22594408 Communuty Diagnosis

8/8/2019 22594408 Communuty Diagnosis

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INTRODUCTION

Community health nursing has gradually changed the health status of individuals. It

provides care and health information usually not obtained within the family or even in

schools. It focuses not only on one person, but more on the population where he belongs.

Overall, community health nursing is directed to the community as a whole.

According to the Department of Health, community health nursing is a unique blend

of nursing and public health practice woven into human serviceIt is not just all about

caring and curing the sick but it is more on developing the individual as part of the

community. It is unique in such a way that the client has a role in developing his own self.

There is an open communication between the nurse and the client thus, creating an

atmosphere of interaction and understanding between them. The community health nurses

emphasize the possible disturbance of certain environmental factors in the maintenance of a

healthy living. The promotion and observance of different health values may be affected by

the social status of the community. Starting from the health beliefs up to the dreaded health

problems, all are being reflected by the kind of community an area has. With that in mind,

community diagnosis is being held.

Community diagnosis, as part of community health nursing provides basis for the

health condition of the community. It is an overview of what possible health problems affect

the community as shown by certain factors and variables. It imparts knowledge on the

community health nurses on what aspect of health the community is in crisis. Community

diagnosis assesses the communitys health status, thus providing hints on what and where the

community health nurse must focus to promote and further maintain health.

RATIONALE:

As student nurses, it is very important to undergo the process of Community

Diagnosis or CDx because this will be the guide in determining the health profile of the

studied community as well as the health problems present. In addition to that, the Community

Diagnosis is a stepping stone in resolving the health needs and problems of the community.

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The role of a student nurse in undergoing the process of CDx is to know the health needs and

problems in the community which affect their total health condition.

Student nurses, being new in the field of community health nursing, should take part

in the administration of community health diagnosis. In collaboration with the health teams,

the student nurses should apply their knowledge in maintaining and promoting quality health.

They may impart knowledge and provide necessary information about the proper way of

preventing diseases which may truly help the whole community. They may also promote

health by suggesting health programs and seminar related with the commonly occurring

diseases for early detection and prevention

METHODOLOGY

To formally start the Community Diagnosis, the student nurses had a courtesy call at

the Barangay Hall last July 7, 2009, Tuesday, to seek permission from the Barangay Officials

headed by Chairman Gloria Lipana and to inform them about the purpose and objective of

the community survey. They were assisted and accompanied by their clinical instructor and

the Barangay Health Worker from Mabini Health Center to the said barangay.

Afterwards, the student nurses had an ocular observation to assess the barangays

environmental conditions and interview a total of 25 families as mere representatives of

Barangay 394. This was done through random sampling based on the availability of the

household members. A survey questionnaire was utilized to gather pertinent data about the

socio-economics, cultural-demographic, and environmental profile of the barangay. The data

gathered were carefully tallied, thoroughly analyzed, and were clearly interpreted for the use

of the Community Diagnosis.

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OBJECTIVES

General:

After seven days of community exposure, the student nurses should have assessed

and acquired the essential demographic, socio-economic-cultural, environmental, and health

resources of Barangay 394, Zone 40, District III of Manila.

Specific:

1. To obtain the communitys demographic characteristics including its total

population and geographical distribution, topography, and its trends.

2. To consider the communitys socio-economic-cultural variables that affects their

health status.

3. To observe and check the environmental variables such as water, air, food,

housing, and waste disposal that plays an important role with the communitys

health and wellness.

4. To acquire necessary health statistics of the community including births,

morbidity, and mortality.

5. To identify the sources in the community that provides health services and meet

their health related needs.

6. To recognize the communitys political and leadership patterns that is of

significance with their well- being of safety, peace and order..

7. To be able to apply and practice nursing theories and knowledge in the

community, that may increase the student nurses capabilities and critical

thinking; and be prepared for real nursing situations.

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SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The study covers twenty-five families composing of 135 individuals merely

representing the residents of Barangay 394 Zone 40, District III of Manila last July 7, 2009.

Data gathered were based from the interview made by the student-nurses to the head

of the family or any family member who is knowledgeable and capable of answering the

essential information of their family.

The data collected from the survey-questionnaire includes the family members

background education, occupation, income, religion, origin and residency. It also pertains

to the respondents way of living including their housing condition, water supply, excreta

disposal and garbage disposal. Other topics covered in the survey include their food storage,

infant feeding practice and immunization status, health seeking behaviors and sources of

health information.

Due to time constraint, only the pertinent data were gathered and this will merely

serve as a basis to determine the health needs and problems of Barangay 394 Zone 40.

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ORGANIZATIONAL CHART OF BARANGAY 394, ZONE 40,

DISTRICT III OF MANILA

5

Gloria B. Lipana

Chairwoman

Rolando R. Ramos

Secretary

Aderito A. Montenegro

Treasurer

Ernesto G.

Verdonazo

Kagawad

JenniferL.

Camacho

Kagawad

Rodolfo

E. Bazaro

Kagawad

Isabelo

M.

Alvaro

Kagaw

ad

Pastor E.Macalanda

Jr.

Kagawad

Froilan

M.Doming

o

Kagawa

d

Daniel P.

Pineda

Kagawad

Jacq

ne Lob

SK

Cha

wom


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I.

SETTING OF THE

COMMUNITY

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Description of the Community

Barangay 394, Zone 40 was established in the 1970s through the appointment by the

mayor. It is located at the District III of Manila, bounded by Quezon Boulevard (G. Puyat) in

the North, Raon G. Puyat in the East, Quezon Boulevard (Escaldo) in the West, and Z. P. DeGuzman in the South. As of July 20, 2009 the barangay has a total population of 1, 183.

The said barangay exhibits a tropical climate. It is located beside a river and has some

areas which can be considered depressed physically. The houses were built close to one

another and vacant lots are also present in the area.

The location of the barangay provides accessible reach to the means of transportation.

Jeeps, sidecars, and tricycles are always available. Major roads are near to the barangay.

Business establishments are present in the area; they cater for the barangays consumption.

Water works systems run through the barangay, providing them with accessible water almost

anytime they need it.

Most of the barangay members are literate, who actually have undergone at least one

level of education in their lives. This made them capable of communicating with one another

through speaking, reading, and writing.

The above details describe the setting of the barangay. It is an overview of its status,

specifically the physical, environmental, and social aspects.

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II.

POPULATION

1. The Total Population of the Barangay is 1,183

2. The Total Population of the Families is 135 (25 families)

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3. Sex Ratio:

No. of Males

Formula: SR = ------------------------ x 100 %

No. of Females

= (63/72) x 100

= 87.5%

Sex Ratio= 87 males: 100 females

Analysis and Interpretation:

The computation above shows that for every 100 females there are 87 males

on the families surveyed. This implies that there are more females than males in the

community. With this data, it could be suggested that the health programs offered be

more focused on the welfare of the females as they make up majority of the

population. Programs and health services like health education on maternal and child

care, pre-marital and responsible parenthood, family planning, prevention of diseases,

and promoting healthy lifestyle must be established in the local health center.

Table 1

Age and Sex Distribution of Barangay. 394, Zone 40,

District III of Manila as of

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July 7, 2009

Age Male

(f)

Percentage

%

Female

(f)

Percentage

%

Total Percentage

%

< 1 0 0% 2 1.48% 2 1.48%

1 to 4 7 5.18% 12 8.89% 19 14.07%

5 to 9 3 2.22% 8 5.92% 11 8.15%

10 to 14 5 3.70% 7 5.18% 12 8.89%

15 to 19 15 11.11% 9 6.67% 24 17.78%

20 to 24 8 5.92% 7 5.18% 15 11.11%

25 to 29 6 4.44% 3 2.22% 9 6.67%

30 to 34 4 2.96% 6 4.44% 10 7.41%

35 to 39 3 2.22% 3 2.22% 6 4.44%

40 to 44 5 3.70% 2 1.48% 7 5.18%

45 to 49 3 2.22% 8 5.92% 11 8.15%

50 to 54 3 2.22% 4 2.96% 7 5.18%

55 to 59 1 0.74% 0 0% 1 0.74%

60 to 64 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%

65 above 0 0% 1 0.74% 1 0.74%

Total 63 46.67% 72 53.33% 135 100%

Figure 1

Age and Sex Distribution of Barangay 394, Zone 40,

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District III of Manila as of

July 7, 2009


Table 1 shows the frequency of male and female in the community. The data shows

that the productive age group that consists of 66.6%at the respondents is the highest in

number. This is the age group ranging from 15 up to 64 years old of the respondents

35.53% of this group is males and 31.09% are females. Since the dominant genders are

males, there will be a possibility that they can do heavy work and this indicates that there will

be a possibility that they can support their basic needs.

Age that ranges from 15-44 years old is classified under fertility age group and also

fall under the category for civil status and reproductive age group. The dominant gender

among these groups is the males. Since the males are the dominant, this implies that there

will be a lesser tendency that the population will increase over time. However, even if there

are lesser females in these groups, proper programs should still be carried out to educate

them about the maternal and child care since these are the age brackets wherein they are

capable of bearing a child. One of the programs that may be implemented would be would be

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Reproductive health education that will teach them about the importance of having a child in

the right age. Through this, their values formation will be strengthened that will make them

realize the importance of their acts. Another method that can be used to limit the population

would be the responsible parenthood that could help them identify the ideal family size

depending upon the budget to accommodate the basic needs. The Manila Health Department

may conduct programs focusing on maternal and child health care such as Micronutrient

Supplementation, Monitoring of Malnourished Pregnant Women, Tetanus Toxoid

Immunization, and Safe Motherhood and Womens Health like the Pre-marital and

Responsible Parenthood Counseling and Kangaroo care Management for the mother to

ensure her safe pregnancy and delivery.

The dependent age group ranging from 0-14 and 65 years old and above has 33. 33%

of the total respondents. The females in this area which has 22.21% dominates the males that

only have 11.1% of the respondents since these are children and senior citizens representing

the community programs like supplemental feeding of rehabilitation of MalnourishedChildren; Home, School, Community Food Production, Promotion of Fortified Foods to

inform the target respondents about the importance of proper nutrition to the body. In

addition to this, programs like book giving, free school supplies and scholarship programs

provided by the community officials or other private sectors may help the children to be

motivated and determined to perform at their best in school.

Table 2

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Percentage Distribution Showing the Civil Status of Individuals

15 years old and Above, Barangay 394,

Zone 40, District III of Manila,

as of July 7, 2009


Table 2 accounts to the civil status of the interviewed respondents. The respondents

were grouped accordingly to whether they are single, married, separated or widowed based

on their personal statements. As the table shows, the community exhibited a relatively high

fraction of single and married individuals, 57.14% and 37.36% respectively.

This single group of the community represents those individuals who do not have

civil partners and those couples who were not legally married. A ratio of 52 out of 91

respondents was observed in the conducted survey showing the dominant civil status group.

The high fraction of these single individuals is mainly due to the young nature of the

population sample as noted in table 1. The bulk of the population is in the 15-19 years old

age range, an age range where in maturity is just beginning to develop and marriage is not yet

possible. The high number of these teenagers in the community arise the main concern for

sexual, intellectual and moral maturity for such individuals. The teens shall be molded

properly to instill the right values and intellects that are necessary for their maturity. They

will be taught their rights and responsibilities as growing individuals and how can they affect

their community as they start to participate to it. Frequent and proper health teachings and

seminars about topics such as sex education and values formation headed by the health

department or the community may greatly help in strengthening the foundations of these

youngsters in their way to their maturity. Constants follow-ups for such programs may be

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Civil Status Frequency

(f)

Percentage

(%)

Single 52 57.14%

Married 34 37.36%

Separated 1 1.01%

Widow 4 4.396%

Total 91 100%


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needed to remind the individuals how important is their part to the and how can they help for

the betterment of the community.

The second most dominant group of the community, the married ones, comprises

another significant amount of individuals of 34 out of 91 surveyed respondents. This

considerable number of couples leads us to the majority of the communitys reproductive

bracket or the group in the population that is inclined to family creation. The high frequency

for married couples signifies also a high reproductive bracket in the community, meaning an

elevated risk of increase of the rate of population increase. Regarding this, the concern of the

community will be focused on the limitation of the population increase through the

implementation of different thrust programs offered by the Manila Health Department, most

specifically those concerning about safe motherhood and responsible parenthood.

Responsible parenthood and family planning counseling and health teachings may be done in

the community not only to preserve the welfare of the couple but also to protect the good of

their children. Aside from this, the community could also do couple-assemblies to talk about

the matters concerning the population growth factors and means on how to limit it. Through

this, in lined with constants follow-ups and individual initiatives of the population the risk of

radical population increase due to the high number of married individuals can slowly be

decreased.

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III.

ECONOMIC INDICES

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Dependency Ratio

DR = number of population of 0 14 years old + 65 years old and above X 100

Population of 15 64 years old

= 44+ 1 X 10090

= 50.00%


Based from the above mentioned computation, for every 100 productive individuals,

there are 50 dependents. This shows that the ratio of the supporting population and the one

they are supporting is 2:1. Initially, the ratio signifies an ideal weight for the productive and

non-productive group of the population. Two productive individuals are supposed to work

for every single non-productive individual.

The community exhibited an ideal to good rate of dependency ratio. That is if all the

productive group of the population would work and have decently fair wages, the community

can be able to minimize their economic difficulties. The populations working group is large

enough to support the dependents. The only thing that is needed is to utilize this working

group by providing them with jobs that would give enough income for them to satisfy their

physiologic needs. Income generating livelihood programs may be a good way of helping the

working group stabilizes their jobs as well as incomes if the community will provide so.

The other factors involved in the productivity of the community such as occupational

status, types of jobs, and incomes of the productive group will be discussed in the next tables

(Tables 3, 4, and 5).

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Table 3

Percentage Distribution Showing the Occupational Status of Productive

Individuals (15 to 64 years old) of Barangay 394,


as of July 7, 2009

Occupational Status Frequency

(f)

Percentage

(%)

Employed 11 12.22%

Self-employed 30 33.33%

Unemployed 49 54.44%

Total 90 100%


Table 3 shows the frequency and rate of productive individuals. It is noted that

12.22% of the sample population is employed. This means that they have the ability to

support themselves to have the basic needs for everyday life. 33.33% of the productive

respondents are self-employed. This group has a less stable income and might have the

possibility to unemployment due to several factors like laws The respondents that fallsunder the unemployed category occupies the remaining 54.44% of the age bracket.

This reflects that there were only a few numbers of respondents in the age group that

has a definite and stable work. Since the employed respondents are less than the unemployed,

the dependent respondents will just pile up with the dependent group of the community

causing the economic status of most respondents to drop down to near poverty level which

indicates a major problem to consider in the community. This possibility might arise to

insufficient budget causing incapability to accommodate basic needs resulting to a low

capacity to rehabilitate themselves, poor hygiene or even severe illnesses.

This low unemployment rate can be lessened by conducting livelihood projects like

rug making and bag making for the target respondents. Government agency can also attend to

this to this problem by providing free trainings and vocational courses to orient the

respondents about the work they chose. Cooperative relationships and actions of both the

community and health team would be necessary to achieve a healthy lifestyle.

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Table 4

Percentage Distribution Showing the Types of Occupation

of Earning Individuals in Barangay 394, Zone 40,

District III of Manila as of July 7, 2009

Occupations Frequency(f)

Percentage(%)

Blue-collar

Vendor 20 48.78%

Driver 8 19.51%

Worker (Construction, Factory) 3 7.32%

Police 1 2.44%

Embalmer 1 2.44%

Rubber Stamper 1 2.44%

Service Crew 1 2.44%

White-collar

Nurse 2 4.88%

Government Employee 2 4.88%

Real Estate Agent 1 2.44%

Pink-collar

Florist 1 2.44%

Total 41 100%


Table 4 shows the percentage distribution of the types of occupation that the earning

individuals have. Majority of the respondents are vendors having a percentage of 48.78. On

the other hand, the least types of occupation all have 2.44% include the Police, Embalmer,

Florist, Real Estate Agent, Rubber Stamper, and Service Crew.

The occupations are categorized under blue, white, and pink collar. First, a blue collar

worker is a member of the working class who performs manual labor and earns an hourly

wage. Their work may be skilled or not, and may involve construction trades, mining,

manufacturing, mechanical work, and maintenance operations. Majority of our respondents

are under this category, like the vendors and drivers. They are prone to diseases, which can

easily be transferred by physical contact because they are exposed to many different people.

The same thing goes with the drivers; there are also physical contacts with other people. In

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addition, they are more likely to get involved in a vehicular accident. Their working

environment is exposed to different kinds of pollution, such as noise and air pollution, which

can lead to ear problems and respiratory diseases. There are also several construction and

factory workers in the community. They are doing very heavy works that may cause body

pains and fatigue. Their work may also cause accidents and Upper Respiratory Infections

(URI). Blue-collar jobs also include the embalmer, who is prone to inhaling fumes and

chemicals used in their job. Another occupation under the blue-collar job is the field police in

which their lives are always at risk. They are mostly involved in shootouts, in protecting the

citizen, and in chasing down the criminals, which may lead to major wounds in the body.

There is also a service crew in the respondents. Their work is mostly subjected in cleaning

their working place. They may also have physical contact with their customers. These blue-

collar works, in general, are exposed to unfavorable and dirty areas, and have physical

contact with different people. So, the health care providers may promote programs like

communicable disease control, proper hygiene, and sanitation techniques. Second, a white-

collar worker refers to an educated worker or a salaried professional who performs semi

professional office works, administrative and sales coordination tasks. This category includes

the nurses. They are more prone to health threatening diseases because they have contact

with the patients. Since they know that their health is at risk in their profession, they may do

preventive measures so that the disease of the patient will not be transferred to them. There is

also a real estate agent who is always in contact with various types people especially when

dealing with different clients. This member of the blue-collar job is also exposed to health

threatening diseases especially those infectious ones. Since they are less aware of their health

than nurses are, they must be specified by the necessary health information regarding the

probable illnesses that they may acquire. Lastly, a pink collar worker is employed in a job

that is considered to be a female occupation. The term arose to distinguish women in pink

collar works from white collar works because their work did not require as much professional

training. In this job, the workers are women, so the health care providers may suggest or

conduct maternal programs as well as programs concerning hygiene. And in the case of the

florist, she must also be aware if she has any allergy or other flower-pollen related illnesses

so that she can cope with her situation accordingly.

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Table 5

Percentage Distribution Showing the Average Income of Earning Individuals

Barangay 394, Zone 40, District III of Manila,

as of July 7, 2009

Income Per Month(Php)

Frequency(f)

Percentage(%)

< 1,000 5 12.20%

1,000 - 2,999 6 14.63%

3,000 - 4,999 14 34.15%

5,000 - 6,999 10 24.39%

7,000 - 8,999 1 2.44%

9,000 - 10,999 3 7.32%

11,000 - 12,999 0 0%

13,000 - 14,999 1 2.44%

15,000 above 1 2.44%

Total 41 100%


Table 5 shows that about sixty percent of the earning respondents have a monthly

income not greater than five thousand pesos (Php 5, 000); this implies that most respondents

are considered to be below the poverty line, while only about 39% of the respondents are

considered to be above the poverty line. Falling below the line, most of them do not receivethe right amount of money needed to comply with their basic needs. Having insufficient

funds to support their daily lives, the respondents cannot afford to spend anymore on their

health and wellness related concerns, thus, they become vulnerable to health complications

such as malnutrition, infections, and certain diseases, while only a few can meet their basic

needs and give attention on health concerns.

Poverty line refers to the cost of the basic food and non- food requirements (valued in

peso). In the Philippine official methodology, the poverty line maybe viewed as the

minimum income required meeting the food requirements and other non- food basic needs.

According to the National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB), to meet their most basic

food and non- food requirements, a Filipino family consisting of five members should be

earning a combined monthly income of Php 6,195. A breadwinner for a family of five

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members residing in the NCR (National Capital Region) is expected to have a more difficult

time raising his/ her family above poverty line if he/ she earn at most Php 265 per day. The

National Economic Development Authority (NEDA) gave a parallel assessment of the

countrys poverty line with that of the NSCB. According to NEDA, a Filipino should earn an

income of Php 40. 72 a day or earn Php 14, 866 annually.

Falling below the poverty line most of the communitys earning members struggle to

make ends meet, and there is even a possibility for them to turn to crimes to provide for their

families. In relation to Table 3, for every one hundred productive persons there would be

fifty persons depending on them, but in the community, not all productive individuals are

earning for those depending on them, thus worsening the situation.

In these cases, the earning individuals falling under the poverty line can look for ways

to increase their income such as engaging in part-time jobs, small businesses and livelihood

projects, or even consider education that maybe provided by the community. Another is for

them to cut their expenses, so teachings regarding saving and disease preventions are

important to be given to them.

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IV.

SOCIO-CULTURAL

INDICES

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Literacy Rate

No. of pop. 8 years old and above who can read and write

LR = ----------------------------------------------------------------------- x 100

Total no. of pop. 8 years old and above

= 102 x 100 = 99.03%

103

The computation shows that for every 100 individuals under the literacy group, there

is one who is not able to read and write.. This implies that almost all of the people under the

literacy group in the community have the ability to read and write which are the basic skills essential

for education.

As a result, it will be easier for the health care providers, as well as for the health

officials, to render information about health and wellness and to promote preventive

measures against common and chronic diseases. Furthermore, this will also lessen the

mortality and morbidity rates of the community.

Based on the gathered data, one of the respondents does not have any formal

education and he is also illiterate. In order to help him, the community may assist that

respondent in learning how to read and write. In addition to that, the community may also

carry out a program that can help other individuals who are also illiterate and can give

another chance to those individuals who want to continue their studies but are only hindered

by their poverty.

Table 6

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Percentage Distribution Showing the Educational Attainment of Individuals

(8 years old and above) Surveyed, Barangay 394,


as of July 7, 2009

Educational Attainment Frequency(f)

Percentage(%)

No Formal Education 1 0.97%

Elementary Level 13 12.62%

Elementary Graduate 5 4.85%

High School Level 37 35.92%

High School Graduate 26 25.24%

College Level 15 14.56%

College Graduate 6 5.83%

Total 103 100%


Table 6 shows the percentage distribution of the educational attainment of the

respondents 8 years old and above. Majority of them belong to the High School Level,

having a percentage of 35.92. Some of these respondents are currently studying in High

School Level while the others have stopped. Unfortunately, 0.97% of the respondents have

no formal education at all.

Education is a constantly changing phase. Every now and then, there are new ideas

and things that are discovered and modified. If an individual decided not to have any formal

education or not to continue his studies for several reasons, that individual might not enjoy

the benefits of having education and having to learn a lot of interesting things. It is very

important for an individual to have formal education because this will help them understand

the things that are currently happening to the surroundings. A respondent who graduated

from college or who have a higher educational attainment has the possibility of a betterfuture because they will have a stable work depending upon the course that they had pursued.

This will also make their lives easier because they know how to solve their problems and

they can find a way to provide their basic needs. In the case of the respondents who have

stopped, they should not just rely on the few things that they learned in school. They may

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actually take up free vocational courses offered by government agencies like TESDA, and

they may join free training for several jobs to help them support their families.

Table 7

Percentage Distribution Showing the Religion of Families Surveyed,


as of July 7, 2009

Religion Frequency

(f)

Percentage

(%)

Roman Catholic 44 88%

Protestant 4 8%

Iglesia ni Cristo 2 4%

Total 50 100%


The table shows that most of the respondents asked, specifically forty-four or eighty-

eight per cent of them, are baptized Roman Catholics. Eight per cent or four of the

respondents are Protestants and four per cent or two respondents are Iglesia ni Cristo.

All of the respondents are Christians. As Christians, they give big value to the gift of

life. They are more conscious of health conditions particularly because they respect the body

as the Temple of the Holy Spirit. The religion may have influenced how the respondents look

at health problems and how they respond to them. Sometimes, people rely too much on faith.

Christians, particularly, are driven and motivated by this strong faith. Their every action must

not deviate from their common concepts and beliefs and must always be parallel to their

faith. They believe that a Supreme Being or God would heal their health problems either

immediately or in a matter of time to the extent that they neglect consulting professional

help. Certain religious activities of the Catholics affect health conditions like their traditional

celebration of the feasts of saints and patrons in their religion. Fasting is also one of the

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activities wherein instead of eating their meals, they spend the time meditating, reflecting,

and talking to God. These may cause complications due to deficit or imbalanced diet or

nutritional intake. Programs like Health Education and Nutrition Information could be of

great help to the people living within the community.

Table 8

Percentage Distribution Showing the Place of Origin of Families Surveyed,


as of July 7, 2009

Place of Origin Frequency

(f)

Percentage

(%)

Luzon 26 52%

Visayas 12 24%

Mindanao 0 0%

NCR 12 24%

Total 25 100%


The table above shows that most of the respondents, fifty-two per cent of the sample

population or twenty-six respondents, are from the provinces of Luzon . Twelve respondents

or twenty-four per cent came from the Visayan region while no respondent is from Mindanao

. Twelve respondents or twenty-four per cent are from the National Capital Region.

A number of respondents are rooted in many different provinces of the country. Most

of them are from the provinces of Luzon . It is observable that the people from Luzon are

inconsiderably stingy. They set a tight budget even for the supplication of their basic needs.

Individuals from the Visayan Region generally are happy-go-lucky people. They have no

restrictions on the food they eat, often disregarding the negative effects of some foods.

Majority of the people residing in Mindanao are Muslims. They have a belief that they

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should avoid eating pork because pigs are dirty animals according to their religion. They do

not eat just any food but only Halal foods or meat products from animals butchered with

respect.

In general, the Filipinos have practices that they apply in their daily lives. They

sometimes eat with their bare hands. This may cause bacterial infections when proper hand

washing is not performed. Walking barefooted in the house could also cause infections

specially when there are open wounds in the lower extremities of the body. Health Education

emphasizing the proper nutrition, proper treatment and prevention of common diseases could

be considered to be worked out in the community.

Table 9

Percentage Distribution Showing the Length of Residency of Families Surveyed,


as of July 7, 2009


30

Length of

Residency

Frequency

(f)

Percentage

(%)

Below 6 mos 0 0%

6 mos to 1 year 0 0%

1 to 5 years 1 2%

6 to 10 years 6 12%

11 years and

above 43 86%

Total 25 100%


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Table 9 illustrates the average length of residency of the respondents in the

community surveyed. It was noted in the table that the bulk, 86%, of the respondents has

stayed at the community for 11 years or more while some even stated that they were already

at the community since their birth. The other respondents have stayed there for some quite

shorter time, like 1 to 10 years, but still long enough to be acquainted to the community.

The lengthy stay of the individuals in the said community provides them with the

necessary knowledge and information about the location and regulations in that region. They

are more familiar about the physical features as well as the common positive and negative

phenomena happening in the community so they are capable of moving to the places that

corresponds to their needs. They are already able to adapt in the environment and able to find

adequate solutions to the constant problems that they are encountering. The respondents have

gained stability in the region then the purpose of the community would just be the uplifting

of such stability to a much higher standard. It would be easier since the people are well

informed about their resources and their possible resolutions for the betterment of the

community. General meetings and community conferences aiming for the majoritys good

may be of great help not only for the betterment of the barangay as a whole but also for the

individual familys good. With the known information by the residents about the region, their

individual initiatives and right plan of the group, the community could enrich the

neighborhood and make the most out of all their resources.

In line with the communitys health status, the community most likely has the idea

about the different health services that are being offered by the health team. So for the part of

the heath personnel, it would be a lot easier to give the free services offered by the team since

the people are aware of their privileges while for the part of the individuals, they already

know where to go in times of health need and assistance. The relay of health information

will be a lot easier for well-oriented individuals but still the health team must still be readily

accessible and outreaching for everyone to promote healthy and well living.

Table 10

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Percentage Distribution Showing the Types of Housing of Families Surveyed,


as of July 7, 2009

Types of Housing Frequency

(f)

Percentage

(%)Makeshift 0 0%

Light 16 64%

Strong 1 4%

Mixed 8 32%

Total 25 100%


Sixteen families who comprise sixty-four per cent of the sample population have

houses built of light materials. One family, four per cent, has a house built with strong

materials, concrete and with strong walls and posts. Eight families, or thirty-two per cent,

have houses of mixed materials, wood and blocks, while no family is living in a makeshift

house.

The purpose of a house is to provide shelter to the residents. An ideal house is one

made of strong materials like blocks and bricks. A house made of light materials can not

efficiently protect the residents from harm. The roofs may not be able to stand heavy rains,

the walls may easily give in, and the house itself might collapse any time. Since the type of

housing is weak, the residents would be more vulnerable to diseases and health

complications. Moreover, when houses made of wood start a fire, it would most likely spread

to the neighboring houses; thus, the whole community would suffer loss of properties and

even physical injuries. On the other hand, living under strong houses gives residents comfort

and ease even during heavy rains or other calamities. The danger is, these strong materials

used for the house could collapse at an earthquake. This could also cause serious physical

injuries because such materials are heavy.

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Table 11

Percentage Distribution Showing House Ownership of Families Surveyed,

Barangay 394, Zone 40, District III of Manila

as of July 7, 2009

Ownership Frequency

(f)

Percentage

(%)

Rent-free 25 100%

Owned 0 0%

Rented 0 0%

Total25 100%

Analysis and interpretation:

Of the 25 families interviewed, 100% responded that their shelters are all rented free.

According to the local officials of Brgy.394, the land where the target area is located is

owned by the government. Under the Urban Land Reform and Housing section of the

Philippine Constitution, the government must provide shelter especially to the poor and

deserving citizens as part of social justice in the country. In this case, the City of Manila has

provided not actually a shelter, but an area where the said families can stay.

It is really advantageous on the part of the target residents to have a free place to be

called their home. Instead of spending money in renting a house, they can add it up on their

budget to further meet the basic needs of their families. It will be a burden for such indigent

citizens to purchase or rent a house to live at, especially most of them have unstable and

some have no job at all. It is, indeed, that through the privilege given to the residents of

Brgy.394, the families can save more money and at the same time, they can afford to supply

their everyday needs. They dont need to worry for paying a house rent but instead, they will

be more focus on fulfilling their necessities in life.

Based on Table 10, the house structures of most residents are made of used lumbers

and light materials. What further can be concluded is that, despite the fact of having a free

area to live at, the structure of their houses do not provide quality living. Therefore, the

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government should not only provide a location for such indigent families but as well as

quality and efficient place to be called a home

Table 12

Percentage Distribution Showing Ventilation of Houses of Families Surveyed,


as of July 7, 2009

Ventilation Frequency

(f)

Percentage

(%)

Adequate 8 32%

Inadequate 17 68%

Total 25 100%


This table shows the percentage distribution of the kind of ventilation that the houses

of the respondents have. Based on the given data,, 68% of the respondents have inadequate

ventilation in their houses while only 32% have adequate ventilation.

Ventilation is the circulation of air in an area. In houses with adequate ventilation, the

air can enter and go out easily because there are enough windows and air passages. The

respondents who are residing in these houses may feel relax and comfortable. On the other

hand, the respondents who are situated in a house with inadequate ventilation may feel more

tired, stressed, and not at ease because the temperature inside the house is above the normal.

Furthermore, it is said that viral contamination spreads rapidly in a closed environment.

Since majority of the respondents have houses with inadequate ventilation, there is a high

risk of disease spread inside their houses. This is due to the lack of air circulation inside the

house. Therefore, the virus is trapped inside and cannot find a way to go out.

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In order to help these respondents, the health care providers may start several

programs which include proper hygiene, sanitation techniques, and communicable disease

control to prevent the spread of disease.

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V.

ENVIRONMENTAL

INDICES

Table 13

Percentage Distribution Showing Water Supply of Families Surveyed,


as of July 7, 2009

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Level Frequency

(f)

Percentage

(%)

I. Point Source 0 0%

II. Communal Faucet System or Stand post 0 0%

III. Waterworks System 25 100%Total 25 100%


Table 13 shows that one hundred percent of the respondents get their water supply

from water works systems. Since they get their supply from water systems, there is quality in

the kind of water reaching them. It would be more accessible and requires less effort than

point sources or stand posts since water runs through the systems almost all the time. On theother hand, one disadvantage of water systems is that if there would be leaks in the pipes,

there would be contamination of the water used by the community, and it would take a lot of

time and resources to fix it.

In the area the residents store water in exposed and unclean areas. This kind of

storage makes their supply vulnerable to external harmful factors such as disease- causing

microorganisms. Because of this, the residents are very much at risk for water- borne

diseases and water related dermatological problems.

Water is one of lifes necessities. It is primarily used for drinking and cleaning. In

order to avoid problems concerning water, it would be best to make sure that the water you

will be using is clean or potable if for drinking, and keep its storage area clean and away

from contamination. For the community, maintenance of pipelines should always be

observed, and the reporting of leaks in the pipeline is necessary to prevent contamination.

Boiling and chemical disinfection of water should also be done in order to eliminate the

possible presence of microorganisms in water, thus, being sure of its quality and purity. For

the benefit of the respondents, health teachings about their water should be rendered so that

they can have the necessary information in treating and using water.

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Table 14

Percentage Distribution Showing Excreta Disposal of Families Surveyed,


as of July 7, 2009


Table 14 shows the types of excreta disposal and the number of families using such

kind of systems. The table shows that 88% (majority) of the respondents have level II pour

flush toilet for their excreta disposal but a more alarming data is its absence of any level III

flush toilets and even the presence of the so-called hole to the river system of disposal in

the community.

The presence of hole to the river system and absence of flush toilets signifies a poor

excreta disposal management in the community. A poor excreta disposal contributes to a

variety of diseases that may be due to the actual stool or the environment where in the stool

was disposed. The primary concern of the community would be the prevention of the spread

of such diseases. Although it cannot be made that every house should have a flush toilet, the

health center could help to stop or minimize the use of hole to the river system in the

community through teaching the proper heath information about the importance of proper

38

Excreta Disposal Frequency

(f)

Percentage

(%)

Level I Pit Latrine 2 8%

Level II Pour Flush Toilet 22 88%

Level III Flush Toilets 0 0%Balot System/ Wrap and Throw 0 0%

Others ( hole to the river) 1 4%

Total 25 100%


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excreta disposal for a healthy and clean living. Lectures about the proper means of disposing

excreta and about the adverse effects concerning health rooted to the incompliance to such

may be offered by the health personnel to give emphasis to the importance environmental

hygiene. As a community, the members of the population may also gather up and form a

group or an ordinance prohibiting the use of such kind of waste disposal. Through this and

the individual initiatives of the members of the population, the use of mentioned excreta

disposal will slowly be wiped out of the community, thus promoting a better environment

that is essential for a healthy community.

As for the majority who are using pour flush toilets, the importance of frequent and

proper hand washing is the focus of the community. The absence of a direct water supply in

pour flush toilets makes it prone to dirt and bacteria, which can easily cause diseases,

especially those concerning the digestive track, when ingested. To avoid the spread of fecal-

oral diseases are common to such kinds of toilets, hand-washing demonstrations and

teachings may be implemented in as a program in the community. Health seminars may be

conducted in the community to increase their awareness about the importance of hygiene to

their health and how hand washing could decrease the possibility of acquiring gastrointestinal

illnesses.

Table 15

Percentage Distribution Showing Garbage Disposal of Families Surveyed,

Barangay 394. Zone 40, District III

as of July 7, 2009

39

Garbage Disposal Frequency

(f)

Percentage

(%)

DPS (Collected) 25 100%

Open Dumping 0 0%

Burning 0 0%

Waste Segregation 0 0%

Total 25 100%


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In the 25 respondents of Brgy.394, 100% said that their garbage is being collected by

a waste disposal unit. The Republic Act No.9003, The Philippines Ecological and Solid

Waste Management Campaign makes way for the creation of organizations such as the

Department of Public Service, which is responsible for the proper management and disposal

of garbage. In line with that is the promotion of Presidential Decree 856, the Code on

Sanitation. It is the responsibility of each individual to maintain and observe cleanliness not

only inside their homes but as well as their surroundings. Through proper waste disposal, the

environment is not just only conserved but mostly, the spread of microorganisms and bacteria

causing diseases is being lessened. In the end, any form of violation against the promotion of

a healthy environment must be put into action. Such individuals must be educated and

properly informed about the importance of cleaning the environment.

To have a healthy body is to have a healthy and clean environment. It must be

everyones initiative to promote a healthy lifestyle through the maintenance of a surrounding

free from garbage and pollution.

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VI.

Health Indices

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The health indices reflect the health status, practices, trends, and health problems in

the community. It includes the following indices: first, the food storage which indicates if the

respondents place their food inside the refrigerator, or cover it to protect it from spoiling, or

just leave it exposed. It also gives the importance of food storage to avoid food

contamination. Second, the infant feeding practice, which discusses how the infants are being

fed by their parents. It shows if the infants are being breastfeed, bottle feed (evaporated,

condensed, powdered milk) or used a mixture of both types of feeding. It also discusses the

effects of the type of infant feeding to the susceptibility of the infants to infections and

diseases. Third is the immunization status of the infants among the respondents. In order to

be considered as a Fully Immunized Child (FIC), an infant must able to receive all the

necessary immunizations like BCG, DPT (1,2,3), OPV (1,2,3), HBV (1,2,3) and AMV. It

takes account of the number of children who are fully immunized, and also the reasons why

the respondents were not fully immunized or given immunization. Fourth, the health seeking

behavior of the respondent, which indicates the health institutions where the respondents go

and seek for medical advice and treatment to the health problems that they are encountering.

In addition to that, the main source of health information is also identified in this chapter.

And lastly, a comparative analysis of the 3 leading causes of morbidity at the Mabini Health

Center during the first half of 2008 and first half of 2009 is also discussed and interpreted.

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Table 16

Percentage Distribution Showing Food Practice of Families Surveyed,

Barangay 394 Zone 40, District III of Manila,

as of July 7, 2009

Food Storage Frequency

(f)

Percentage

(%)

Refrigerated 9 36%

Not Refrigerated 16 64%

a. Covered 14 87.5%

b. Exposed 2 12.5%

Total 25 100%


As shown in Table 16, there are nine families or thirty-six percent of the total who

keep their food in refrigerators. On the other hand, sixteen families or sixty-four percent do

not store their food on refrigerators. There is a greater percentage of people who dont keep

their food on refrigerators which then heightens the risk of food spoilage and

contamination. In that case, there were fourteen families who stated that they cover their food

though not refrigerated; and the remaining two families keep their food exposed in the open.

The table highlights the need for proper food storage and handling because food

sanitation is not adequate in the community. The food, when contaminated or spoiled, loses

its original nutritional value, texture, and flavor. Thus, the food becomes harmful to people

and unsuitable to eat. This can be caused by bacterial or fungal growth, infestations from

insects or rodents and the temperature of the surroundings. Once the food is not properly

stored, it would lead to an increase in the gastro-intestinal diseases existing in the

community.

In order to promote awareness regarding the right food practice, health lectures and

teachings may be conducted. The residents of the community should take note with the four

simple things to remember when it comes to proper food sanitation - starting with the Right

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Source. In order to ensure the safety of the food to be eaten, the ingredients like vegetables

and raw meat must be fresh and clean including the water to be used is potable and

decontaminated. Next, the Right Preparation: Hands must be washed thoroughly before

handling food. Then cross-contamination must be prevented wherein the fruits or

vegetables should not be prepared on surfaces used for the preparation of uncooked meats,

poultry or fish. The preparation surface and the utensils to be used must be clean and

sanitized to prevent contamination. Also, toxic substances should be well labeled and kept

away from the preparation area. Persons with skin infection, open sore or illness should not

handle food to prevent the transfer of disease. Third: the Right Cooking. The food must be

well-cooked to be able to kill the bacteria present in the food to be eaten. In this way, the risk

of food contamination is lessened. Lastly: the Right Food Storage. This is maintaining the

proper food temperature and storing the food in such a away as to keep it clean and safe prior

to the time it will be eaten. The food must also be covered well to prevent vermin entry and

contamination.

In the case of the sixty-four percent who do not store their food on refrigerators, they

should be aware of the amount of food to be cooked for the day. It should be just enough for

the whole family to consume wherein there would be no excesses. In this way, food spoilage

can be avoided and there would be no waste of money and time

Table 17

Percentage Distribution Showing Infant feeding Practice of Families Surveyed,

Barangay 394. Zone 40, District III of Manila

as of July 7, 2009

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Table 17 shows that of the two discovered infants in the 25 families surveyed, both

babies are said to be bottle fed. The parents have chosen to feed their babies with

commercially available milk products instead of the best feeding method for infants,

breastfeeding.

Executive Order 51, also known as the Milk Code states that breastfeeding is the

most far reaching and the least costly strategy for the alleviation of poverty. It provides

nutrients for the infants and is accessible as always. Instead of buying infant formulas,

breastfeeding must be promoted. It is not just favorable on the part of the family since it is

free, but it offers optimum nutrition in children. Infant formulas specifically powdered milk

usually contains pathogenic microorganisms that may disturb the normal body function of

infants. Thus, they must be prepared and used appropriately.

45

Type of Infant Feeding Frequency

(f)

Percentage

(%)

Breast Feeding 0 0%

Bottle Feeding 2 100%

a. Evaporated 0 0%

b. Condensed 0 0%

c. Powdered 2 100%

Mixed 0 0%

Total 2 100%


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In the case of the respondents, despite the fact that breastfeeding offers both health

and economic benefits, they have chosen to feed their babies with commercially available

infant formulas. They must be educated more on breastfeeding in accordance with R.A.7600,

The Rooming-In and Breastfeeding Act. This further encourages, protects and supports the

practice of breastfeeding especially for infants whose age ranges from 0-6 months.

Table 18

Percentage Distribution Showing Immunization Status of Children,

Barangay 394, Zone 40 District III of Manila,

as of July 7, 2009

Antigen Targeted Infants Accomplished Percentage

%

BCG 2 2 100%

HBV1 2 2 100%

HBV2 2 2 100%

HBV3 2 2 100%

DPT1 2 2 100%

DPT2 2 2 100%

DPT3 2 2 100%

OPV1 2 2 100%

OPV2 2 2 100%

OPV3 2 2 100%

AMV 2 1 50%

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The child is one of the most important assets of the nation and every effort should be

exerted to promote his welfare and enhance his opportunities for a productive and happy life.

This is according to the Presidential Decree 996 which is Providing for Compulsory Basic

Immunization for Infants and Children below eight years of age - Wherein, children can be

protected against death, disease, and disability through an integrated and comprehensive

basic immunization program. Together it works with Presidential Proclamation No. 46,

Reaffirming the Commitment to the Goal of Child Survival Thru Immunization on Polio

Eradication,; Presidential Proclamation No. 6, Implementing a United Nations Goal on

Universal Child Immunization by 1990. and Republic Act 7846, An Act Requiring

Compulsory Immunization Against Hepatitis-B For Infants and Children Below Eight (8)

Years Old. Thus, basic immunization shall include: (a) BCG Vaccination against

tuberculosis and leprosy to be given anytime after birth; (b) DPT Inoculation against

diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus, (c) Immunization against Hepatitis B, (d) Oral

poliomyelitis immunization - which are all given 6 weeks after birth with one month

interval; (e) AMV or protection against measles to be given on the ninth month; and (f) such

other basic immunization services which is in accordance with the Department of Health.

With the above mentioned statement, mothers should make sure that their children are

Fully Immunized in the given time period and interval or at the time the infant reaches the

age of one year old.

In relation with Table 18, there are two infants (children 0-12 months), from two

different families in the reference population out of the twenty-five families surveyed. The

eleven month infant was able to receive all the necessary immunizations and therefore

considered as a Fully Immunized Child (FIC). On the other hand, the other infant which is

seven months of age was not yet given the AMV for it shall be given nine months after hisbirth.

Table 19

Percentage Distribution Showing Health Seeking Behavior of Families Surveyed,


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as of July 7, 2005

Health Facility Frequency

(f)

Percentage

(%)

Hospital 2 8%

Health Center 22 88%

Clinic 1 4%

Total

25 100%


As presented in table 19 are the health institutions, the respondents seek for their

health and medical concerns. Majority or eighty- eight percent of them go to the health center

to meet their health needs, being the most accessible health provider in the community, while

eight percent go to hospitals, and four percent go to clinics.

The health center, unlike other institutions, provides free health services to the

community, which is very suitable for the respondents since most of them fall below the

poverty line, in accordance with Table 5. One of the advantages of seeking health centers is

that the center could readily implement the programs given by the Department of Health to

the community, which is of advantage to the respondents. The centers manpower usually

consists of a physician, dentist, nurses, and barangay health workers; together they provide

the services needed by the community.

Providing health services to the communities for free, health centers should be one of

the governments priorities, since it is one of the institutions directly connected with the

communitys needs. Its facilities should always be maintained and improved as well as its

manpower to bring quality in the services provided to the community.

Table 20

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Percentage Distribution Showing the Source of Health Information Of Families

Surveyed, Brgy. 394 Zone 40, District III of Manila,

as of July 7, 2009

Source Frequency(f)

Percentage(%)

Hospital 0 0%

Health Center 9 36%

Media 16 64%

Total 25 100%


Table 20 shows that sixteen families or sixty-four percent of the twenty-five families

chose the Media as their primary source of health information. This can be through the

television, radio, newspapers and the like. The media is likely the most influential when it

comes to dispersing information to the public and also because of it convenience. The only

conflict is that there is no interpersonal connection between the respondent and the media.

There wouldnt be consultations and follow-up questions regarding the dispersed

information.

The remaining nine families, which comprises thirty-six percent of the total said that

they get information regarding health issues and concerns in the Health Center. It ranked next

to the Media due its accessibility the walking distance location from the target population

and the understandable approach and medium of instruction used of which the residents

main language is Tagalog and therefore this is the language used by the healthcare providers

in the Health Center to communicate. Thus, an interpersonal connection occurs between the

respondent and the healthcare provider. They are able to give free consultations and

questions that are brought up are answered in the right manner for they are the ones who are

knowledgeable in the specific field. Other means of providing health information in the

Health Center are through posters, flyers, pamphlets, health teachings and seminars. The

poster, flyers and pamphlets, which tackles about new diseases and health issues are posted

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or distributed to promote health awareness. Likewise, the health teachings and seminars

educate the residents of the community about the early preventive measures, right treatment

and care and to the steady maintenance of health.

Lastly, there are none of the respondents who considered the Hospital as their primary

source of information. They seldom go to hospitals usually just in cases of the severity of

the diseases and due to its distance and travel time.

Table 21

Comparative Analysis of the 3 Leading Causes of Morbidity at the

Mabini Health Center during January to June of 2008 and

January to June of 2009

Diseases

Jan June

(2008)Number

Jan June

(2009)Number

Percent

Difference(%)

URI/ Bronchitis 790 719 8.99 %

Diarrhea 50 74 48%

Pneumonia 35 44 25.71%

Figure 21

Comparative Analysis of the 3 Leading Causes of Morbidity at the

Mabini Health Center during January to June of 2008 and

January to June of 2009

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Table 21 shows the comparative analysis of the top 3 diseases at the Mabini Health

Center from January June of years 2008 and 2009. First in rank is the Upper Respiratory

Infection which includes Bronchitis. In many cases, Bronchitis develops as a complication of

the common colds. In others, allergy plays a role. Furthermore, exposure to cold environment

without proper clothing or adaptation may lead to Bronchitis. The body resistance is lowered,

and the germs take advantage of the opportunity to break through the productive tissues.

Cigarette smoking is also one of the major factors that contribute to the occurrence of

Bronchitis. There are certain irritants such as coal dust, cotton fibers, and asbestos fibers that

are carried by the air into the lungs that aggravate this disease.

There is an 8.99% decrease of the known cases of URI/Bronchitis from the first halfof 2008 and the first half of 2009. This decrease of number manifests that there is only a

minimal change in the health status of the community since last year. It is possible that there

is a decrease in number of cigarette smoker in the community, the ventilation improved, and

they learned sanitation and hygiene practices that contributed to its decrease. However, these

are not enough to eradicate it in the list of the top 3 diseases in the community.

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The health care providers may continue programs for the maintenance of good health.

In addition to that, they may also suggest on providing programs and seminars about the bad

effects of cigarette smoking in the health of the whole community as well as the disease

Bronchitis.

Second in rank is Diarrhea. It is the watery or soft excretion of feces for more than 3

times a day. It is usually caused by eating food and drinking water that are contaminated with

disease germs that came from flies that are common especially during the warm climates.

There is a significant increase of 48% in the number of cases of Diarrhea from

January June of 2008 to January June of 2009. Food storage may be one of the factors

that caused the increase. Table 16 shows that 64% do not have refrigerators, thus the food

may get easily spoiled and contaminated. Another factor that may cause diarrhea, especially

in infants and young children, is contaminated milk. Based on table 17, 100% of the parents

of the infants in the surveyed community feed their babies with powdered bottled milk. There

is a high risk of contamination in this activity because of the carelessness in preparing the

milk. In addition, there are cases when spoiled milk is given to the baby, and this can

definitely cause diarrhea. In other children, overindulgence to candy, soft drinks, pastry, or

unripe or overripe fruit may be responsible to diarrhea, while in adults, the cause may be

these or other indiscretions in diet.

In order to help them, the health care providers may start and emphasize

Environmental Sanitation programs, which include Food and Water Sanitation program in

the community. The respondents must be educated to promote proper food and water storage.

They must boil their drinking water. However, health care providers prefer breastfeeding for

the first six months of the babies. Moreover, to avoid food spoilage that may further lead to

diarrhea, they must learn to cook food just enough for one meal. The health care providers

may also promote the use of Oral Rehydration Salt or ORESOL which is a kind of drink thatsubstitutes to the lost water in the body due to diarrhea. If ORESOL is not available, one may

prepare a home made ORESOL using one mixture of one liter of boiled water, 1 tsp of salt,

and 4 tsp of sugar.

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In general, the community must be taught about the hygienic practices that may

prevent diarrhea as well as other diseases. These include proper washing of the hands before

and after eating, drinking and eating in a clean place, right storage and cooking of food, right

way of disposing garbage, and maintaining a clean environment.

Third in rank is Pneumonia. It is a disease of the lungs in which delicate lung tissue

becomes acutely infected. There is noticeable increase of 25.71% in the number of known

causes of Pneumonia from the first half of 2008 until the first half of 2009. Since most of the

houses of the respondents have inadequate ventilation, the transmission of the viral disease is

easier and thus, contributes to the high number of Pneumonia cases in the community.

In order to decrease the number of cases of Pneumonia in the community, the health

care providers may conduct health teachings about Pneumonia as well as Communicable

Disease Control programs. These may also include a lecture about general supportive care

like bed rest, adequate fluid intake, mild diet that is high in protein and vitamins, and

hydrotherapy.

VII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

Community is a social group determined by location, norms, and interests; the

members interact with each other socially and functions collectively to create founding

values and institutions. Health problems inevitably arise within a community. That is why it

calls for the need of a diagnosis. Community Diagnosis is an essential process to undertake in

order to have an understanding about the communitys demographic, socio-economic-

cultural, health resources, and environmental conditions. This would be of big help in

effectively promoting health actions and programs to the community.

After seven days of community exposure, the student nurses have obtained pertinent

data to diagnose and conclude the health conditions of the community. They had found out

that majority of the respondents are single and are dominated by females. The data gathered

also shows that many of them are unemployed and that they economically fall below the

poverty line, most having a monthly income of 3,000-4,999 Pesos. Majority of the employed

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productive respondents are vendors who are under the blue collar class. The data reflects that

most of the respondents had attended high school and also, most are Catholics. It is shown

that a number of respondents came from Luzon areas and most had lived in the community

for eleven years and above. The houses of all the respondents are rented-free. They are

commonly made of light materials and also have inadequate ventilation. The water of the

respondents is supplied through waterworks system. Most of them also use pour flush toilets

and they dispose their garbage through DPS collection. Regarding their health status, the

gathered data shows that most respondents do not have refrigerators. Furthermore, most

mothers patronize bottle-feeding rather than breast feeding; however, the mothers have had

their children receive complete immunization for their childrens protection. According to the

data of morbidity in Mabini Health Center, the top leading cause of morbidity in the

community is Bronchitis. The student nurses also found out that the respondents seek help

from the health center whenever they experience deviations on their health. Also, the data

shows that almost all respondents receive health information from television and newspapers.

Having collected such data from the community pointing to poor health conditions,

there is therefore a need for the cooperation and interaction of the sectors involved .

The authorities should implement laws and give adequate budget that would support

the delivery of quality healthcare. The health sector should ensure that laws and budget are

being rendered efficiently and the community should respond to the given programs and do

their best to improve and maintain their health. Through the joined effort of the three sectors

it is expected that the condition of the people in the Barangay will be uplifted and therefore

the problems in the community would be diminished.

VIII. PROBLEMS IDENTIFIED

After seven days of exposure, the student nurses were able to assess the condition of

Barangay 394, Zone 40, District III of Manila. The major problems identified in the

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community focused on two aspects, namely: environmental and socio-economic status of the

area.

Environment is an important element in life as it affects every phenomenon and every

action that takes place. The environmental condition, for instance will reflect the possible

health status of each individual. In the study conducted, the student nurses were able to

identify the environmental problems present in the community such as:

1. Insufficient Ventilation . It was seen in the respondents individual houses, which are

mainly constructed from light materials without having sufficient passageway for air

circulation. In this case, the people are not able to work efficiently towards

productivity. Furthermore, the lack of enough ventilation would cause rapid

transmission of viral diseases.

2. Poor Hygiene and Sanitation Practices . This is considered as one of the major

problems that needs priority in the community. Despite the free water supply, the

respondents do not observe proper water storage and sanitation with the common

pour flush kind of toilets in the area. Moreover, it is a fact that one of the families

dispose their wastes directly to the river. The residents are not able to practice proper

hygiene efficiently as manifested by the overcrowding of families within a house.

3. Light Structural Foundation of Houses . Safety of the family members is not assured

since their houses are made up of light materials that cannot provide sufficient

protection for the individuals especially in the occurrence of natural disasters.

Likewise, Socio-Economic factors also play an important role in the general condition

of the community. These factors affect the residents way of living, one way or another

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relating with the above mentioned environmental factors. The following are the identified

socio-economic factors in the study conducted:

1. Poverty . This was the observable state in the community studied. With the

said condition, the residents do not have enough money to take care of basic needs

such as food, clothing, and housing. Thus, more problems would arise. Instead of

giving priority to their health needs, they are likely directed to providing their basic

necessities disregarding other important needs.

2. Low Educational Attainment . Most of the residents in the area are

undergraduates. In that case, they do not have permanent jobs and therefore leads to

an increase in the unemployment status of the community.

3. Unemployment . Due to the low educational attainment, there are no stable

jobs and thus resulting to unemployment. With more than half of the population of

the community being unemployed, they have no steady and enough income to suffice

the needs of the family.

4. Health Unawareness . The knowledge of the residents regarding the right

health practices are inadequate and are often mislead by wrong health practices. This

is usually caused by their limited range of information learning merely from what

they only hear or see from other people. Hence, there is a great possibility in

increasing the morbidity rate of the community.

IX. SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the problems identified in the respondents of Barangay 394, the student nurses

recommend further cooperation among the family, community and health officials of the

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government in the maintenance and promotion of both the health and well-being of the

population.

1. Family and Community. Each family must learn to care of themselves chiefly through

the practice of proper hygiene and sanitation. They must focus on the maintenance of

a clean environment to prevent the possible spread of microorganisms that may lead

to different infections and diseases. Being the basic unit of the community, they must

learn to communicate and cooperate with other families; higher organizations and

health teams through the establishment of different beneficial programs that may help

uplift the status of the community.

2. Barangay Health Officials. Giving primary health assistance to the community, they

may implement programs that may help develop the practice of good hygiene,

promotion of well ventilation and proper food preparation. Seminars and health

information dissemination headed by the health care providers will be of great help.

Conducting monthly visits in each barangay to further assess the condition of the

community can also be held.

3. Government. For the government itself, they must provide the sufficient budgets to

the community and health departments to meet the physiologic needs of each

community. It would be better if they could construct income-generating programs to

help the people in their economic deficiencies. They may develop lectures and

seminars concerning the identified problems for the betterment of the community.

The government must focus on increasing the livelihood of the members of the

community so that each family can further meet the basic necessities in life and in theend, will help promote a healthy living.

4. Health Care Providers. As the ones knowledgeable in the field of providing health

care, the health care providers should always be prepared in times of sickness in the

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community. They must earn the trust of the residents by providing quality healthcare

and doing the best of their abilities. In the health center, they may conduct pre-clinic

lectures every morning before admitting patients to be able to maximize their time in

giving the residents the health information they need. Likewise, they may also

implement programs that would increase the knowledge and awareness of the

residents regarding health issues and concerns.

Pictures of Barangay 394, Zone 40,District III of Manila

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Barangay 394s Barangay Hall


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Communit s entrance oint

Houses of barangay 394s surveyed respondents


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One of the sari-sari stores in the communit

Layered houses in the community


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Vacant lot beside Guzman College Institute of

Science and Technology

Pipe meters supplying the water of the entire

community


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Tunnel formed b com artmented houses

Public toilet found in the community


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Creek found beside the surveyed community

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22594408 Communuty Diagnosis

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