2,3 Urban & Transport.pdf

MANAGEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNITY

DEVELOPMENT

Urban

Transportation

Networks

Jurusan Teknik Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota

STTNAS Yogyakarta

Sistem Infrastruktur dan Transportasi

TPS 505 Semester V 3 sks

Pengampu : Iwan Aminto Ardi, S.T.Reference sources : Mark Zuidgeest

MANAGEMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

Land use and transport

Urban areas are transport land use systems

Complex entities with a multitude of functions.

System where locations and spatial accumulation form land uses.

Urban land use:

Expresses the attributes of the urban space.

Attempts to interpret spatial elements and their interrelations.

This system is highly complex and includes several relationships.

Each urban area is part of a sub-system including the transport system, spatial interactions and land use.



Land use and transport

Conceptual overview

The relationships between transport and land use have been investigated for a long time and subject to numerous approaches.

Von Thunen, concentric ring model, sector/nuclei

Formal Land Use Functional Land Use

Bungalows

Park

Factories

Shopping center

Apartments

Low density residential

Leisure

Industrial

Commercial

High density residential



Von Thunens regional land use model

Isolated State Modified Conditions

Livestock farming

Three-field system

Crop framing, fallow

and pasture

Crop farming without

fallow

Firewood and lumber

production

Market gardening and

milk production

Navigable river

Central city



Transport and urban form

Urban form The form of a city greatly influences and is

influenced by travel patterns, origins and destinations.

The dense urban cores of many European, Japanese and Chinese cities enable residents to make 30 to 60 percent of all trips by walking and cycling.

The dispersed urban form of Australian and American cities encourages reliance on the car.

There is a wide variety of urban forms and urban transport systems.

Impact of the private car An increasing number of cities worldwide seem to be

developing at a scale that increases reliance on the privately owned automobile.

Dispersion is taking place in many different types of cities.



The key

relationships

between transport

and urban form

David Banister Unsustainable Transport Jurusan Teknik Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota


Evolution of the activity system of a city

FinancialInsuranceWarehousing

FinancialRetailingWholesaling

IndustrialTransportWarehousing

FinancialRetailing

TransportWholesaling

A

IndustrialWarehousingWholesalingTransport

B C

Core activities Central activities Peripheral activities



Transport and urban form

Urban form, in turn, affects the demand for travel and the

efficiency/effectiveness of different forms of transport

km

passengers

1 2

3

4

5a

5b1 - non-motorized transport

2 - ind. transport (car)

3 - bus

4 - Light Rail Transit (LRT)

5a - metro

5b - urban rail



Evolution of transport and urban form, technological

impacts

Historically, transport has shaped the size and spatial configurations of urban areas

In particular, as transport technology (modes of transport as well as the transport system) has changed, cities have been able to grow dramatically in size+

Law of Constant Travel Time

I - Walking-horsecar era (1800-1890)

II - Streetcar era (1890-1920)

III - Automobile era (1920-1945)

IV - Freeway era (1945-)

I

II III IV



Road Highway Activity centre

Type I - completely motorised network



Road

Highway

Activity centreTransit line

Type II - weak center



Road Highway Activity centreTransit line

Type III - strong centre



Road

Highway

Activity centreTransit line

Type IV - traffic restraint



Network Structures

Centralized Decentralized Distributed

This slide is courtesy of Jean-Paul Rodrigue Jurusan Teknik Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota


Transport Structures

Hub / InterfaceFeeder

Warehousing

Financial / Insurance

Retail / Wholesale

Distribution

Node

LinkFlow

Corridor



Centrifugal and Centripetal Networks

Centrifugal Centripetal



Point-to-Point and Hub-and-Spoke Networks

Point-to-Point Hub-and-Spoke

Hub



Impacts of Integration Processes on Networks and FlowsN

etw

ork

Flo

ws

Before Integration After Integration

International border



Cost, Revenue and Level of Network Coverage

5

37

4

10

Cost: 10

Revenue: 15

Benefit: 5

A

Cost: 12

Revenue: 18

Benefit: 6

B

Cost: 14

Revenue: 25

Benefit: 11

C

Cost: 19

Revenue: 29

Benefit: 10

D



Transport Rates and Network Structure

Low Average High

Rate



Topology of a Network

Node

Link

Unidirectional link

Bi-directional link

Entry and exit

Exit

Entry



Types of Network Topology

Mesh Hub-and-Spoke

Linear Tree



For each node to be linked to another node

Even number of nodes Odd number of nodes

For all the nodes to be linked together

For each node to be linked to all other nodes Number of possible combinations

Network Geometry and Number of Links



Topology and Network Connectivity

Ave

rag

e P

ath

Len

gth

Network Length

Min

imu

m N

etw

ork

Fu

lly C

on

nec

ted

Net

wo

rk

Geographic Barrier

A

B or C

D

A

B

C

D



Typology of Transportation Networks - I

Number of edges and nodes

14

5

63

2

Orientation and extent

Abstraction level

Concrete Abstract

Relative location

7 6

5

4

3

2

1



Typology of Transportation Networks - II

Distance, road type and control of

the vehicle

HighwaySecondary road

125 km90 km

Modes and Terminals

Road

Maritime

Volume and directionType of traffic

Continuous

Divided

PortRailyard

Rail

Depot

100

50



Typology of Transportation Networks - III

Type of correspondence

Hierarchical

Non- hierarchical

Pattern

Random

Mesh

Linear

Change (dynamics)

Load and capacity

0.3

0.7

0.5

0.9

0.7



Transport Networks and Space

Transport Network

Space

Accessibility



Mode of Territorial Occupation by Transport Networks

Clearly defined Vaguely defined Without definition

Road

Rail Air corridor

Cellular coverage

Overlap



A B C

D E F

Network Strategies to Service a Set of Locations



Absolute and Relative Distance in a Network

10 km 30 minutes



Networks and Spatial Continuity

A B

C



Network Performance

While there are many issues involved in network performance, the key issue is time. How quick does your system need to be?

How long should it take to move through the network?

How frequent must the connection be?

What capacity is required?

This slide is courtesy of Alan Hoffman Jurusan Teknik Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota


Poorly Adaptive Transit

For cities that are already dispersed, transit that fails to adapt to the urban form will

find it much harder to influence future growth, since it is not perceived as terribly

useful by most.



Strongly Adaptive Transit

Transit services that are highly adapted to existing urban form can begin to exert a

stronger influence on future urban form. The hybrid transit metropolis develops this special kind of harmony.

Before



Strongly Adaptive Transit

Transit services that are highly adapted to existing urban form can begin to exert a

stronger influence on future urban form. The hybrid transit metropolis develops this special kind of harmony.

After



Dense Corridors

Dense corridors may justify an investment in fixed guideway transit, since so many

trip needs can be met with a single line.

Mile



Dispersed Corridors

In cities characterized by low-density dispersal, corridor-focused systems end up

being inconvenient for most trips.



Dispersed Corridors

The secret to providing urban-adaptive transit in dispersed areas is flexibility. This

can still be done with fixed infrastructure.



Total Traffic

Generated

(Vehicle

Miles)

100% 200% 300%

Doubling Population: Impacts

Existing: Low

Density

Expand Area

at Half Density

Same Area,

2X Density


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