called Dharavi in Mumbai, India.

7. 20 th Nov. 2007: From the Website of Dept. of Drinking

Water supply, Ministry of Rural Development, Govt. Of India-- Maharashtra with 33 Districts- 349 Blocks- 27914

Panchayats- 47468 Villages, has only 21,56,437

Households are with Toilets and staggering 88,96,992

Households are without Toilets.

8. 18th

January 2007 ReutersSanitation voted the mostimportant medical milestone in the past century and half in

a poll conducted by a leading medical journal.

9. 2 nd October 2007 - Petitioners 4 and 5 carried out

random survey of Toilets in Western and Central Railway

Stations of Mumbai, found them filthy, inadequate, some

closed.

10. 20 th Nov.2007, DNA There is a shortage or say

requirement of 36,000 Toilet seats in Mumbai and BMC will

built around 20,000 by Jan.2008.


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11. 30 th Nov.2007, Hindustan Times In Mumbai, there

are 1300 Pay and Use Public Toilets for its 14 Million

population, i.e. 1 Toilet for every 10,769 people, in

comparison to Singapores 60,000 Public Toilets for its 4.5

Million Population, i.e. 1 for every 75. Shanghai has Public

Toilet every 1000 feet.

Petitioner no.2

In Person


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JANHIT MANCH AND ORS. .... PETITIONERS

V/S


AND OTHERS RESPONDENTS

THE POINTS TO BE URGED

1. That the crisis in sanitation isabove alla crisis for the

poor. The absence of adequate sanitation is also a major

cause of poverty and malnutrition.

2. That deprivation in sanitation perpetuates gender

inequality and disempowers women. For millions of women

across the world inadequate access is a source of shame,

physical discomfort and insecurity.

3. That unsanitary conditions and practices at the household

level, such as absence of sanitary latrines, unsafe waste

disposal and unhygienic behavior in childcare and food

preparation, create a dangerous environment with health

risks, in particularly to children.

4. That adequate Sanitation would save the lives of countless

childrens, support progress in education and liberate

people from the illness that keep them in poverty.

Improved Sanitation brings advantages for public health,


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livelihoods and dignity, advantages that extend beyond

households to entire communities.

5. That the health, gender and other inequalities associated

with the sanitation deficit systematically undermine

progress in education, poverty reduction and wealth

creation.

6. That there is a shortage or say requirement of 36000 toilet

seats or say 10,000 Toilet Blocks in the City of Mumbai.

Household sanitation Coverage for the whole of Maharshtra

stands at - 19.51%, staggering 88,96,992 Households are

without Toilets.

7. That deprivation in access to sanitation is a silent crisis,

experienced by the poor and tolerated by those, having the

resources, the technology and political power, to end it.

8. That it is unlawful & unjustified on the part of State to

plead paucity of funds as defense in their inability to

provide basic amenities to the people residing in the local

limits of their jurisdiction.

THE AUTHORITIES TO BE CITED

1. The Constitution Of India.

2. Municipality of Ratlam Vs Vardichand [AIR 1980 SC]

3. Masood Ahmad Vs State of J&K. [AIR 1997 J&K 75]

THE ACTS TO BE RELIED UPON

1. The Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, 1888


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PETITIONER NO.2INPERSON




IN THE MATTER OF:

Article 226, 14, 21, Part 9- Panchayats

and 9A- Municipalities, Eleventh and

Twelfth Schedule of the Constitution of

India

AND

Section 252 of The Mumbai Municipal

Corporation Act, 1888

1. JANHIT MANCH )


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Kuber Bhuvan,Bajaj Road, )

Vile Parle (w), Mumbai- 400 056. )

2. Mr. Sandeep Jalan )

Member of Managing committee of )

Petitioner No.1, C/O Janhit Manch, )

Kuber Bhuvan, Bajaj Road, Vile Parle )

(West), Mumbai 400 056 )

3. Mrs. Meera Kamat )


Petitioner No.1, Flat No.2 Ruchi C.H.S. )

Ltd, Chikoowadi Road, Shimpoli, Borivli )

(w), Mumbai- 400 092 )Petitioners

4. Dattaram Kumkar )

Indira Nagar, Room No.38, V.M.Road, )

Vile Parle (West), Mumbai 400 056. )

5. Bharat Kadam )

Saibaba Chowal, Nehru Nagar, )

V.M.Road, Vile Parle (West), )

Mumbai 400 056. )

V/S

1. The State of Maharshtra, )

through Additional Chief Secretary, ]

Dept Of Public Health, Mantralaya. ]

Mumbai 400 032. )

2. The State of Maharashtra, ]


Urban Development Dept., Mantralaya. ]

MumbaI- 400 032. ]

3. The Municipal Corporation Of Mumbai )


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Mahapalika Marg, Near C.S.T. Rly., )

Mumbai 400 001. )

4. The Pune Municipal Corporation )

Main Building, Shivaji Nagar, ]

Pune- 5. ]

5. The Ministry Of Railways, through ]

General Manager, )

Rail Bhavan, 245, Raisina Mark )

New Delhi 110 001. )Respondents.

THE HONOURABLE CHIEF JUSTICE AND OTHER PUISNE JUDGES OF

THE HONOURABLE HIGH COURT OF JUDICATURE AT BOMBAY

THE HUMBLE PETITION OF THE PETITIONERS ABOVENAMED MOST

RESPECTFULLY SHEWETH

1. The Petitioners states that Petitioner No.1 is an

Organization taking up issues of Public Interest to the respective

Public Authorities for resolution and if not resolved , takes to the

Judiciary for appropriate redressal. 2 nd & 3 rd Petitioners are the

Members of the Managing Committee of Janhit Manch i.e. 1 st

Petitioner. 4 th and 5 th Petitioners are the Life Members and

employees of Janhit Manch i.e. petitioners no.1, who resides in

Indira nagar and Nehru Nagar, Vile-Parle(W), the slums pockets

of Mumbai and bear indignity associated with inadequate and

poor sanitation.


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2. The 1 st Respondents is the Dept. Of Public Health, State of

Maharashtra, having mandate of to maintain Public Health in the

area within the limits of their jurisdiction. The 2 nd Respondent is

the Dept. of Urban Development having the mandate of the

holistic development of Urban agglomeration in the State. The 3 rd

and 4 th Respondents are the Municipal Corporation of Mumbai

and Pune Municipal Corporation respectively, having the

Constitutional and Statutory mandate of maintaining and

providing basic amenities to the people residing within the local

limits of their jurisdiction. The 5 th Respondents are the Ministry

of Railways serving millions of people daily who have the

occasion to use Toilet facilities existing within the premises of

Railways.

3. The Petitioners begin their submissions with the remarks

made by none other than the Hon. Prime Minister Of India

Mr.Manmohan Singh which sufficiently describe the overall

scenario prevailing in the country. Lack of sanitation privacy a

shame on us. It is a shame that even today our mothers and

sisters in rural India still lack basic privacy. This national disgrace

must be addressed urgrently. Source-HINDUSTAN TIMES- Feb

1,2006.

Hereto annexed and marked as EXHIBIT A is the copy of the

said Hindustan Times report dated 1-2-2006.

Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister Of India was once

quoted as saying, A country in which every citizen has access to

a clean toilet is ONE that has reached the pinnacle of progress.

4. The Petitioners crave leave, to recite the words of

Mahatma Gandhi, Latrines for us! they exclaimed in

astonishment. We go and perform our functions out in the open.


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Latrines are for you big people Mahatma Gandhi recounting

untouchables grievances,

Rajkot Sanitation Committee, 1896.

The Petitoners states that the crisis in sanitation isabove alla

crisis for the poor. The absence of adequate sanitation is also a

major cause of poverty and malnutrition. Overwhelmingly, the

costs of exclusion are borne by poor households, especially

women.

While it is true that some costs are transmitted to the whole of

society, people living in urban slums and marginal rural areas

bear the brunt. It is the children of the poor, not of the military

high command and the top civil service that face the greatest

risk of premature death from diarrhea. It is the young girls in

poor households that are most likely to be kept home from

school. Deprivation in sanitation perpetuates gender inequality

and disempowers women.

The time women spend caring for children made ill by

waterborne diseases diminishes their opportunity to engage in

productive work. Inadequate sanitation is experienced by

millions of women as a loss of dignity and source of insecurity.

The slum residents live in an environment that poses a daily

health threat. It is estimated that there is 1 toilet for every 1,440

people in a place called Dharavi in Mumbai, India. The Petitioner

no.5 residing at Nehru Nagar slum pocket has 3 Toilet Blocks,

around 60 Toilet seats for 5000 Households.

The sanitation crisis facing poor households in the developing

world has parallels with an earlier period in the history of todays

rich countries. Today, people in the cities of Europe and the

United States live free from fear of waterborne infectious

diseases. At the turn of the 20th century the picture was very


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different. The vast expansion of wealth that followed

industrialization increased incomes, but improvements in more

fundamental indicators such as life expectancy, child survival

and public health lagged far behind. The reason: cities exposed

people to greater opportunities to amass wealth but also to

water contaminated with human waste. The mundane reality of

unclean water severed the link

between economic growth and human development. It was not

until a revolution in water and sanitation restored that link that

wealth generation and human welfare started to move in

tandem. That revolution heralded unprecedented advances in

life expectancy and child survival and better public health

fuelled economic advances. As people become healthier and

wealthier with the provision of clean water and sanitation, a

virtuous circle of economic growth and human development

emerged.

The health, gender and other inequalities associated with the

sanitation deficit systematically undermine progress in

education, poverty reduction and wealth creation. Source: UN

Human Development Report 2006.

The Petitioners crave leave to refer and rely upon when

produced.

5. The Petitioners states that India is the second worst in the

world in this regard, next only to China, according to WaterAid

India, an international organization working on water, sanitation

and hygiene. According to a Unicef report, only 30% of the Indian

population had access to proper sanitation though recent

government figures say it's increased to nearly 47%. Despite

significant investments over the last 20 years, India still faces


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the most daunting sanitation challenge among countries in

South Asia. It lags behind other South Asian countries like

Bangladesh (4th ) and Pakistan (7th), said Depinder S Kapur of

WaterAid India. The costs of not investing enough in sanitation

are huge. In India, 15 lakh children lose their lives to diarrhea

every year; over 3 crore people are affected by waterborne

diseases every year leading to a loss of more than 7 crore

working days annually. Source : DNA, Nov.20, 2007.

Hereto annexed and marked as EXHIBIT B is the copy of the

said DNA report dated 20-11-2007.

6. The Petitioners states that the figures or datas regarding

Sanitation or Toilet coverage in the Mumbai are not available on

the Mumbai Municipal Corporations web site. The Petitioners

have filed one RTI application to the BMC to get the data but the

information is yet to be provided by them.

According to figures reported in recent news reports there is a

shortage or say requirement of 36000 toilet seats or say 10,000

Toilet Blocks in the City of Mumbai and the BMC will built around

20,000 Toilet seats by January 2008. It is estimated that some

areas in the city have only one toilet block of 12 seats for a

population of over 10,000. This equation results in the poor being

forced to defecate on the roads, giving rise to a public health

hazard. Viral diseases such as polio spread more easily in

overpopulated slums that have poor sanitation.

According to initial estimates made by MMRDA, 80000 toilet

seats are required for Mumbai and neighboring districts.

In a city of Mumbai where an average person spends more time

outside home, traveling long distances to reach workplace, there

are 1300 pay-and-use toilets for 14 million people. That is 1


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public toilet for every 10769 people. Compare this with

Singapores 60,000 public toilets for its 4.5 million people, i.e. 1

for 75. Shanghai has a public toilet every 1000 feet. Source :

Hindustan Times- 30 th Nov.2007; DNA- 13 th and 20 th Nov.2007;

Times Of India- 29 th Oct.2007; Indian Express- 25 th Sept.2007

Hereto annexed and Marked as EXHIBIT C is the copy of the

said DNA report dated 13.11.2007 and 20-11-2007; EXHIBIT D

is the copy of the said Times of India Report Dated 29.10.2007;

EXHIBIT E is the copy of the said Indian Express Report dated

25.09.2007.


produced the news report of Hindustan Times dated 30 th

Nov.2007.

According to latest news report in The Times Of India Dt.11 th

December 2007, in the city of Pune, there are 352 urinals for a

population of 30 lakh people. The city, which has crossed the 30-

lakh population mark, has only 352 public urinals, which means

one public urinal per 9,000 people. This shocking fact has been

admitted by the Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC) in an official

reply under the Right To Information Act to activist Vijay

Kumbhar.

This is grossly inadequate as compared to the PMC's own public

health norms which categorically state that one urinal should be

available per 100 people. The main victims of the civic body's

apathy are women and the disabled, who are completely

deprived of the essential facility.

Hereto Annexed and Marked as EXHIBITS: F is the copy of

the said Times of India Report dated 11.12.2007.


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As regarding availability of Toilet facilities in Railways, the

Petitioner no. 4 and 5 have themselves carried out random

survey ON 2 nd October this year and found the numbers

inadequate, with some closed Toilets and conditions of, barring

few, are bad to worse. Foul odour, soiled seats, cracked ceilings,

wall leakages, rusted pipes and dripping water taps welcome the

users of public toilets. The news Report in Mumbai Mirror dated

Nov.6 th 2007 corroborate the findings.

Hereto annexed and marked as EXHIBIT: G is the copy of the

said Mumbai Mirror Report dated 06.11.2007; EXHIBIT H is the

copy of the survey report so carried out by the Petitioners no.4 &

5.

The Petitioners states that Railway tracks and pavements as

open air toilets and urinals is a near omnipresent sight in most of

Indian cities and towns. Rural sanitation is the other side of the

dismal reality.

7. The Petitioners seek to highlight the consequences

primarily associated with inadequate and poor sanitation.

The absence of toilets poses severe public health and security

problems. Not having access to sanitation means that people are

forced to defecate in fields, ditches and buckets. Human excreta,

including that of children, contain all sorts of microorganisms

from parasite eggs to viruses. Unsanitary conditions and

practices at the household level, such as absence of sanitary

latrines, unsafe waste disposal and unhygienic behavior in

childcare and food preparation, create a dangerous environment

with health risks, in particularly to children.


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For young girls the lack of basic water and sanitation services

translates into lost opportunities for education and associated

opportunities for empowerment. Sanitation deficits threaten all

children. But young girls and women shoulder a disproportionate

share of the costs borne by the household. Young girls,

particularly after puberty, are also less likely to attend classes if

the school does not have suitable hygiene facilities. Parents

often withdraw girls from a school that does not offer adequate

and separate toilets for girls because of concerns over security

and privacy.

Disparities in education linked to water and sanitation have

lifelong impacts transmitted across generations. Education can

empower women to participate in decision-making in their

communities. As adults, educated girls are more likely to have

smaller, healthier families and their children are less likely to

die and more likely to receive an education than the children of

less educated mothers. According to Comptroller and Auditors

General Report No.15 of 2006, the State of Maharashtra has the

dubious distinction of being the highest number of schools

lacking Toilets. The figure stands at 36092 schools.


produced.

Waterborne diseases reinforce deep and socially unjust

disparities, with children in poor households facing a risk of

death some three to four times greater than children in rich

households.

Access to safe, hygienic and private sanitation facilities is one of

the strongest indicators of dignity. For millions of women across

the world inadequate access is a source of shame, physical


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discomfort and insecurity. Cultural norms strictly control

behavior in this area, in many cases requiring that women not be

seen defecatinga requirement that forces them to leave home

before dawn or after nightfall to maintain privacy. As one woman

in Bangladesh put it: Men can answer the call of nature anytime

they wantbut women have to wait until darkness, no matter

what problem she has. Delaying bodily functions is a major

cause of liver infection and acute constipation in many countries.

Poor sanitation and drainage contribute to malaria, which claims

some 1.3 million lives a year, 90% of them children Under the

age of five.

Source: UN Human Development Report 2006.


produced.

8. The Petitioners seek to highlight the importance and huge

benefits associated with adequate sanitation facilities.

Adequate Sanitation would save the lives of countless childrens,

support progress in education and liberate people from the

illness that keep them in poverty. Improved Sanitation brings

advantages for public health, livelihoods and dignity, advantages

that extend beyond households to entire communities.

The provision of adequate sanitation reduces the incidence of

diseases and afflictionssuch as anaemia, vitamin deficiency

and trachomathat undermine maternal health and contribute

to maternal mortality.

Sanitation was voted the most important medical milestone in

the past century and a half on Thursday in a poll conducted by a

leading medical journal. Clearly, sanitation still plays a vital role


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in improving public health now and in the future, said Professor

Johan Mackenbach, of Erasmus University Medical Center in

Rotterdam who championed the sanitation choice. London was

one of first cities of modern times to seriously tackle the problem

of poor sanitation after a British doctor, John Snow, discovered in

1854 that cholera was water-borne and not air-borne as had

previously being thought. Source: Sanitation beats discovery of

DNA, anesthesia in worldwide survey. Copyright 2007 Reuters.

Hereto annexed and marked as EXHIBIT: I is the copy of the

said Report of the Reuters dated 18.01.2007.

In the nutshell, adequate sanitation will ensure-

Reducing income poverty.

Reducing child mortality.

Breaking lifecycle disadvantages.

Holding down wider health costs.

Improving girls education.

Freeing girls and womens time.

Ensuring a sense of human dignity.

9. The Petitioners seek to document some figures and datas.

Of the latest data available with the Department of Drinking

Water Supply, Ministry of Rural Development Govt. of India

Website which amply demonstrate the scenario existing in the

State of Maharashtra.

Schools, Upper Primary For Girls- Coverage- 53.40%;

Schools, Primary for Girls- Coverage- 27.39%;

Schools, High and Higher Secondary for Girls- Coverage-

42.86%;


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Schools, Primary for Co-ed- Coverage- 33.52%;

Schools, Upper Primary for Co-ed Coverage- 52.16%;

Schools, High and Higher Secondary for Co-ed Coverage-

76.44%;

Schools, Primary for Boys, Coverage- 28.32%;

Schools, Upper Primary for Boys Coverage- 36.93%;

Schools, High and Higher Secondary for Boys Coverage-

60.00%;

Aanganwadi sanitation Coverage- 12.65%;

Household sanitation Coverage- 19.51%.

Maharashtra with 33 Districts- 349 Blocks- 27914 Panchayats-

47468 Villages has only 21,56,437 Households are with Toilets

and staggering 88,96,992 Households are without Toilets.

Hereto annexed and marked as EXHIBIT: J are the copy of

above stated datas.

Egypt- Access to a flush toilet reduces the risk of infant death by

57% compared with an infant in a household without access to

sanitation (figure 1.6).

Peru- Access to a flush toilet reduces the risk of infant death by

59% compared with public health gains.

Diarrhoea claims some 450,000 lives annually in Indiamore

than in any other country and 118,000 in Pakistan. Both

countries have far higher death rates from diarrhoea than

predicted on the basis of their average incomes.

With 1.4 million people Porto Alegre, the capital of the state of

Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil, has one of the lowest infant mortality

rates in the country (14 deaths per 1,000 live births in a country


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where the national average is 65) and a human development

index comparable to that in rich countries. Effective municipal

governance in water supply and sanitation has played a big part

in this success story.

In urban areas of Peru, to take one example, having a pit latrine

in the home lowers the incidence of diarrhoea by 50%, while

having a flush toilet lowers the risk by 70%. Source: UN Human

Development Report 2006


produced.

Lack of water and sanitation is the world's number one health

problem. This year, 2.2 million children will die as a result of

waterborne diseases, says the Water Supply and Sanitation

Collaborative Council (WSSCC). In India, an estimated 591,500

children die from poor hygiene every year -- the highest in the

world. In Bangladesh, an estimated 21,000 children die annually

due to poor hygiene; in Pakistan the number is 135,000. As many

as 769.4 million people in India do not have access to proper

sanitation, and for 171 million people improved water supply is a

distant dream. The total amount of excreta not being disposed

off safely, in India, is as high as 72%, next only to Afghanistan,

the Congo, Ethiopia, Niger and Rwanda. This would fill up

14,70,308 oil barrels every day.

The large percentage of unsafe disposal is reflected in the health

impact figures for India. The percentage of children suffering

abnormal growth is 47% in India, compared to South Africa's

11%. Source: InfoChange News & Features, March 2004.


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Hereto Annexed and Marked as EXHIBIT: K is the copy of the

said Report of the Infochange News and Features, March 2004.

The Petitioners states that reality is even bleaker than the

statistics show. The deprivation in access to adequate sanitation

can be measured by statistics, but behind the numbers are the

human faces of millions of people denied an opportunity to

realize their potential. The anguish and suffering associated with

that burden are beyond estimation.

At the same time data on coverage say little about quality.

Broken or poorly functioning improved pit latrines may inflate

coverage rates, but they pose huge public health risks for

families and communities. There is need to look beyond

aggregate figures to the specific problems facing the poorest

households.

10. The Petitioners states that it is a Constitutional Obligation

on the part of State to create favorable conditions & environment

for the potent realization of Fundamental rights enshrined and

cherished in the Constitution Of India.

The basic objective of development, wrote Mahbub ul Haq in

the first UN Human Development Report in 1990, is to create an

enabling environment in which people can enjoy long, healthy

and creative lives.

11 . The Petitioners states that time and again the State and its

instrumentalities cry for lack of funds or insufficient budgetary

provisions for their inability to improve sanitary conditions. The

Petitioners terms these excuses unlawful and unjustified.

Taking a cue from an landmark Supreme Court Judgment in

Municipality of Ratlam V Vardichand(1980), The Hon. Court, thru


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Justice Krishna Iyer, Categorically rejected the contentions of

Municipality, the plea of Paucity of funds as defense, for its

failure in the due discharge of public duties.

The Hon. SC by using the weapon of law of nuisance sent shock

waves to the local bodies. The Hon. SC observed, the Courts are

left wondering whether our municipal bodies and Government

Departments are functional irrelevances, banes, rather than

boons, and lawless by long neglect.

The Hon. SC observed and decided as follows:

1) The key question is whether the court can compel a

statutory body to carry out its duty to the community by

constructing sanitation facilities at great cost and on time-

bound basis.

2) Like many Indian urban centres, Ratlam is an area where

prosperity and poverty live as strange bedfellows where

the rich live in bungalows and the poor live on parameters,

the street is filled with rubbish and human excreta because

they are forced to do so due to lack of public facilities.

3) The municipality remained oblivious to adhere to its basic

obligations towards human well being and was directly

guilty of breach of duty, public nuisance and active

neglect. The plea of municipality that withstanding the

public nuisance, financial inability validly exonerates it

from statutory liability has no juridical basis.

The Court Said, "The Criminal Prcocedure Code(as in the instant

case) operates against Statutory bodies and Others regardless of

the Cash in their coffers even as human rights under part Three

of the Constitution have to be respected by the State regardless

of Budgetary provisions. Likewise, Sec 133 of the said Act has no

saving clause when the Municipal council is penniless.


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Otherwise a profligate Statutory body or pachydermic

Govt.Agency may legally defy duties under the Law by urging in

self defence a self created bankrupcy or perverted expenditure

budget.That cannot be." [AIR 1980 SC]

In Masood Ahmad V State of J & K, the Hon. J & K High Court

held that, Considering the case of the parties in its true

perspective it can be said with no manner of doubt that

Respondents are under Constitutional obligation to provide all

necessary facilities to petitioners which make their existence

meaningful and livable. Decency and dignity are non negotiable

facets of human rights and are first charge on the concerned

Respondents. [AIR 1997 J&K 75.]

Source: STUDENT Environmental Law Book, By Professor P

Leelakrishnan, Publishers- LexisNexis Butterworths-2004.


produced the extracts of judgments stated hereinbefore.

The Petitioners states that by virtue of Part 9 and 9A and

Eleventh and Twelfth of the Constitution Of India; and Section

252 of the Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act 1888 cast a

positive obligation on the Municipalities to ensure basic

amenities to the people residing in the local limits of their

jurisdiction.

12. The Petitioners states that number of deaths associated

with the threats of poor sanitation is not widely appreciated The

Petitioners states that Toilet may seem an unlikely catalyst for

human progress, but evidences are overwhelming.

Of course, national security is an imperative for any country.

However, if protecting the lives of citizens is the objective, it is


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difficult to think of a public investment with the potential to

safeguard more lives. Providing adequate sanitation is as

fundamental to human development and national prosperity as

economic policy, international trade, health or education.

13. The Petitioners states that whether viewed from the

perspective of human rights, social justice or economic common

sense, the damage inflicted by deprivation in sanitation is

indefensible.

Overcoming that deprivation is not just a moral imperative and

the right thing to do, it is also the sensible thing to do because

the waste of human potential associated with poor sanitation

ultimately hurts everybody. The violation of the human right to

inadequate sanitation is destroying human potential on an epic

scale.

Like hunger, deprivation in access to sanitation is a silent crisis,

experienced by the poor and tolerated by those, having the

resources, the technology and political power, to end it.

The urgency in addressing the issue cannot be overstated.

14. The Petitioners states that they have made out their case

on the following grounds:

(i) That crisis in sanitation isabove alla crisis for the

poor.

(ii) That deprivation in sanitation perpetuates gender

inequality and disempowers women.

(iii) That unsanitary conditions create a dangerous

environment with health risks, in particularly to children.

(iv) That improved Sanitation brings advantages for public

health, livelihoods and dignity, advantages that extend

beyond households to entire communities.


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(v) That there is a shortage or say requirement of 36000

toilet seats or say 10,000 Toilet Blocks in the City of

Mumbai. Household sanitation Coverage for the whole

of Maharshtra stands at - 19.51%, staggering 88,96,992

Households are without Toilets.

(vi) That Respondents are under Constitutional obligation to

provide all necessary facilities to the People which make

their existence meaningful and livable. Decency and

dignity are non negotiable facets of human rights and

are first charge on the concerned Respondents.

15. The Petitioners states that there is no other

Petition/Application pending in any other court or before

the Hon. Supreme Court.

16. The Petitioners states that the cause of action has arisen in

the State of Maharashtra, hence this Honorable Court has

Jurisdiction to hear and adjudicate the case. The Petitioners

states that this is a PIL.

17. The Petitioners has no other efficacious remedy except

filing this Petition.

18. The Petitioners rely on Documents, list whereof is annexed

hereto.

19. The Petitioners have paid the necessary Court Fee.

20. The Petitioners therefore pray to the Honorable Court:

(a) That by issuing a writ of Mandamus or any other

appropriate writ in like nature, directing the Respondent

No.1 to file an affidavit stating the latest figures as regards

sanitation


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coverage in every district/city and causes thereof for deficit

and plan of action they have for expeditiously achieving

Total Sanitation in every district and or city of the State.

(b) That the Respondent no.2 be directed to direct all Municipal

Corporation of the State of Maharashtra to file an affidavit

before this Honble Court stating figures relating to

sanitation coverage in their respective Jurisdiction territory,

causes for deficit, if any, and remedial measures they have

adopted to.

(c) That the Respondent no.3 & 4 be directed to file an

affidavit stating causes for this huge sanitation deficit and

plans they have to install adequate numbers of Toilet

Blocks in their respective Jurisdictional territory. The

Respondent no.3 & 4 shall also state in their affidavit as to

what policy they have as regards to the maintenance of

public Toilets.

(d) That the Respondent no.5 be directed to file an affidavit

stating what plans they have for the better upkeep and

increasing number of Toilets in their premises.

(e) Pass such other and further orders as this Honble Court

may deem proper and expedient in the Public interest.

(f) For expeditious hearing of this Petition.

(g) For cost to the Petitioners.

1. JANHIT MANCH, through its President

Bhgwanji Raiyani, Petitioner No.1

2 Mr. Sandeep Jalan

Petitioner No.2


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3. Mrs. Meera Kamat

Petitioner No.3

4. Dattaram Kumkar

Petitioner No.4

5. Bharat Kadam

Petitioner No.5

VERIFICATION

I, SANDEEP JALAN, Of Mumbai, Resident Indian, Member of the

Managing Committee, Janhit Manch, having Office At Kuber

Bhuvan, Bajaj Road, Vile-Parle West, Mumbai- 400 056, the

Petitioner No.2 in the abovenamed petition do hereby solemnly

declare that the contents and what is stated in Paragraph 1 to

13 are true to the best of my knowledge and what is stated in

remaining paras 14 to 20 are based on information and

belief and I believe the same to be true.

Solemnly declared at Mumbai )

Aforesaid this Day of Dec., 2007 )

Before me


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IN THE CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTIONPIL WRIT PETITION NO. OF 2007

JANHIT MANCH AND ORS. ....PETITIONERS

V/S


AND OTHERS RESPONDENTS

MEMO OF APPEARENCE

To,The Registar General,The Hon. Bombay High Court,Mumbai- 400 032.

Sir,Please enter the appearance of the Petitioner No. 2 &

3, Mr.Sandeep Jalan & Mrs.Meera Kamat in the above Petition inPerson.

Our Address for service is as under:JANHIT MANCH

Kuber Bhuvan,Bajaj Road,Vile Parle (w), Mumbai- 400 056.


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2 Mr. Sandeep Jalan

Petitioner No.2

3. Mrs. Meera Kamat

Petitioner No.3

4. Dattaram Kumkar

Petitioner No.4

5. Bharat Kadam

Petitioner No.5

Dated this day of Dec, 2007Petitioner No.2In Person





V/S


AND OTHERS .RESPONDENTS

MEMORANDUM OF REGISTERED ADDRESS

1. JANHIT MANCH )

Kuber Bhuvan,Bajaj Road, )

Vile Parle (w), Mumbai- 400 056. )2. Mr. Sandeep Jalan )


Petitioner No.1, C/O Janhit Manch, )

Kuber Bhuvan, Bajaj Road, Vile Parle )


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(West), Mumbai 400 056 )

3. Mrs. Meera Kamat )


Petitioner No.1, Flat No.2 Ruchi C.H.S. )

Ltd, Chikoowadi Road, Shimpoli, Borivli )

(w), Mumbai- 400 092 )

4. Dattaram Kumkar )

Indira Nagar, Room No.38, V.M.Road, )

Vile Parle (West), Mumbai 400 056. )

5. Bharat Kadam )

Saibaba Chowal, Nehru Nagar, )

V.M.Road, Vile Parle (West), )

Mumbai 400 056. )Petitioners

V/S

1. The State of Maharshtra, )


Dept Of Public Health, Mantralaya. ]

Mumbai 400 032. )

2. The State of Maharashtra, ]


Urban Development Dept., Mantralaya. ]

MumbaI- 400 032. ]

3. The Municipal Corporation Of Mumbai )

Mahapalika Marg, Near C.S.T. Rly., )

Mumbai 400 001. )

4. The Pune Municipal Corporation )

Main Building, Shivaji Nagar, ]

Pune- 5. ]

5. The Ministry Of Railways, through ]

General Manager, )


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Rail Bhavan, 245, Raisina Mark )

New Delhi 110 001. )Respondents.

To,The Registar General,Bombay High Court,Mumbai- 400 032,

Madame,

Be pleased to register our address for service ashereunder:

JANHIT MANCHKuber Bhuvan,Bajaj Road,

Vile Parle (w), Mumbai- 400 056.



2 Mr. Sandeep Jalan

Petitioner No.2

3. Mrs. Meera Kamat

Petitioner No.3

4. Dattaram Kumkar

Petitioner No.4

5. Bharat Kadam

Petitioner No.5

Dated this day of Dec., 2007

Petitioner No.2In Person.


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V/S



LIST OF DOCUMENTS

1. Exhibit A to K to the Petition.

2. Correspondence prior to the Petition.

3. Documents referred to and relied up on in the Petition.


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Dated this day of Dec. 2007.

Petitioner No.2.

IN PERSON.





V/S



CERTIFICATE

The Present Petition is filed for lack of adequate Sanitation/

Toilets in the State of Maharashtra as a whole and in the City of

Mumbai in particular. The present petition seek to highlight

consequences and benefits associated with Sanitation.

The present Petition seek to address persistent failure of the

State and its instrumentalities in addressing this vital issue.


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Therefore this Writ Petition is filed for which this Court has

Jurisdiction and therefore be placed before the concerned bench

as per High Court Rule 636(1)(b).

Dated this day of Dec. 2007Petitioner No.2

In Person.





V/S



PETITIONERS AFFIDAVIT

I, SUNDEEP JALAN, the Petitioner No.2 abovenamed, do

hereby beg to state on solemn affirmation as under:

1. The petitioners have filed the present petition inter-alia for

various reliefs as more particularly set out in the petition. I

repeat, reiterate and adopt the statements made in the petition

as if the same are incorporated herein and form part of the

present affidavit. I crave leave to refer to and rely upon the


39/67

papers and proceedings in the petition when produced. I state

that there is urgency in the matter.

2. In the said circumstances, I say and submit that the

petitioners are entitled for the reliefs as prayed for and if the

same are not granted, irreparable loss and harm would be

caused to the petitioners and its community. I say and submit

that this petition be made absolute with cost.

Solemnly affirmed at Bombay, )

This day of Dec. 2007 )

Before me.

PETITIONER NO.2

IN PERSON .

PIL

Under Article 226 of Constitution of India.


IN ITS CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION

PIL NO. OF 2007

JANHIT MANCH & ORS.

PETITIONERS

V/S.

THE STATE OF MAHARSHTRA

& ANOTHER. RESPONDENTS


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PIL WRIT P E T I T I O N

DATE THIS DAY OF DEC., 2007.

JANHIT MANCH

Kuber Bhuvan, Bajaj Road,

Vile Parle (West), Mumbai 400

056.

IN PERSON





41/67

JANHIT MANCH AND ORS.

....PETITIONERS

V/S

THE STATE OF MAHARSHTRA

AND OTHERS

RESPONDENTS

EXHIBIT B

DNA: 20 th Nov.2007BMC ropes in private parties for public toiletsTuesday, November 20, 2007 03:51 IST

Sandeep Ashar

The BMC has served ad revenue as bait for private parties and

community-based organisations (CBO) to construct 'pay and use'

public toilets in the city.


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The civic body faces a shortage of 36,000 toilet seats (10,000

toilet blocks) for the use of the ever growing floating population

in the city.

A proposal, to be tabled before the Improvements Committee on

November 21, allows private parties (NGO/ CBO/ private

institution) to build, set up and maintain international standard

public conveniences, where advertisements could be displayed.

The private party could run away with 50 per cent of the revenue

collected from the advertisements while the remaining share will

be collected by BMC.

The idea stems from the successful implementation of the Pay

and Use toilets constructed by Fumes International few months

back. The agency built around 10 toilets, but, was allowed to

collect the entire ad revenue.

The toilet block, to be operated by the institution for 10 years at

least, will have modern features, including granite flooring at the

faade, entrance and flooring and ceramic flooring in the toilet

unit.

The block will have to be provided with hand-dryers, quality

washbasins, automatic flushing devices, tissue and water taps.

Institutions will have to be keep 10 feet of the area around the

block green. Visitors will have to pay Rs2 for toilet use and Rs3

for bathing, while urinal facilities will be offered free.

BMC, which presently has around 1,300 toilets run by NGOs, has

received several complaints for poor maintenance.


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For institutions not interested in exploiting ad-revenue, BMC will

allow construction of normal toilets without value adding

features. However, bathing and toilet facilities will be a rupee

cheaper.

EXHIBIT C

DNAIndia stinks, but China is the worstRajesh Sinha

Tuesday, November 20, 2007 11:12 IST

Only 47% of the population has sanitation facilities

NEW DELHI: With less than half its population covered by

sanitation facilities, India is the second worst in the world in this


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regard, next only to China, according to WaterAid India, an

international organisation working on water, sanitation and

hygiene.

According to a Unicef report, only 30% of the Indian population

had access to proper sanitation though recent government

figures say it's increased to nearly 47%.

Despite significant investments over the last 20 years, India still

faces the most daunting sanitation challenge among countries in

South Asia. It lags behind other South Asian countries like

Bangladesh (4th ) and Pakistan (7th), said Depinder S Kapur of

WaterAid India.

The booming population of towns coupled with poor drainage

facilities make urban sanitation India's biggest challenge today.

WaterAid says sanitation plays a vital role in reducing poverty.

There is compelling evidence to show that sanitation brings the

single greatest return on investment as compared to any

development intervention (up to $9 for every $1 spent), it said.

The costs of not investing enough in sanitation are huge. In India,

15 lakh children lose their lives to diarrhoea every year; over 3

crore people are affected by waterborne diseases every year

leading to a loss of more than 7 crore working days annually. In

the developing world, infant deaths, lost work days, and missed

school are estimated to have an economic cost of around $38

billion year, with sanitation accounting for 92% of this value.


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EXHIBIT D

TIMES OF INDIA :MMRDA to fund 80,000 public toilets : Oct 29,2007

MMRDA to fund 80,000 public toilets Mumbai: In a boost for

public health, the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development

Authority (MMRDA) will construct 80,000 toilets at a cost of Rs


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200 crore, next year. Approximately, half of these toilet seats will

be located in Mumbai and the rest in the adjoining townships of

Thane, Kalyan and Bhiwandi in the metropolitan region.

Surveys for these toilets will be conducted soon and the

construction will begin in January-end. The project should be

completed within a year, said MMRDA commissioner Ratnakar

Gaikwad.

It is estimated that some areas in the city have only one toilet

block of 12 seats for a population of over 10,000. This equation

results in the poor being forced to defecate on the roads, giving

rise to a public health hazard. Viral diseases such as polio spread

more easily in overpopulated slums that have poor sanitation.

EXHIBIT E

Indian ExpressMMRDA pushes for sanitation in hinterland

Kavitha Iyer Posted online: Tuesday , September 25, 2007

Mumbai, September 24 With 40 per cent of the population of


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the Mumbai Metropolitan Region-Navi Mumbai, Vasai, Virar,

Ulhasnagar, Kalyan Dombivli, etc-living in slums, the Mumbai

Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) is

proposing a first-ever attempt to centrally plan and administer a

sanitation programme for this vast outback area thats regarded

as the only hope for decongesting the financial capital.

As a first step of the Nirmal MMR programme, the MMRDA has

appointed NGO SPARC (Society for Promotion of Area Resource

Centres) to assess the requireme-nt. Within a month, SPARC will

submit estimates on how many toilet blocks are needed in

Mumbais slums, followed by another report a few months later.

Around 80,000 toilet seats will be required, initial estimates

suggest.

For the smaller urban local bodies in the region who bare all in a

precarious financial position, we are proposing to give grants for

construction of toilet blocks, said Metropolitan Commissioner

Ratnakar Gaikwad. When the governing authority of the MMRDA-

its highest policy-making body-meets later this week, they will

consider his proposal to offer Rs 200 crore in grants for

construction of toilet blocks. Hoping to replicate the

tremendously successful sanitation model executed in Pune

when he was municipal commissioner, Gaikwads plan is to

provide capital for construction and then rope in community

organisations to enforce proper maintenance.

For the cash-rich Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation, the

MMRDA is seeking a hike in budget allocation for slum sanitation.

While Mumbais deficit of 35,000 toilet seats would cost about Rs

300 crore to construct, the MMRDA has instead offered free


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rehabilitation tenements for slumdwellers displaced by the new

toilet blocks.

Gaikwad says three models will be consideredpermanent

blocks that can be constructed in four to six months, quasi-

permanent structures that can be built in 15-30 days and mobile

toilets that can be attached to sludge-trucks. We are suggesting

a large number of mobile toilets for the MMR and for areas where

slum redevelopment schemes are possible or likely, he said.

EXHIBIT: F

TIMES OF INDIA

352 urinals for 30 lakh people in Pune11 Dec 2007, 0442 hrs IST, Radheshyam Jadhav , TNN

PUNE: With all eyes focused on multicrore projects including sky

bus, metro, monorails and high rise buildings, the city continues

to lack in basic amenities like public urinals and toilets.


49/67

The city, which has crossed the 30-lakh population mark, has

only 352 public urinals, which means one public urinal per 9,000

people. This shocking fact has been admitted by the Pune

Municipal Corporation (PMC) in an official reply under the Right

To Information Act to activist VijayKumbhar.

This is grossly inadequate as compared to the PMC's own public

health norms which categorically state that one urinal should be

available per 100 people. The main victims of the civic body's

apathy are women and the disabled, who are completely

deprived of the essential facility.

City-based Surajya Sangharsh Samiti (SSS) plans to serve a

notice to the PMC for failing to perform its obligatory duty of

providing minimum basic amenity to citizens. It has warned to

file a public interest litigation (PIL) in the Bombay high court in

this regard.

Same is the case with pay-and-use public toilets. The civic body

has constructed about 772 such toilets with 11,319 seats

5,731 for men and 5,588 for women. However, a majority of

these toilet blocks have been encroached upon and many have

turned into gambling dens. "These urinals and toilets are stinking

without regular cleaning. On the one hand, the PMC preaches

public cleanliness and, on the other, it is neglecting the very

basic amenity," Kumbhar told TOI on Monday.

EXHIBIT G

Mumbai Mirror : 06 th Nov. 2007Why are ladies loos at stations closed?

Rly officials blame the NGOs responsible for running the toilets

on platforms or say they are under renovation. Meanwhile,

commuters trudge to the closest Sulabh POSTED ON TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 06, 2007


50/67

Six suburban stations on Central Railway and three from

Western Railway have locked their ladies toilets. Female

commuters say the rest-rooms are often locked, and that they

have to depend on BMC loos to answer natures call.

Following repeated complaints, we decided to investigate the

matter.

On Monday, we found that the loos at Kopar, Nahur,

Kanjurmarg, Vikhroli, Matunga and Chinchpokli stations on the

Central route between Dombivli and CST were locked.

On Western Route, toilets at Matunga, Mahim Junction and

Lower Parel were locked too.

Most of these stations are single-platform stations that

experience a decent rush during peak hours. All of them have

well-operational gents loos.

We dont understand why they have toilets, if they lock them,

says Sunita Vasani, who gets down at Kanjur Marg to go to her

office in Powai, As it is, we turn to platform toilets only in case

of emergency as they are filthy. But keeping them locked is a

big joke.

Vijaya Shah, who studies in college in Matunga, says, If the

platform toilet is locked, the next toilet is available 15 minutes

away, in our college. It gets very inconvenient during the rainy

season.

Interestingly, while gents urinals are free, women have to pay

Re 1 to use the toilet.


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At the above platforms, there were no attendants to collect the

money.

A railway official says the toilets are given over to co-operative

societies and NGOs to run. They are supposed to provide water

and keep the toilets clean. They cannot afford to employ a

person full-time, says the official, as revenue is very less.

Varsha Kale, a member of the Womanist Party of India says,

We had written to railway officials saying women should be

provided with cloakrooms instead of toilets, but now we will be

glad if they at least open and operate the existing toilets. We

have shot videos to document the bad condition of the toilets

and will send them to the railway minister soon.

Satyprakash Shriwastava, DRM of Western Railway, says, Most

of these toilets are isolated and are not in a condition to be

used. They are under repairs and will be renovated with the help

of private parties soon. Meanwhile, passengers can use the

Sulabh toilets available outside all stations.

EXHIBIT H

RANDOM SURVEY AT RAILWAY STATIONS [ western and

central railway- suburban]

Central Railway

Dadar:


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Platform No. 6- No Toilet or Urinal either for Ladies

or Gents.

Platform No.5- No Ladies Toilet, Platform No.3 & 4- Ladies and Gents Toilet exist.

C.S.T. [ V.T.]

Apparently there are sufficient Toilet and Urinals

for both Ladies and Gents.

Masjid Bunder

No Toilet or Urinals for both Ladies and Gents on

all 4 Platforms.

Sandhurst Road

No Toilet or Urinals for both Ladies and Gents.

Byculla

Has Toilet and Urinal for Ladies and Gents on only

platform no.1.

Chinchpokli


Curry Road

Only Urinal for Gents exist.

Parel


Kings Circle- Harbour Line

Toilet and Urinals both for Ladies and Gents exist

on Platform No.1 only and nothing on Platform 2.


53/67

WESTERN RAILWAY

Vile Parle

Platform No.1, 2, 5, & 6 Urinals Only. Both for

Ladies and Gents.

Santacruz

Toilets found in good condition.

Khar

Platform No. 2 & 3 Urinal only. Toilets Locked.

Platform No.5 & 6 Urinals only.

Bandra

Platform No. 1 Toilets and Urinals in good

condition. No Toilets or Urinals on Platform No. 2, 3, 4, & 5.

Mahim

Platform No.1- Toilets found in good condition.

Platform No.2 & 3 only Urinals.

Matunga

Only Urinals.

Dadar

Platform No.1, 2, & 3 - Only Urinals.

Elphinstone

Urinals found in good condition.

Lower Parel


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Platform No.1, 2, & 3 - Toilet & Urinals exist.

Mahalaxmi

Toilet and Urinals exist.

Mumbai Central

Platform No.1, 2, 3, & 4- Only Urinals.

Grant Road

Platform No.1- Toilet and Urinals exist.

Platform No.2 & 3 No Toilets or Urinals.

Platform No.4- Locked.

Charni Road

Platform No.1- Toilets found in good condition.

Platform No.2, 3, & 4- No Toilets or Urinals.

Marine Lines

Platform No.1- Good Condition.

Platform No.2, 3, & 4- No Toilets or Urinals.

Churchgate

Toilets and Urinals- Adequate and in good

condition.

Andheri

Platform No.1- Both Toilet and Urinals exist for

Ladies and Gents.

Platform No.2- Only Urinals for Gents.

Platform No.3 & 4- No Urinals or Toilets.


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Jogeshwari

Toilets closed.

Goregaon Only Urinals for Gents. No Toilets for Gents. No

Toilet or Urinals for Ladies.

Malad

Platform No.1- Toilet/ Urinals for Ladies and Gents

exist.

Platform No.2- Only Gents Urinals.

Kandivli

Platform No.1- Toilet/ Urinals for Ladies and Gents.

Platform No.2- Only Gents Toilet. No Ladies Toilets.Borivli

Platform No.1- Urinals for Gents only. No Ladies

Toilets/ Urinals.

Platforms 2, 3, 4, & 5 Toilet/ Urinals for Ladies and

gents exist.

Dahisar

Urinal only on Platform No.1 only.

EXHIBIT I


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What's the top medical milestone in 150 years?

Sanitation beats discovery of DNA, anesthesia in

worldwide survey

REUTERS: updated 12:52 p.m. ET Jan. 18, 2007

LONDON - Sanitation was voted the most important medical

milestone in the past century and a half on Thursday in a poll

conducted by a leading medical journal.

Improved sewage disposal and clean water supply systems,

which have reduced diseases such as cholera, was the

overwhelming favorite of 11,341 people worldwide who voted in

the survey conducted by the British Medical Journal.

It surpassed antibiotics, the discovery of DNA, and anesthesia,

which were among the top five milestones in the poll.

Participants were asked what they thought was the biggest

medical advance since the journal was established in 1840.

Im delighted that sanitation is recognized by so many people

as such an important milestone, said Professor Johan

Mackenbach, of Erasmus University Medical Center in Rotterdam

who championed the sanitation choice.

The general lesson which still holds is that passive protection

against health hazards is often the best way to improve

population health, he added.

Clearly, sanitation still plays a vital role in improving public

health now and in the future, he said.


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Other important milestones recommended for the top prize

included the development of imaging techniques, the

contraceptive pill, immunology and computers.

London was one of first cities of modern times to seriously tackle

the problem of poor sanitation after a British doctor, John Snow,

discovered in 1854 that cholera was water-borne and not air-

borne as had previously being thought.

Copyright 2007 Reuters.

EXHIBIT J

DISTRICT-WISE STATUS OF SCHOOLS


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CATEGORY: Government LEVEL: Upper Primary TYPE: Girls

STATE: Maharashtra Report Generated On: 20/11/2007

Sno DISTRICT No. of SchoolsNo. of

StudentsWith

ToiletsWithoutToilets

%Coverage

WithDrinking

WaterSupply

WithoutDrinking

WaterSupply

%Coverage

WithHandwashFacilities

WithoutHandwashFacilities

%Coverage

1 AKOLA 1 0 0 1 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.002 AMRAVATI 1 0 0 1 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.003 A URANG ABAD 29 0 6 23 20.69 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.004 BEED 10 0 0 10 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.005 BULDHANA 5 0 4 1 80.00 3 2 60.00 0 5 0.006 C HANDRAPUR 8 0 5 3 62.50 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.007 GONDIA 8 0 8 0 100.00 0 8 0.00 0 8 0.008 JALNA 3 0 3 0 100.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.009 NAGPUR 2 0 2 0 100.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00

10 NANDED 5 0 5 0 100.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.0011 OSMANABAD 2 0 2 0 100.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.0012 PARBHANI 14 0 12 2 85.71 10 4 71.43 10 4 71.4313 PUNE 78 0 40 38 51.28 72 6 92.31 72 6 92.3114 RATNAGIRI 9 0 9 0 100.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.0015 SOLAPUR 25 0 14 11 56.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.0016 YAVATMAL 6 0 0 6 0.00 0 6 0.00 0 6 0.00

TOTAL 206 0 110 96 53.40 85 26 76.58 82 29 73.87

Baseline Survey DataSource - PIP (Oct. 2003 Onwards)

DISTRICT-WISE STATUS OF SCHOOLSCATEGORY: Government LEVEL: Primary TYPE: Girls



StudentsWith


%Coverage

WithDrinking

WaterSupply

WithoutDrinking

WaterSupply

%Coverage



%Coverage

1 AHMEDNAGAR 237 0 101 136 42.62 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.002 AKOLA 11 0 9 2 81.82 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.003 AMRAVATI 57 0 20 37 35.09 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.004 AURANGABAD 850 0 98 752 11.53 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.005 BEED 8 0 0 8 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.006 BULDHANA 31 0 7 24 22.58 9 22 29.03 0 31 0.007 CHANDRAPUR 504 0 105 399 20.83 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.008 DHULE 30 0 23 7 76.67 0 30 0.00 0 30 0.009 GONDIA 4 0 4 0 100.00 0 4 0.00 0 4 0.00

10 JALGAON 114 0 60 54 52.63 55 59 48.25 29 85 25.4411 JALNA 7 0 0 7 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.0012 N ANDURBAR 14 0 4 10 28.57 7 7 50.00 7 7 50.0013 O SMANABAD 24 0 14 10 58.33 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.0014 PARBHANI 3 0 3 0 100.00 2 1 66.67 2 1 66.6715 PUNE 79 0 70 9 88.61 75 4 94.94 75 4 94.9416 RAIGAD 13 0 12 1 92.31 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.0017 SANGLI 59 0 20 39 33.90 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.0018 SATARA 26 0 10 16 38.46 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.0019 S INDHUDURG 1 0 1 0 100.00 1 0 100.00 0 0 0.0020 SOLAPUR 23 0 18 5 78.26 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.0021 YAVATMAL 19 0 0 19 0.00 0 19 0.00 0 19 0.00

TOTAL 2114 0 579 1535 27.39 149 146 50.51 113 181 38.44



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DISTRICT-WISE STATUS OF SCHOOLSCATEGORY: Government LEVEL: High & Higher

Secondary TYPE: Girls



StudentsWith


%Coverage

WithDrinking

WaterSupply

WithoutDrinking

WaterSupply

%Coverage



%Coverage

1 AMRAVATI 1 0 0 1 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.002 A URANGABAD 5 0 2 3 40.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.003 JALNA 0 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.004 PARBHANI 1 0 1 0 100.00 1 0 100.00 1 0 100.00

TOTAL 7 0 3 4 42.86 1 0 100.00 1 0 100.00


DISTRICT-WISE STATUS OF SCHOOLSCATEGORY: Government LEVEL: Primary TYPE: Co-ed



StudentsWith


%Coverage

WithDrinking

WaterSupply

WithoutDrinking

WaterSupply

%Coverage



%Coverage

1 AHMEDNAGAR 2126 0 622 1504 29.26 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.002 AKOLA 860 0 198 662 23.02 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.003 A MRAVATI 1492 0 470 1022 31.50 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.004 AURANGABAD 1204

0

452

752

37.54 0

0

0.00 0

0

0.00

5 BEED 1840 0 95 1745 5.16 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.006 B ULDHANA 1286 0 447 839 34.76 94 1192 7.31 0 1286 0.007 CHANDRAPUR 246 0 141 105 57.32 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.008 DHULE 898 0 340 558 37.86 0 898 0.00 0 898 0.009 GONDIA 536 0 144 392 26.87 0 536 0.00 0 536 0.00

10 J ALGAON 1450 0 301 1149 20.76 548 902 37.79 262 1188 18.0711 JALNA 1169 0 464 705 39.69 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.0012 K OLHAPUR 2065 0 970 1095 46.97 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.0013 NAGPUR 1909 0 729 1180 38.19 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.0014 NANDED 1898 0 471 1427 24.82 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.0015 NANDURBAR 1132 0 568 564 50.18 527 605 46.55 527 605 46.5516 O SMANABAD 867

0

66

801

7.61 0

0

0.00 0

0

0.00

17 PARBHANI 452 0 78 374 17.26 162 290 35.84 162 290 35.8418 PUNE 2397 0 244 2153 10.18 1469 928 61.28 1469 928 61.2819 RAIGAD 2514 0 1456 1058 57.92 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.0020 R ATN AGI RI 1589 0 993 596 62.49 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.0021 SANGLI 1362 0 867 495 63.66 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.0022 SATARA 2405 0 484 1921 20.12 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.0023SINDHUDURG 1468 0 806 662 54.90 1022 446 69.62 0 1468 0.0024 SOLAPUR 1541 0 321 1220 20.83 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.0025 THANE 3196 0 718 2478 22.47 1533 1663 47.97 740 2456 23.1526 YAVAT MAL 1079 0 621 458 57.55 544 535 50.42 0 1079 0.00

TOTAL 38981 0 13066 25915 33.52 5899 7995 42.46 3160 10734 22.74Ministry of Rural Development, NIC-Dept. of Drinking Water Supply


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DISTRICT-WISE STATUS OF SCHOOLSCATEGORY: Government LEVEL: Upper Primary TYPE: Co-ed



StudentsWith


%Coverage

WithDrinking

WaterSupply

WithoutDrinking

WaterSupply

%Coverage



%Coverage

1 AKOLA 9 0 0 9 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.002 AMRAVATI 10 0 0 10 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.003 A URANG ABAD 28 0 5 23 17.86 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.004 BEED 46 0 10 36 21.74 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.005 BULDHANA 49 0 36 13 73.47 37 12 75.51 0 49 0.006 C HANDRAPUR 5 0 2 3 40.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00

7 DHULE 23 0 0 23 0.00 0 23 0.00 0 23 0.008 GONDIA 350 0 261 89 74.57 0 350 0.00 0 350 0.009 JALGAON 6 0 6 0 100.00 3 3 50.00 1 5 16.67

10 JALNA 679 0 385 294 56.70 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.0011 KOLHAPUR 2 0 2 0 100.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.0012 NANDED 82 0 33 49 40.24 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.0013 O SMANABAD 36 0 33 3 91.67 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.0014 PARBHANI 482 0 290 192 60.17 391 91 81.12 391 91 81.1215 PUNE 78 0 43 35 55.13 74 4 94.87 74 4 94.8716 R ATN AGI RI 1057 0 603 454 57.05 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.0017 SOLAPUR 720 0 485 235 67.36 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.0018 THANE 77 0 51 26 66.23 63 14 81.82 23 54 29.8719 YAVATMAL 711 0 76 635 10.69 0 711 0.00 0 711 0.00

TOTAL 4450 0 2321 2129 52.16 568 1208 31.98 489 1287 27.53

Ministry of Rural Development, NIC-Dept. of Drinking Water Supply


DISTRICT-WISE STATUS OF SCHOOLSCATEGORY: Government LEVEL: High & Higher

Secondary TYPE: Co-ed



StudentsWith


%Coverage

WithDrinking

WaterSupply

WithoutDrinking

WaterSupply

%Coverage



%Coverage

1 AMRAVATI 9 0 0 9 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.002 A URANGABAD 3 0 0 3 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.003 BULDHANA 37 0 15 22 40.54 37 0 100.00 0 37 0.004 GONDIA 22 0 18 4 81.82 0 22 0.00 0 22 0.005 JALGAON 4 0 4 0 100.00 4 0 100.00 3 1 75.006 JALNA 2 0 2 0 100.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.007 NANDED 6 0 6 0 100.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.008 OSMANABAD 1 0 1 0 100.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.009 PARBHANI 38 0 38 0 100.00 38 0 100.00 38 0 100.00

10 PUNE 18 0 18 0 100.00 18 0 100.00 18 0 100.0011 THANE 58 0 43 15 74.14 50 8 86.21 24 34 41.3812 YAVATMAL 27 0 27 0 100.00 0 27 0.00 0 27 0.00



61/67


DISTRICT-WISE STATUS OF SCHOOLSCATEGORY: Government LEVEL: Primary TYPE: Boys



StudentsWith


%Coverage

WithDrinking

WaterSupply

WithoutDrinking

WaterSupply

%Coverage



%Coverage

1 AHMEDNAGAR 530 0 88 442 16.60 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.002 AKOLA 15 0 12 3 80.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.003 AMRAVATI 2 0 0 2 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.004 AURANGABAD 882 0 130 752 14.74 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.005 BULDHANA 24 0 6 18 25.00 5 19 20.83 0 24 0.006 CHANDRAPUR 738 0 410 328 55.56 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.007 DHULE 30 0 23 7 76.67 0 30 0.00 0 30 0.008 GONDIA 2 0 2 0 100.00 0 2 0.00 0 2 0.009 JALGAON 113 0 67 46 59.29 64 49 56.64 37 76 32.74

10 JALNA 1 0 1 0 100.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.0011 N ANDURBAR 15 0 5 10 33.33 7 8 46.67 7 8 46.6712 O SMANABAD 15 0 10 5 66.67 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.0013 PUNE 639 0 64 575 10.02 465 174 72.77 465 174 72.7714 RAIGAD 13 0 13 0 100.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.0015 SANGLI 94 0 49 45 52.13 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.0016 SATARA 26 0 6 20 23.08 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.0017 SOLAPUR 14 0 7 7 50.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.0018 YAVATMAL 0 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00



DISTRICT-WISE STATUS OF SCHOOLSCATEGORY: Government LEVEL: Upper Primary TYPE: Boys



StudentsWith


%Coverage

WithDrinking

WaterSupply

WithoutDrinking

WaterSupply

%Coverage



%Coverage

1 AKOLA 1 0 0 1 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.002 AMRAVATI 14 0 0 14 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.003 A URANG ABAD 44 0 21 23 47.73 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.004 BULDHANA 4 0 0 4 0.00 4 0 100.00 0 4 0.005 C HANDRAPUR 5 0 3 2 60.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.006 GONDIA 8 0 8 0 100.00 0 8 0.00 0 8 0.007 JALNA 1 0 1 0 100.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.008 NAGPUR 13 0 13 0 100.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.009 PUNE 60 0 14 46 23.33 54 6 90.00 54 6 90.00

10 RATNAGIRI 1 0 1 0 100.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.0011 SOLAPUR 25 0 4 21 16.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.0012 YAVATMAL 0 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00



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DISTRICT-WISE STATUS OF SCHOOLSCATEGORY: Government LEVEL: High & HigherSecondary TYPE: Boys



StudentsWith


%Coverage

WithDrinking

WaterSupply

WithoutDrinking

WaterSupply

%Coverage



%Coverage

1 AMRAVATI 1 0 0 1 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.002 A URANGABAD 5 0 2 3 40.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.003 C HANDRAPUR 3 0 3 0 100.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.004 JALNA 0 0 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0.005 PARBHANI 1 0 1 0 100.00 1 0 100.00 1 0 100.00TOTAL 10 0 6 4 60.00 1 0 100.00 1 0 100.00



District-Wise Status of Anganwadi Sanitation Coverage

STATE: Maharashtra Report Generated On: 20 /11 /2007

Sno. District Name Year

Category

Government Private Both

WithToilets

WithoutToilets Total

%ageCoverage

WithToilets


%ageCoverage

WithToilets


%ageCoverage

1 AHMEDNAGAR 01/2003 245 2621 2866 8.55 0 0 0 0.00 245 2621 2866 8.55

2 AKOLA 11/2003 0 878 878 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 878 878 0.00

3 AMRAVATI 03/2001 0 1801 1801 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 1801 1801 0.00

4 A URANGABAD 12/2001 8 1445 1453 0.55 0 112 112 0.00 8 1557 1565 0.51

5 BEED 11/2003 0 1614 1614 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 1614 1614 0.00

6 BHANDARA 09/2005 47 949 996 4.72 0 0 0 0.00 47 949 996 4.72

7 BULDHANA 03/2004 39 817 856 4.56 27 298 325 8.31 66 1115 1181 5.59

8 C HANDRAPUR 02/2004 0 2007 2007 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 2007 2007 0.00

9 DHULE 11/2003 0 562 562 0.00 0 180 180 0.00 0 742 742 0.00

10GADCHIROLI 05/2005 101 1321 1422 7.10 0 0 0 0.00 101 1321 1422 7.10

11 GONDIA 04/2005 11 907 918 1.20 0 172 172 0.00 11 1079 1090 1.01

12 HINGOLI 10/2004 0 862 862 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 862 862 0.00

13 JALGAON 12/2003 0 2444 2444 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 2444 2444 0.00

14 JALNA 08/2003 0 171 171 0.00 0 934 934 0.00 0 1105 1105 0.00

15 K OLHAPUR 08/2003 1064 1163 2227 47.78 0 0 0 0.00 1064 1163 2227 47.78

16 LATUR 12/2004 681 785 1466 46.45 0 0 0 0.00 681 785 1466 46.45

17 NAGPUR 11/2003 30 640 670 4.48 0 0 0 0.00 30 640 670 4.48

18 NANDED 02/2001 13 2397 2410 0.54 0 14 14 0.00 13 2411 2424 0.54

19 N ANDURBAR 06/2004 233 792 1025 22.73 0 0 0 0.00 233 792 1025 22.73

20 NASHIK 01/2005 109 2357 2466 4.42 0 0 0 0.00 109 2357 2466 4.42

21 O SMAN ABAD 03/2004 536 752 1288 41.61 0 0 0 0.00 536 752 1288 41.61

22 PARBHANI 05/2005 241 863 1104 21.83 0 0 0 0.00 241 863 1104 21.83

23 PUNE 11/2003 607 2015 2622 23.15 0 165 165 0.00 607 2180 2787 21.78

24 RAIGAD 02/2000 0 1687 1687 0.00 0 0 0 0.00 0 1687 1687 0.00


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25 R ATNAGIRI 01/2004 656 388 1044 62.84 14 559 573 2.44 670 947 1617 41.43

26 SANGLI 04/2002 223 1675 1898 11.75 0 0 0 0.00 223 1675 1898 11.75

27 SATARA 09/2003 175 1967 2142 8.17 0 0 0 0.00 175 1967 2142 8.17

28 S INDHUDUR G 11/2004 372 532 904 41.15 0 0 0 0.00 372 532 904 41.15

29 SOLAPUR 02/2004 199 2082 2281 8.72 2 22 24 8.33 201 2104 2305 8.72

30 THANE 06/2005 758 2211 2969 25.53 0 0 0 0.00 758 2211 2969 25.53

31 WARDHA 03/2005 3 852 855 0.35 0 0 0 0.00 3 852 855 0.35

32 WASHIM 05/2004 1 792 793 0.13 0 0 0 0.00 1 792 793 0.13

33 YAVATMAL 01/2004 344 1724 2068 16.63 0 0 0 0.00 344 1724 2068 16.63

Total 6696 44073 50769 13.19 43 2456 2499 1.72 6739 46529 53268 12.65



District-Wise Status of Household Sanitation Coverage


64/67

STATE: Maharashtra Report Generated On: 20 /11 /2007


Sno. DistrictName Year

No.of

Block

No. of Panchayat

No. of village

Category

Households Above Poverty Line(APL)

Households Below Poverty Line(BPL) Total Households (APL+BPL)

WithToilets


%ageCoverage

WithToilets


%ageCoverage

WithToilets


%ageCoverage

1 A HMEDNAGAR 01/2003 14 1309 1576 57609 394214 451823 12.75 19889 134247 154136 12.90 77498 528461 605959 12.79

2 AKOLA 11/2003 7 541 878 23547 106045 129592 18.17 11692 81443 93135 12.55 35239 187488 222727 15.82

3 AMRAVATI 03/2001 14 842 1996 42832 133894 176726 24.24 8760 176172 184932 4.74 51592 310066 361658 14.27

4 A URANGABAD 12/2001 9 852 1407 28474 1 91820 220294 12.93 19207 107990 127197 15.10 47681 299810 347491 13.725 BEED 11/2003 11 1018 1354 20792 385000 405792 5.12 10513 90500 101013 10.41 31305 475500 506805 6.18

6 BHANDARA 09/2005 7 541 878 2245 62873 65118 3.45 1481 74956 76437 1.94 3726 137829 141555 2.63

7 BULDHANA 03/2004 13 866 1299 33042 208512 241554 13.68 19425 117275 136700 14.21 52467 325787 378254 13.87

8 C HANDRAPUR 02/2004 14 846 1791 20203 86131 106334 19.00 37954 110743 148697 25.52 58157 196874 255031 22.80

9 DHULE 11/2003 4 551 966 14992 77574 92566 16.20 23979 96552 120531 19.89 38971 174126 213097 18.29

10 GADCHIROLI 05/2005 12 467 467 29322 53256 82578 35.51 13327 75757 89084 14.96 42649 129013 171662 24.84

11 GONDIA 04/2005 8 556 889 65286 16322 81608 80.00 65710 16427 82137 80.00 130996 32749 163745 80.00

12 HINGOLI 10/2004 5 565 707 18697 127946 146643 12.75 5215 52157 57372 9.09 23912 180103 204015 11.72

13 JALGAON 12/2003 15 1152 1500 57915 279787 337702 17.15 39890 189260 229150 17.41 97805 469047 566852 17.25

14 JALNA 08/2003 8 785 970 13211 165098 178309 7.41 6854 62943 69797 9.82 20065 228041 248106 8.09

15 KOLHAPUR 08/2003 12 1029 183 22703 54271 76974 29.49 139979 272250 412229 33.96 162682 326521 489203 33.25

16 LATUR 12/2004 10 782 945 28485 183513 211998 13.44 10952 74260 85212 12.85 39437 257773 297210 13.27

17 NAGPUR 11/2003 13 778 1878 57760 171629 229389 25.18 23679 92307 115986 20.42 81439 263936 345375 23.58

18 NANDED 02/2001 16 1313 1 575 18425 189813 208238 8.85 17052 96720 113772 14.99 35477 286533 322010 11.02

19 NANDURBAR 06/2004 6 501 933 3431 79135 82566 4.16 39446 134118 173564 22.73 42877 213253 256130 16.74

20 NASHIK 01/2005 15 1389 1921 53660 286385 340045 15.78 33587 151355 184942 18.16 87247 437740 524987 16.62

21 OSMANABAD 03/2004 8 623 737 29503 144344 173847 16.97 21485 55438 76923 27.93 50988 199782 250770 20.33

22 PARBHANI 05/2005 9 704 837 29457 135614 165071 17.85 12226 45151 57377 21.31 41683 180765 222448 18.74

23 PUNE 11/2003 13 1401 1878 126708 305917 432625 29.29 24830 81741 106571 23.30 151538 387658 539196 28.10

24 RAIGAD 02/2000 15 818 1908 81020 110577 191597 42.29 23822 89022 112844 21.11 104842 199599 304441 34.4425 RATNAGIRI 01/2004 9 848 8487 76115 145984 222099 34.27 29873 79989 109862 27.19 105988 225973 331961 31.93

26 SANGLI 04/2002 9 705 741 80542 191072 271614 29.65 17997 33389 51386 35.02 98539 224461 323000 30.5127 SATARA 09/2003 11 1488 1745 100421 316850 417271 24.07 14642 60185 74827 19.57 115063 377035 492098 23.38

28 SINDHUDURG 11/2004 8 433 744 44685 72398 117083 38.17 18693 44935 63628 29.38 63378 117333 180711 35.07

29 SOLAPUR 02/2004 11 1028 1137 30054 334823 364877 8.24 9441 124888 134329 7.03 39495 459711 499206 7.91

30 THANE 06/2005 13 968 1617 60195 176197 236392 25.46 3693 205831 209524 1.76 63888 382028 445916 14.33

31 WARDHA 03/2005 8 517 970 42766 71281 114047 37.50 24623 61119 85742 28.72 67389 132400 199789 33.73

32 WASHIM 05/2004 6 493 699 10079 80171 90250 11.17 6308 75388 81696 7.72 16387 155559 171946 9.53

33 YAVATMAL 01/2004 16 1205 1855 39794 2 06239 246033 16.17 36243 187799 224042 16.18 76037 394038 470075 16.18

Total 349 27914 47468 1363970 5544685 6908655 19.74 792467 3352307 4144774 19.12 2156437 8896992 11053429 19.51


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EXHIBIT K

InfoChange News & Features,March 2004One fly is deadlier than one hundred tigers

In a new report, the Water Supply and Sanitation

Collaborative Council records the experiences of

community workers from Africa, Asia, and Latin America

on the all-important issues of safe water, sanitation and

hygiene

According to a new report released by the Geneva-

based Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative

Council (WSSCC), the main problem in ensuring safe

water, sanitation and hygiene to all is not lack of

resources but a reluctance to learn from past failures

and listen to those who have pioneered new

approaches.

Lack of water and sanitation is the world's number one

health problem. This year, 2.2 million children will die

as a result of waterborne diseases, says the WSSCC.

In India, an estimated 591,500 children die from poor

hygiene every year -- the highest in the world. In

Bangladesh, an estimated 21,000 children die annually


66/67

due to poor hygiene; in Pakistan the number is

135,000.

As many as 769.4 million people in India do not have

access to proper sanitation, and for 171 million people

improved water supply is a distant dream.

The total amount of excreta not being disposed off

safely, in India, is as high as 72%, next only to

Afghanistan, the Congo, Ethiopia, Niger and Rwanda.

This would fill up 14,70,308 oil barrels every day!

The large percentage of unsafe disposal is reflected in

the health impact figures for India. The percentage of

children suffering abnormal growth is 47% in India,

compared to South Africa's 11%.

Maharashtra, the

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