of 18
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Such wns
the
life
I
led
from about
the time I
unr
iâ,EntEEn
Ëntil
I war
twenüy.
Finally
my
parrnts'
senre of
responsibility
eompclled
mc,
âgainrt
my
will, I
confess,
to give
up
the
allurements
of
the soft
ltib
rnd forced
me to
take a
wife.
The
ancient name
of
her house rves
rnore
impresrive
than
its
estate, which at the
tirre
was
burdened
with
problems
becausc
of
lack
of
attention from
its
aged owner.
A young
grandchild
who
had
survived
her
father succeeded
to
it, and later
yielded
to my
nuptial torches.
Once
I had
decided
to
bear the burden
laid upon
me, in
only
a few days
I
\Mas
content,
aided by the
ardor
of youth and a
zealous
spirit, to enjoy
the
establishment
I
had
acquired.
Quickly
I
forced myself and
my
people
to
exchange seductive
idleness
for
unaccustomed
activity.
Some of
them I chal-
lenged
with
the example
of
my
own
labor, but
others
I
compelled against
their
will with
the
severity
of a master. And
so, actively
pursuing
the
duties of
my new
situation, I immediately took action to
bring
the
fallow
lands under
cultivation
and
to renew the
exhausted vineyards
with
prompt
attention,
once
I had
learned how.
And I
was first to
pây
my tax obligations ât the
appointed
time,
willingly and of my orü/n accord
-
something
that
seems to
many
â
particulaù
bitter
pill to
swallow;
but
thereby I quickly assured myself of
leisure
to
expend later
upon
private
relaxation.
Paulinus describes the
luxury
of
his household.
As
much
as I enjoyed
pleasing
and welcome amenities,
the
great
devotion
I
had for my
parents
was dearer
still and outweighed them all.
It
bound
me
with
a tie of
overwhelming love,
so
thât
for
the greâter part
of
a
year
we kept
them company, ân ârrangement we
all wanted and
found
rewarding.
Would
that this way
of
life
granted
to us
might
have lasted
longer
by
the
bountiful
gift
of Christ and that
also
the earlier period of
peace
might have
continued.
In so many
rrr/ays
my youth
could
have
done
with the constant
attention
of
my
father's experience, and my education
could
have been fur-
thered
by good
models. But
the completion
of
the third decade
of
life
[a.
4o6]
was
marked
by the
unhappy onset
of
wvo
afflictions.
In
a public
câtâstro-
phe mourned
by
everyone, enemies
were poured
into the
guts
of
the Roman
realm. This
coincided
with
a
private misfortune,
the
death
and funeral of my
father.
For the
last days
of
the end
of
his
life
accorded almost exacdy
with
the
time
when
the
peace was
broken.
But for
me the.destruction
caused to my
home
by the
ravages
of
the
enemy,
though
in
itself
considerable,
was lighter
by
far than the
immeasurable
grief caused by
the death of
my father. He
made
both homeland and home itself
dear
to me. For we had
such
genuine
mutual respect for each
other that
we lived
as
if there were
no
age difference
between us
and our friendship
surpassed that
of friends of the same age.
TER
FOUR
TF{ E
ANTIOUE
CHRON
TCLE
TR.ADNTXONI
I N
TI..NE
FIFTH
AND
SNXTI_N CENTUR.NES
'llwr
,rrc
uo
extensiue nanatiue
histories
Jor
the
fifth
century. Coitemporary
historians
ild
tlul
tuith
euents
under the
western emperors
during
this
period,
but
their
works,
,0r,,rli,?,(§
o.f
eastern
provefiance,
suruiue
as
fragments
embedded
in later sources
(see
ilt
27,
Jt).
For complete examples oJ western historical writing
in
thefiJth
ce,xtu{y
-
antl
.litr
many of that
period\
events
and
much of its chronology
-
we haue
to loole
to
iltnntilcs.
()hronicles
became
a signficant
form
oJ
historical writing
in the western empire in
the
.liurth
century under the infiuence of the work l
8/18/2019 233702093 the Chronicle of Prosper of Aquitaine the Gallic Chronicle of 452 the Chronicle of Marius of Avenches
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16.
PROSPER OF
AQUITAINE
Prosper
oJ
Aquitaine
(or
ProsJter Tiro) was d natiue
oJ
Giaut
who
tpent
nuu'lr
ü'
his
aduh
lfe in Rome.
He may
haue held an impofiant
position
in
papal drcles,
possibly
dying in
463.
Pyosper
was deeply inuolued
in the
theological disputes
of his
rlay in
both
Caul and Rome,
especially thase concerning grace and
free
will. Hk
ehronicle
is
just
one oJhis
works,
Itwas
conceiueil as an abbreyiation
of thefamous chronicle oJJerome,
with
an
original continuation
by
Prosper
himselJ
that
began
in j78;it
was composed
in
a number of editions between
4y
and
455.
Prosper\
chronicle was infiuenced .by
another
Jorm
of
contemporary
historical
recoril-
keeping,
consulay
annals.
Sinæ Republican times, the
year
in Roman practice
had
been
named'after the two consuls
who
took
ffice
on
t
January;by
late imperial
conuention,
one consul was
named
from
the West and one
ÿom
the East. Lists
of these
consuls cir-
culated,
often with
octasional and brieJ annotations
that might be used by chroniclers or
historians; suruiving
examples of
annals
sometimes
contain ytrecise
dates
for
important
public
euents.
Proslter
adopted consular chronology
for
his
chronicle,
combining it with
a
system
of his own
deuising that
numbered
years
from
Christ\
crucifixion.
In
the excerpts below,
a
selection
of the
years
Jor
the
eailier
portions
of Prosper\
continuation is giuen. From
the
year
4og
the
chronicle is complete;
the
years
»ith
con-
suls
but no euents
giuen
in Mommsen's edition
haue
been
omitted.
No attempt
has
been
made to
distinguish
uarious
recensions,
but
in
a couple of cases I haue
giuen
vari-
ants.
I
haue
combined
the dating schemes into one
line:
the
number
oJ
the
years
from
Chrbt\
passion,
followed
by the names (usually
two) of the
consuls
for
the
year
in
question. Prosper\ dating can
readily be incorporated
into
the later anno
domini
scheme of dating, which has
been
placed
in the
margin.
Source:
Prosperi
Tironis epitoma chronicon,
ed. Th.
Mommsen,
Clronlca
Mitora r,
MGH
AA
9
(r892), pp.
385-485.Translation
by
A.C.
Murray.
a.37e Year
352
[from
Christh passion].Âusonius
and Olybrius
[consuls].
-
...In this
period,
Priscillian, bishop of Gallaecia, established from the
dogma
of the
Manichees
and Gnostics the heresy bearing his name.
a.
i8r
Year
354.
Syagrius and Eucherius.
Martin,
bishop of the,city of Tours in Gaul, was famous for many
exam-
ples
o[
miracles...
a.
382
Year
355.Antonius
and
Syagrius.
Athanaric, king
of the Goths, was killed at Constantinople
on
the
fifteenth
day after he had
been received
thcre...
a.
384
Year
357.
Richomer
and C)learclrus.
Honorius,
the
son ofTheod«rsius
wrs
born.
§iriciur'pr$ided
over thê Romen
church Efter Drnnnrut ü
tha
thirry*ixth
buhop'
In
Britein Maximus
wâs medc empercr by
a mudny
of
the
loldiers,
He
;6Etl
crïri3ed
ov€r to Gaul.
Gratian
was dcfcatcd at
Parii through
the
treach-
Ë{
of thc
mester of
the
soldiers, Merobaudes, end
f,eeing
was
captured
and
lÉlled
at
Lyons.
Maximus
mâde his sonVictor
his colleague
in
power.
Valentinian
[l],
forty-second
emperor,
reigned
for I
years with Theodo-
liur,
Ye.r
ish.
nt
adius and Bauto,
,,,Priscillian,
knowing
he
would be condemned
at the Synod
of Bordeaux,
rpperled
to
the
emperor
[Maximus].
He was tried
at
Trier and, along
with
Ettcltnltia,
wife
of Delfidius
the teacher of
rhetoric,
Latroniânus, and
other
Psrtners
in
his
error,
wâs
put
to
death by
Euvodius,
Maximus's
praetorian
pref'ect,At
Bordeaux a
cefiatî
disciple
of
Priscillian called Urbica
was
stoned.
to
dcatl'r
on account
of
her
pbstinate
impiety
by an unruly
mob.
Yelr
3fir.Theodosius
for the
second time and
Cynegius.
'l'he
usurper
Maximus,
despoiled
of his royal
garments, appeared
before
Vele
tttinian
and
Theodosius at
the
third
milestone
from Aquilea
and
was con-
deurned
to
death.
His
sonVictor
was
killed
in
Gaul by Count
Arbogàst
in the
mnlc
yeâr.
Yclr
36z.Timasius
and
Promotlls.
llishops
Itacius and lJrsacius,
on account
of
the
destruction of
Priscillian,
wlrose
accusers they
were, were
deprived
of
the
communion
of the
church.
Yeur
365.Arcadius
for
the second
time
and
Rufinus.
'l'he
extreme
severiry
of
Arbogast,
master of
the soldiers, droveValentinian
tnt()
committing
suicide
at Vienne
by
hanging
himself. On
the
death
of
Valcntinian,
Arbogast, who
was burdened
with
the
way the emperor
died, as
corrrrnander of
the
army, made
Eugenius emperor
in Gaul'
'I'heodosius,
forry+hird
emperor, already
in
power
for
14 years,
reigned
for
I
yclrs
with
his
sons
Arcadius
and Honorius.
Yclr
367.Arcadius
for the third time
and Honorius
for the second.
.fohn
the
hermit monk
was renowned.
He
had been
granted the
gift
of
prophecy and
predicted that
Theodosius,
who
was consulting
him
on
the
outcome
of
the campaign
he
was
mounting
against Eugenius, would
be
vic-
lorious.
8/18/2019 233702093 the Chronicle of Prosper of Aquitaine the Gallic Chronicle of 452 the Chronicle of Marius of Avenches
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â.3ej
Year
368.
Olybrius
end
Prrbinur,
Theodosius
defeated
and
killed
Eugcnius,
Augustine,
the
disciplc
of
the
blessed
Ambrose
and
eminent
ln
eloquence
and
learning,
was
made bishop
at
Hippo
in Africa'
At this
time, Claudian,
the
distinguished
poet, became
well known.
Theodosius
died
at
Milan.
Arcadius,
forty-fourth
emperor,
already
in power
fot tz
yeats, reigned
13
years with
his brother
Honorius...
a.4o6
Year
379.Arcadius
for
the sixth
time
and
Probus.
vandals
and
Alans crossed
the
Rhine
and
entered
Gaul
on
December
3r.
a.4o7
Year
38o.
Honorius
ôr
the seventh
time
andTheodosius
for
the second.
Constanline
arose
in
Britain
as
a
usurper
and crossed
to
Gaul.
a.
4o8
Year
38r.
Bassus and
Philippus.
Arcadius
died
in ConstantinoPle.
Honorius,
forthy-fifth
emperor,
reigned
for
r5
years with
Theodosius
[II],
the
son
of
Honorius's
brother.
a.4oe
year
3gz.
Honorius for
the eighth
time
andTheodosius
for the
third.
TheVandals
took
Spain.
Attalus
was
made
emperor
at
Rome.
He
was soon
deprived
of
power but
remained
connected
with
the
Goths.
a.4ro
Year
383.
SenatorVaranes.
Rome
was
captured
by
the
Goths
under
the
command
of
Alaric'
and
for
this
reason
there
was
on-try a
consul
for
the
east,
a
practice
followed
the next
year
as
well.
Year
384.
Augustus
Theodosius
ôr the
fourth
time'
constantine
was defeated
and
captured
by Honorius's
generals,
constan-
tius
and
Ulfila,
at
the
town ofArles. Count
Gerontius
killed
Constantine's
son
Oonstans,
who
had
begun
his rule
in Spain,
passing the
usurper's
role
to
a
ecftilirl
Maximus.
ar
*g
YÉêt
3t5.
Hçnorius
for the
ninth
time
and
Theodosius
for the
fifth.
In
§prin Maxiurlrs
was removed
from
power and
was
granted
his
life
ill-v/i11
lfeUæ
€he
mOdereti.u
and
insignificance
of the
man did
not
merit
§}d
hir effêctltiort
of
ltrthoriry.
At
thic
time,
Hetos,
r
holy
nan
and
dieeiple
of
blomcd
Mrtda'
wru
driræn
out
of
Arles
by
iB
people
while
he
preBided
over the eity
nl
bbhopi
he
wao
S,itrtu*
end
ntt
*uUjo.t
to
âny
ehârgÇ,
In
his
place $,e
od.in_ed
Patttelus,
Érieud
and
acquâintence
of
Constantius,
master
of
the
soldie*,
whose
fevor
he
prucured,
This
affair
wâs
a
subject
of
great disagrccments
âmong
the
bishops
of
thc
region,
l,
4?,
Yeer'.11i6.
Senator
Lucius.
His
colleague
in the
consulship
was
Heraclian'
who
was
responsible
for
Fvolution in Africa
and
deprived
of
his honor
and
his
life'
The
tsurgundians
acquired
part
of
Gaul
near
the
Rhine'
The
brothers
Jovinus
and
Sebastian
seized
power
in
Gaul
and
were
killed'
At
that
time
the
Briton
Pelagius
set
forth
the
doctrine
bearing
his
name
egainst
the
grace
of
Christ;
Caelestius
and
Julian
[of
Eclanum]
were
his
assis.
trnts,
He
attracted
many
people
to
his
erroneous
views'
He
proclaimed
that
enclt
person
is
guided
to
righteousness
by
his
own
will
and
receives
as
much
grâ(:eashedeserves,sinceÀdam'ssininjuredonlyhimselfanddidnotalso
iriuct
his
descendants.
For
this
reason
it would
be
possible
for
those
so
wishing
to
bt:
completely
without
sin
and for
all
little
children
to
be born
as
innocent
àr
wâs the
first
man
before
transgression;
nor
are
children
to
be
baptized
so
tlteycanbedivestedofsinbutsotheycanbehonoredwiththesacramentof
ndoPtion.
i.4ir
Yerrr
387.
Constantius
and
Constans'
Attalus
on
the
advice
of
the
Goths
and
with
their
help
resumed
the
role
ol
ttsurper
in
Gaul.
,
']
i'
Yclrr388.HonoriusforthetenthtimeandTheodosiusforthesixth.
AttaluswasabandonedbytheGoths,whoremovedthemselvestoSpain,
,rtrrl,
deprived
of
their
support,
was
captured
and
presented
alive
to
Constan-
tirts
the
patrician.
Athaulf,woundedbyoneofhisownmen'died'and'Walliaseizedhis
kirrgdomafterdestroyingthosewhowerethoughttowantthesamething.
l":,1
Y...':Ag.th.odosius
for the
seventh
time
and
Palladius'
s".ti.rg
peace
with
Honorius,
wallia
restored
the
daughter
of
the
emperor
'l'hcodosius
[I],
Placidia,
whom
the
Goths
had
captured
and
whom
Athaulf
Itacl
married,
and
Constantius
won
her
hand
in
marriage'
Zosimus
took
up
the
episcopal
ofiice
of
the
Roman
church'
He
was
the
llrirry-ninth
bishoP.
At this
time
the
Pelagians,
already
condemned
by
Pope
Innocent'
v/ere
Cbthr
enteretl
(iatrl
under
King
Athaulf.
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resisted
by
the
diligence of
the Africanr and especirlly
§
the
knowledge
of
Bishop
Augustine.
a.
4t7
Year
39o.
Honorius
for
the
eleventh
time,
Constantius
for
the
second.
Honorius enrered
Rome in
a triumph
with Attalus
walking ahead
of
his
chariot.
Honorius ordered
him to live
in exile
on the
island
of
Lipara.
â.4r8 Year
39r.
Honorius
for
the
twelfth time
andTheodosius
for the eighth.
At
this
time Constantius,
a servant
of
Christ,
and former
vicar, living
at
Rome, most
devoutly
resisted
the
Pelagians
on
behalf
of
the
grace
of
God.
The many
things he
endured
at the
hands
of
their
faction placed
him
among
the
holy
confessors.
A
council
was
held
at Carthage
and the
synodal
decrees
of
the
two
hun-
dred and fourteen
bishops \^/ere
conveyed
to
Pope Zosimus.
They
were
approved
and
the
Pelagian
heresy
was
condemned
throughout the
whole
world.
Valentinian,
the
son of
Constantius
and Placidia,
was
born on z
July.
,r.
4r9
Year
3gz.
Monaxius and Plinta.
At
Rome
Boniface
took up
the
episcopal
oflice,
the fortieth
bishop
of
the
Roman
church.
Constantius the
patrician
made peace
with
Wallia and gave
him
the
province
of
Aquitania secunda
to live
in
and
certain
cities of neighboring
provinces.
t
4zo
Year
3g3.Theodosius
for
the ninth
time
and
Constantius
for
the third.
Constantius
was
taken as
a colleague
in power
by Honorius.
Jerome
the
priest
died at
the age of ninery-one
on
3o
September.
^.4zt
Year
3g4.Agricola
and Eustathius.
Emperor
Constantius
died.
t-
4zz
Year 395.
Honorius
for
the
thirteenth time
and
rheodosius
for
the tenth.
At
this
time an ârmy
wâs sent
to
Spain
against
theVandals
under
the
com-
mand
of
Castinus.
By
a
senseless
and
wrongful
order, he
made Boniface,
a
man quite famous
in
the
arts
of
war,
averse
to
participating
in his
expedition.
And Boniface,
reckoning
thât
ro
follow
Castinus, whom
he had
found
dis-
agreeable
and proud,
would
be
dangerous
to
himself and
degrading, rushed
off to Portus and
from
there
to Africa. That was
the beginning
of
many
difii-
culties
and subsequent
evils
for
the stâte.
[Cf.
18,
Hydatius,
s.a.
4zz.)
Yeer
Jgo,
Mariniarrur
rnd Ârehpiodotur,
,{ugusta
lllacidie,
dtiven
rwry by
her
bnrther
Honodul,
wËtlt
t§ the
east
with
her
children
Honorir
gndVelentiniatt,
Cclcstiue wâs
set over the
Roman
church
as
its forry-flrrt
bishop,
Horrorius
died
and
John
took
his
imperial
authority,
It
was
thought
that
Cartilus,
who commanded
the
army
es master
of the soldier§,
pretended
to
look
thc
other
way,
Theodosius
[l]
held the Roman
empire
as
forty-sixth
emperor.
Ycar 397.
Castinus
andVictor.
Exuperantius of
Poitiers, praetorian
prefect
for Gaul,
was
killed
in
the
ciry
ot'Arles
by a mutiny
of the
soldiers, and
this
deed
was
not avenged
byJohn.
'Iheodosius
made
his
cousin
Valentinian
[II
Caesar
and sent
him along
witl,
the Augusta,
his
mother,
to
take
back
the
western
empire.
At
the
time,
.folrn',s
defenses
were
made weaker
because
he tried
to recapture Africa,
over
wlrich
Boniface
wâs
maintaining
his
hold.
Ycirr
jg8.Theodosus,
for the
eleventh
time,
and CaesarValentinian'
Augusta
Placidia
and Caesar
Valentinian
with
astonishing
good fortune
crushed
the
usurper
John
and
as victors
regained
royal
power' Pardon
was
given,to
Aêtius, because
the
Huns he
had brought
in
on behalf
ofJohn
were
lrr1ed
back
home by
his
efforts.
Castinus,
on the
other
hand, was sent
into
cxile,
because
it
seemed
as ifJohn
would
not have been
able
to
take over
the
kirrgdom
without his connivance.
'fhe
manuscripts
oler two
slightly dffirent
uersions oJ
the
next entry:
r.Valentinian
was
hailed asÂugustus by
a decree ofTheodosius'
z.
Valentinian
was
hailed as Àugustus
by the
army.
Arles, noble ciry
of
Gaul,
was
assailed
by
the Goths
with great
violence,
until,
threatened
by Àëtius,
they withdrew
not without
losses.
1-rn
Ycar
399.
Theodosius
for
the
twelfth time
and Valentinian
Augustus
for the
sccond.
Patroclus,
bishop
of
Arles, was wounded
many
times
and
killed
by
a
tribune, a
certain
Barnabus.
This crime
was blamed
on
the
orders of
Felix,
nraster
of
the
soldiers, at
whose
instigation the
deacon
Titus,
a
holy man
dis-
tributing
money
to the
poor
at
Rome, was
also killed.
{,,
Yc'ar
4oo.
Hierius
and Ardabur.
Due
to
the
decision of
Felix,
war
wâs waged against
Boniface
in the name
of
the
state by the
generals
Mavortius,
Gallio, and
Sanoeces. Bonifacet
power
;rnd
fame were
growing in
Africa and
he
had refused
to come
to
Italy.
The
67
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generâls
beseiging
IJorriface
were
killed,
betrayed
by
srnoecer,
end
soon
he
who had
betrayed
them was
himself
killed. Thereafter
accesr
to
the sea wât
gained
by
peoples
who
were
unacquainred
with
ships
until
they
were
called
in
by
the
rival
sides
to
give assistance.
The
conduct
of the
war undertaken
against Boniface
\Mas
transferred
to Count
Sigisvult.
The
Vandal
people
crossed
from Spain
to Africa.
d.
428
Year
4or.
Felix
and Taurus.
Nestorius,
bishop
of Constantinople,
tried to
introduce
a new
error
into
the
churches.
He
proclaimed that Christ
was
born
of
Mary
as
a
man
only,
not
also as
God, and divinity
was
conferred upon
him because
of
his merit.
The
diligence of
Bishop Cyril of
Alexandria
in particular
and
the authority
of
Pope
Caelestinus
opposed
this impiery.
Part
of
Gaul
near
the Rhine
seized
by
the
Franks
was recovered
by the
forces of
Count Aëtius.
rr.4:9
Ycar
4oz.
Florentius
and Dionysius.
Felix was promoted
to the
oflice of patrician
andAëtius was made
master
of the soldiers.
Agricola the
Pelagian,
the
son of
Bishop Severianus
the Pelagian,
cor-
rupted
the churches
of Britain
by introducing
his
own
doctrine. On the rec=
ommendation
of
the deacon
Palladius, Pope
Celestine sent
Germanus, bishop
of Auxerre, as
his
representative,
and
when
the
heretics
had
been cast
down,
he guided
the Britons
to the
Catholic faith.
a.43o
Year
4o3.Theodosius
for
the
thirteenth
time
andValentinian
for
the third.
Aëtius killed
Felix
and his wife
Padusia
and the
deacon
Grun-itus,
sensing
that they were
plotting
against him.
Aurelius
Augustine,
a
bishop
most
olttstanding in
evey respect,
died z8
August.
In
his very last
days he
was responding
to
the books
ofJulian
[of
Eclanum]
amidst
the
âttâcks
of besieging
Vandals
and
persevering
gloriously
in
deflense
of Christian
grace.
a.
43r
Year
4o4.Bassus
and Ântiochus.
A synod
of
more
than rwo hundred
bishops
gathered
at Ephesus.
Nesto-
rius
was
condemned
along with
the heresy
bearing his
name and many
Pela-
gians
who
supported
it
because
the
doctrine
was related
to their
own.
Palladius,
having
been
ordained
by Pope
Celestine,
was rhe first
bishop
sent
to the Scots
believing
in
Christ.
a.
432
Year
4o5.Âëtius
andValerius.
Sixtus was
set over
the
Roman church
as the
thirty-second bishop.
The
Tàole
eiry
rÈmêlned
pcâcêfuIin
urcnderful hrrmony,
Bonifeee
'recêived thc ofüce
of mâtter
of
the
roldlËil
rad
came
fnrm
to ltaly by
wey
of
Rome,
-{lthough
hc fought
r
battle
wlth
Aëtius,
war
opposing
him, rnd
defeated him, he died
r
few dnye later
from
ill-
Aëtius,
who had
surrendercd
po$rcr,
residcd on
his
country
cstates
and
lome
of his
enemies
tricd to crush him in a
sudden
attack.
Fleeing
to
and
from
there to
Dalmatia,
he
thererfter
rcachcd
the
Huns
through
ia, He
used
their
friendship and assistance
to
obtain
the
peace
of
the
Itipcnrrs
and
get
his
power
restored.
l,
'/,
j'
Yesr
4o6.Theodosius
for
the
fourteenth time
and
Maximus.
Âll
the years
calculated
up
to
the
fourteenth
consulship of
Theodosius and
ibat
of
Maximus:
From
the
fifteenth
year
ofTiberius
and
the
passion
of the Lord,4o6
years.
From
the
restoration of the
temple under
Darius,
ro54
years.
r-rcm
the first Olympiad
and
Isaia the
prophet,
r2ro
years.
Fr
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undo
the Catholic faith within
the
regions
where he
redded,
He
persecuted
some
of our bishops, of
whom
the
most famous were
Posidius, Novatus,
and
Severianus, to the
extent
that
he deprived them of
their
right
to
their
churches and
even
drove
them
from their
cities, for
their
steadfastness
would
not
yield
to the terrors of that
most proud king.
The
Augustus
Valentinian went to the
emperor Theodosius at Constan-
tinople
and married his daughter.
In
the
same period, four Spaniards, Arcadius, Paschasius,
Probus, and
Euÿ-
chianus were formerly
considered
by
Gaiseric
to be valued and
distinguished
by virtue
of
their
wisdom and
faithful
service.
To
make
them
even more
esteemed,
he
commanded
them
to
convert to
the Arian heresy.
But
as they
most steadfasdy
rejected
this
wickedness,
the barbarian
was roused
to
a
most
furious anger. First their
property
was confiscated, next
they were driven
into
exile,
then tortured
severely, and, finally, suffering death in various
ways,
they
succumbed
wonderfully to
â
most glorious martydom.
A
boy
called
Paulillus,
the brother
of
Eurychianus and Paschasius, was very dear
to
the
king on
account
ofhis fine
body and
refined nâture; since he
could not
be
separated
by threats
from his acknowledgment and love
of
the Catholic faith,
he was
beaten
for
some
time with
rods and condemned
to the
meânest serütude. He
wâs
not
killed,
it
seems, so that
youth
should
not
also
take
g1ory in over-
throwing
the
savagery
of
an
impious
man.
In
the same
year
barbarian deserters of the federates took to
pirâcy.
â.
438
Year
4rr.Theodosius
for the sixteenth
time
and Faustus.
In this
year
too
the same
pirates
plundered many islands,
especially Sicily.
Measures
against the Goths
in
Gaul went well.
a.
439
Year
4rz.Theodosius
for
the seventeenth
time
and Festus.
Litorius,
who led Hun
auxiliaries,
second in
command
after
Aëtius,
rashly
joined
battle
with
the
Goths,
striving to
surpâss the
glory ofAëtius
and trust-
ing
in the oracles
of
diviners and the
portents
of
demons. He
made us under-
stand
the
success the band that perished
with
him
might
have
achieved,
had
he
chosen
to follow
â
course
better than his
own
foolhardiness;
for
he
infli-
cted
such losses on the enemy that, if he
had
not
fallen
into
captiviry
by
fighting
heedlessly,
it
would
have been
doubtful
to
what
side victory should
properly have
been
ascribed.
At this
time,
Julian
of
Eclanum,
a
most
boastful defender
of
the
Pelagian
error was aroused by
an immoderate
longing
for a
former§ lost bishopric.
By
the
varied art
of
deceiving, and exhibiting the
pretence of having
amended
lril
wayr,
lte ettrleavrlrccl
to insinuate
himself
into
the
communion
of the
church,
llut
l'ope
Sixtus, with
the urging
of
Leo the
deacon, opposed
these
triekr rnd
allowed
no
appnxrclr
to
lie open to these
pestilential
efforts, and
he
eaffied
all Càtholiel
tô
reJoiې
|n
threwing
beek
the
dceeitful
bealt,
ar
if
the
apostolic
Br,ÿord
thËn for
the firrt
time
beheaded
the
molt
Pmud
herêry'
ln
the
same
period, vlterlcur
wffi
comidered
loyd
to
our
itête
and
renowned
for the
frequent
demonstrstion
of
his skill
in
war'
Peacc
made
with
the
Coths,
for
thcy
sought
it
more
humbly
than
ever
lrefore
after
the
lamentable
trial
of
an
inconclusive
war'
SinceAëtiuswasconcernedwithmettersthatwerebeingsettledinGaul,
Gaiseric
had
nothing
to
fear
from
losing
his
friendship'
On
r9 October'
he
took
advantage
of
the
peace and seized
carthage.
He
put
its citizens
to
vari-
ous
kinds
of
torture
and
took all
of
their
wealth
as
his
own'
Nor
did
he
refrain
from
despoiling
the
churches'
Euryrying
them
of
their
sacred
vessels'
lncldeprivingthemoftheattentionoftheirpriests,heorderedthattheyno
l,r,rg.,
b.
places
of divine
worship
but
quarters
for
his
people'
He
was
harsh
towards
the
entire
captive
population
but
particular§
hostile
to the
nobility
and
clergy
so that
no
one
could
tell
whether
he was
waging
war
more
against
lllln
or God.
Carthage
suffered
this
captivity
in the
585th
year
after
it had
become
Roman.
Year
4I3.Valentinian
Augustus
for
the
fifth
time
and
Anatolius'
WhenBishopSixtusdied,theRomanchurchwaswithoutabishopfor
.
nlore than
forty
days,
awaiting
with
wondrous
peacefulness
and
forbearance
the
arrival
of
Deacon
Leo,
who
was
detained
in
Gaul restoring the friendship
between
Aëtius
and
Albinus.
It
was
as
if
he
had
been
removed
quite
a
dis-
tgrce
so
that
both
the
merit
of
him
chosen
and
the
judgment
of those
clroosing
might
be
tested.
Then
Deacon
Leo,
summoned
by
a
civic
legation
lrrcl
delivered
to
his
rejoicing
home
ciry
was
consecrâted
the
forty-third
hishop
of
the
Roman
church.
ÿhile
Gaiseric
was
inflicring
serious
damage
on
Sicily,
he
received
word
tlr;tt
sebastian
[the
son-in-law
of
Boniface]
was
crossing
from
Spain
to
Africa
rnd
quickly
returned
to
carthage.
Gaiseric
thought
it would
be
dangerous
to
lrirrrself
and
his
people
if
a
man
skilled
in
\
/âr
was
bent
upon
retaking
(
)rrrthage.
But
Sebastian,
wishing
to
be
regarded
as
a friend
râther
than
as
an
crrcmy,
found
everything
in
the
mind
of
the
barbarian contrary
to
what
he
lncl
supposed.
That
hope
wâs
to
him
a
cause
of
the
greatest
calamiry
and
an
trrrluppy
death.-[Cf.
r8,
Hydatius,
s'a'
444,445,
449'1
r
Yt'rtr
414.
Cyrus.
.l.heodosiusopenedhostilitieswiththeVandalsbysendingthegenerals
Ariobindus,
Ànsila,
and
Germanus
with
a
large
fleet.
They
deferred
the
busi-
rrcss
with
long
delays
and
proved
to
be
more
of
a
burden
to
Sicily
than
a
help
to Africa.
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t.442
Year
4r5.
Dioscorus
and
Eudoxius.
As the
Huns
were laying
waste
to Thrace
and Illyrlcum
tvith ravage
plun-
dering,
the
army
that \Mas
delayrng in
sicily
returned
for
the
defence of
thc
eâstern
proünces.
The Augustus
valentinian
made peace
with
Gaiseric
and
Africa
was
diüded between
the two
inro disfincr
rerrirories.
Some
of Gaiseric's
magnâtes
conspired
against
him
because he
was proud,
even
among
tris own people,
due
to the successful
outcome
of events.
But
when
the
undertaking
was
discovered,
they
were
subjected
to
many
tortures
and
killed by
him.'Whenever
others
seemed
to
venture rhe
same
thing,
the
king's
mistrust served
to
destroy
so many
that he lost
more men
by
this anxi.
ety
of
his
than
if
he had
been overthrown
in
war.
à.
443
Year
4r6.Maximus
for
the
second
time
and Paterius.
At
this time it
became
clear to
the diligent
perception
of pope
Leo
that
many
Manichees
were
taking
refuge in
the
city.
He
rooted
them
out frorn
their hiding
places
and
revealed
rhem
ro the
eyes
of
the whole
church;
he
caused
them to censure
and
report
all the
deformities
of their
doctrine and
had great piles
of
books
that
had
been seized
burned.
This
concern,
inspired
,
in the
holy
man,
it seems,
by
God, was
of
the greatest
benefit not
only
to
the
city
of
Rome
but also
to
the
whole
world,
inasmuch
as the confessions
of
those arrested
in Rome
might
reveal
the
identity
of their
teachers,
bishops
or
priests,
and the proünces
or
cities
in
which
they lived.
Many
bishops in
the
east
imitated
the energy
of
the
apostolic
governor.
a.
444
Year
4r7.
Theodosius
for
the
eighteenth
time and
Albinus.
In
this
year
Easter
was
celebrated
on
4
April.This
was
not
an error,
ôr
the
day
of
the passion
was
on
zr
April. out
of respect,the
anniversary
of
the
City
[on
zr April]
passed
without
circuses.
Attila
king
of
the Huns
killed
Bteda,
his
brother and
co-ruler,
and forced
his
people
to
submit
to him.
a.
448
Yeat
4zt.Postumianus
and
Zeno.
At
this
time
the
Euÿchian heresy
arose.
Ir was
created
by
Eutyches
a cer-
tain
priest
who
presided
over
a renotÿvned
monastery
in
Constantinople.
He
proclaimed
that
Jesus
Christ,
our Lord
and
son
of
the
blessed
Virgin Mary
had no
maternal
substance,
but only
the nature
of
God's
word
was in him
in
the likeness
of
a
human.
on
account of
this
impiety he was
condemned
by
Flavian,
bishop
of
the
same
ciry for
he
would
not
be
corrected.
But
reÿing
on
royal
friendship
and
the favor
of
courtiers,
he
asked
to be
heard
by
a uni-
versal
synod.
Thçodosius
gave
his
consent
and
ordered all
the
bishops
to
gremble
ât'EphêBur
in otdæ to
ndthdtaw
thir eondenrnrtion,
In this eouncil,
Eutyehes
wes absolvcd
rnd
DicrcUrur,
bishop
sf
Nexlndria,
clainring
primrcy
t'or
himself,
proposed
â 3ÊntÊneê
of condemnation
against
Flavian, bishop
of
C)orrstautinople.This
was done
oÿer.thc
objections
of Hilarus,
deacon
of
the
ehurch
of
Rome,
who
had been
sent fiorn
the
apostolic
see
along with
Julius
the
bishop
to Pozzuoli
to
represent
the
holy
Pope
Leo.
For all
the
bishops
who
rnade
up
the
council
were compelled
to
render
consent
to
this
heresy
try
force
and
fear of
counts
and soldiers
whom
the
emperor
had
assigned
to
l)ioscorus,
bishop
of Alexandria;,but
the
aforesaid
deacon,
amid
serious
dan-
ger
to
his
life,
called
out
his
objection
although
the
fury
this
caused
threat-
encd
to
destroy
him.
Leaving
,1
6 6wn-people
there,
he secretly
departed
so
lrc
might
lay
beôre
the aforesaid
pope
and
other
Italian
bishops
an
accusâtion
of
how
the Catholic
faith
was üolated
at the
council.
The holy
Flavian
passed
op
to
Christ,
ending
his life
in a most
glorious
fashion, while
in the
hands of
those
who led
him into
exile.
l- îô
Ycar
433.Valentinian
for the
seventh
time
and
Avienus.
When
Theodosius
had died
and
the chamberlain
Chrysaphius.
who had
rnisused
the
friendship
of
the emperor,
had been
killed,
Marcian
received
the
kingdom
with
the
agreement
of the
whole
army.
He
wâs a
most impressive
rnan,
indispensible
to
not only
the
state but
also the
church'
By his edicts, which
complied
with
the authority of the
apostolic
see,
the
synod
of Ephesus was
condemned,
and
it
was
decided
that
an episcopal
council
should
be held
at
chalcedon,
so
rhat
forgiveness
might
heal
the
reformed
aqd
the
intransigent
might be
driven
out
with
their
heresy'
tl.4
t ' l1
.,
t
..1
I
Year
434.
Augustus
Marcian
and
Adelphius'
After
killing
his
brother,
Attila
was strengthened
by the
resources
of the
deceased
and
forced
many thousands
of
neighboring
peoples
into a war.
This
war,
he announced
as
guardian
of Roman
friendship,
he
would
wage
only
against the
Goths.
But
when
he had crossed
the
Rhine
and
many
Gallic
cities
experienced
his savage attâcks,
both
our
people
and the
Goths
soon
agreed
to
oppose
with
allied forces
the
fury of
their
proud
enemies.
Ând
Aëtius
had
such
great foresight
that,
when
fighting
men
were
hurriedly
collected
from
everywhere,
a
not
unequal force
met the
opposing
multitude.
Although
the
slaughter
of
alt ihose
who
died
rhere
was incalculable
-
for
neither side
gave
way
-
it appears that
the
Fluns were
defeated
in this battle
because
those
âmong them
that
survived
lost their
tâste
for
fighting
and turned
back
home.
[,
r,;/
Yeir'
az§.
Senator
Herculanus
and
Sporacius.
Attila
restored
the
forces he
lost in
Gaul
and tried
to enter
Italy
by way
of
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l'atrtteitlia,
()ttr
t:onrtnattcler
Aëtitrs
rnadc
rro
provision
following
the exertions
of the previous
war
and failed
to rnake
use
of the
barrieru
of'thc
Alps by
which
the enerry
could
have
been
checked.
He believed
his o,ly
hope
lay
in
a full
retreat
from
Italy
along
with
the
emperor.
But
since
this
course
seemed
disgraceful
and
fraught
with
danger,
a sense
of shame
restrâined
fear
and
the
widespread
overthrow
of
so
many
of
the
noble
provinces
was
used
to
sâtiate
the
savagery
and greed
of
the
enemy.
of
all the plans
of the emperor,
senare,
and people
of
Rome,
none
seemed
sounder
than
to send
envoys
to
seek
peace
from
this
most
fierce
of
kings.
The
blessed
pope
Leo,
supported
by the
help
of
God,
whom
he
knew
never neglects the labors
of
the
devout,
took
up
this
matter
along
with
Avienus,
a man
of
consurar
rank,
and
rrygetius,
a
man
with
the rank
of
prefect.
Nor
was
the result
other
than
what faith had
taken
for
granted.
For
when
the
entire
delegation
was
honorably
received,
the
king
was
so
delighted
with
the
presence
of
the
chief
bishop
that
he
ordered
the
war
to
be halted
and,
having
promised
peace,
retired
beyond
the
Danube.
a.4j3
Year
426.
Senator
Opilio
andVincomalus.
The
synod
of
chalcedon
ended.
Euryches
and
Dioscorus
were
con-
demned.
All
who
disassociated
themserves
from
them
were
received
into
communion.
[Jniversally
confirmed
was
the faith
that
was
proclaimed
by
holy
Pope
Leo
with
respect
to the
incarnation
of
the
word,
according
to
the
evangelic and apostolic
doctrine.
Attila
died
in
his
own
territory.
At
first
great
struggles
over
succession
ro
the kingship
broke
out
among his
sons;
then
a few
of
the peoples
that
used
to
obey
the
Huns
tried
to
revolt
and
created
conditions
and
opportunities
for
wars.
In
these
the
fiercest
peoples
were
corlsulned
by
attacks
upon
one
another.
Among
the
Goths
residing
in
Gaul,
dissersic»T xrose
among
the
sons
of
KingTheodoric,
the
eldest
of
which,Thorisnrund,
succeeded
his
father.'when
the
king
tried
to
act against
both
the
llourarr pcace
and
the
repose
of
the
Goths,
he was
killed
by
his
brothers,
fcrr
he
lrrcssecl
on
uncontrollably
with
harmful
measures.
a.
454
Year
427.
Aétius
and
Studius.
Ominous
enmities
grew
stronger
tretwecrr
tlre
Augustus
Valentinian
and
the patrician
Aëtius,
even
after
oathl
lrmruirirrg
rrruttral
loyalty
and
after
an
âgreement
to
join
their
childrert
in tnarriuge,Wlrcrc
the kindness
of
affection
ought to have
been
streugthctred,
thert
the
tirrrler of
hatred
burst
into
flame
at
the
instigation,
so it
was
believed,
of
Herhclius
tl)c eunuch.
By
insincere
devotion,
he
gained
such
inflttencÉ
wer
the
errrper«rrls
thinking
that
he
could
easily push
him
into
doing
whetever
he
wirlrcrl,
The manusdltls runlaln
tuto
tænlane
$
rubsequent even$:
t,
Sincc Hereclius
peruurded
the enrpcxrr
of
all manner
of wickedness
on
Aëtius'
pârt,
there wes
thought
to
be
just
one
course
of
action
available to
Éâve
the cmpcror:
get
his
eReRly
béfore
he
got
him,
As
a
result
Aëtius
was
cruelly
put
to the sword within the recesses of the
palace
at
the
hands
of
the
ernperor
and
his
entourage.
z, And so
while
Aëtius more vehemently sought
agreements and
more
frgssiollâtely
pressed
the
case of his son, he was
cruelly
put
to the sword
witlrin
the
recesses of the
palace
at
the
hands of
the
emperor and his
entourage.
lJoethius, the
praetorian prefect, wa§ killed at the same
time; he
wâs
con-
nccted
to Aëtius
by
great friendship.
I,
,,,
,,,
Yeirr
4ztt.Valentinian
for
the eighth
time
andAnthemius.
Thc death
ofValentinian
followed
not long
after
the death ofAëtius. So
iurpludently
was
it not avoided
that the
killer
of Aëtius associated
with the
tttanis
friends and
retainers. They found the
right time for
their
crime
and,
recrctly
stalking
the prince when he
left
the
city
and
was awaiting a
display of
lrttts,
stabbed him unexpectedly.
Heraclius
was
killed at the same time,
as he
wâs
llext
to the
emperor,
and
no
one of that
royal host was
incited
to take
rcvcnge
for
so great a crime.
As
this
murder was
carried out,
moreover,
Maximus,
t'urice
possessor
of
tltc
consulship
and holder
of the patrician
dig"iry
took
up
the
imperial
powcr.
Although
people believed he
would
be in every way beneficial to the
erttlungered
state,
it
did
not
take long
for him
to
show by example
the kind
nl'rtrirrd
he had.
Not
only did he
not punish
the
killers of
Valentinian,
but he
feceivqd
them as friends; and he forbade the
Augusta,
Valentinian's
wife,
to
nlouru
the
loss of
her
husband and within a
few
days
forced
her
to
mârry
hirrr.
llut
he was not
to
indulge this lack of restraint for
long.
After another
nlolrtll
he
got news
of the
arrival
of
Gaiseric from Africa, and many
nobles
arrtl
cornmoners fled the city.When
he gave permission for everyone
to
leave
attrl wished
himself to get away in haste,
on
the seventy-seventh day after
his
reiu
urc
of
power,
he
was
torn
to
pieces
by the royal slaves; thrown
in
pieces
Ittto
thc Tiber, he
wâs
even deprived of burial.
After
this
end to Maximus, a
Itonrln
câptivity, deserving of
many tears, immediately
followed,
and Gaiseric
ohtlinc'cl
the
ciry
devoid of
â11 protection. Holy Bishop Leo met him
outside
tlte
glters and his supplication
mollified
him
through
the power
of
God to
rur'lr
urr
cxtent that, when everything
was
given
into
his hands, he was held
lrack
rrcvcrtheless
from
burning,
killing, and torture.
Then
for
fourteen
days,
thnrugh
àr1 untrâmmeled and open
search,
l\otne was
emptied
of all
its
wr,rltlr,
lnd many thousands
of
captives,
all
that wcre
satisfactory âs
to
age or
71
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occupatioll,
along
wlth
the
queen
rnd her
ehlldrcn,
were raken
àway
to
Carthage.
In
rhe
same
year
Easter
wer
celebnted
on
:4 April,
according
to the stub-
born
assertion
of the
bishop of
Alcxandria,
with whom
all
the
easterncrg
think they
should
âgree,
even
when
holy
Pope
Leo
proresred
that
it
should
rather
be
observed
on r7'April.
on that
day
there
was
no
error in
the calcu,
lation
of
the
firll
moon
or
in
the demarcation
of the
first month.
There exist
letters
of the
same pope
sent.to
the most
merciful
prince
Marcian, in
which
the
calculation
of the
true date is
laid
out carefully and
plainly
and in
which
the
catholic
church
can
be
instructed.
Though
the
opinion
of
easterners
was
tolerated
out
ofa
desire for
unity
and
peace
rather
than approved,
it must
by
no
means
go
on
being imitated,
since
an
opinion
that
has brought
destructivè
of[ense should
forever
lose
authority.
TT.T}JE
GALLIC
CHRONICLE
OF
452
This
chronicle
is the
work. oJ
an
anonymous
Caul,
writing
uery close to
the
year
452;
Itlothing
is
known
of the
awthor but
what
un
be
inferred
of his uiews
ÿom
the
con-
tents
of his chronicle.
His
perspectiue
is sfficently
clear
to suggest
interesting points
oJ
contrast with
that of
his contemporary
Proslter.
Like
Prosper\
work,
the
Gallic
chronicle
of
452
was
a continuation
of an
epitome
of
Jerome's
translation
of Euse-
bius,
and
begins
where
Jerome
left off
in
j7s.
I
gbe the
continuation
in its entiretyi
from
379.
The
chronicler's
treatment
of years
anil
dates contains
a number
of errors,
traceable
in part
to the
sources
he used,
which are
only reasonably
detectable
in
the
earlier
Ttor-
tions
oJ the
chroniele,
Not only
did the
chronicler
work
with
incorrect regnal year
cotlnts
for
the
reigns
of
Gratian,
Theodosius
I,
and Honoius,
but
his
relatiue
placement
oJ
events
is
not always
acturdte.
Following
Mommsen's
edition,
I haye added
anno
domini
dates
sparingly
ryt
to the
end of Honorius's
reign. After
424
the
number of
regnal years
is
correct,
and
it
is
possible
to
equate
these
with
anno domini
dates,
but
readers shoulil
be aware
that
doing
so
does not preclude
misilating,
intentional
or other-
wise,by
the chronicler.The
Cltorucle
is
eorreet
in
the
lastfew
years after
447.Where
the
chronicle shows 'double
dating'-
that
is the sprcad
of what might
be construed
as
one
entry
oÿer
nlore
than
a
single
year
-
I havc grouped
the
years
together
rather
than
assuming
a
blank.
year.
Finally,
it should
bc noted that,followingJerome,
not only
does the
chronieler
date
euents
by the
regnal
years
of emperors,
but he also
introduces
olympiads
eueryfour
years
and the years
of
Abraham
euery
decade;
I
haue omitted
the
laîïer two
modes of
dating.
In
the
translation,
anno
domini
datcs
ara
placcd
in the
left margin.
The year
numbers oJ
the emperor's
reign
are in
boltllo«'
Arabic
numerals
set
fiext to
the'first
entry oJ
the
year,
and
the
number in
hrtrûals
û
tltc cnd
of each entry
conesltonds
to
*t
nunheil4q
oJ
Monmsenl
edhlon'The
headlngt
Ne
thotê
of the ehrcakle'
:
Ohnwka
(irllint
A,
(:C:C:e:Ltl,
crl,Tlt,
Mottttttscrr,
(lltrottirn
Mhktftt
t, M(iH
AA
u
(tlluz),
6+ô-ôtrri
arrd ef,
Stc'vctt
Muhlbergcr,
'l'h?
ttl.litt"(ilttttty
Ohruûilerc:
l\ttptr, llyrlttiltt,
uil
rht
(lhrriller
rl'45t
(Leccls, I99o),
pp,
t37-15:,Trrnslation
by A.o,
Mtrrtry'
,
Gratian
rcigned
for 6
years
[a.
IZC-f8S]
n,
since
he had
quite a young brother
as
a royal colleague,
admitted
a
t
of
suitable
age,Theodosius;'into
partnership
in the
kingdom.[z]
(iratiau
was
much inclined
to
religion and
well
disposed
toward
the
hes
in
all matters.[3]
Martirr,
bishop
ofTours,
was
regarded
as
outstanding
for
his apostolic
pow-
4l
lelosius
restored the
exhausted state
in the
regions of the
East.[5]
In
ltritrrin
Maximus
wâs
set
up
âs
llsurper
by
the soldiers.[6],
Mtxirtrus
vigorously
overcâme
invading
Picts
and
Scots.[7]
Altrhrosius
wrote
most splendid
books
against the
faithlessness
of
the
Anans
tltc
Augustus
Gratian.[8]
Maxiirrus
crossed
the
channel
and, after
a clash
with
Gratian,
killed
the
§lttperor
as
he fled
to Lyons.[g]
Theodosius
reigned
for rr
years
[a.384-395]
Maxintus,
out of
fear
of the
leader of the
eastern
empire,Theodosius,
entered
intu
l treaty
withValentinian
[II].
[tt]
At'l'rier,
Manichees
were
detected
and destroyed
owing
to the
utmost
zeâl
of
Mrximus.
Irz]
Jultirrl,
the
mother of
Valentinian,
favored
the Arians and
heaped
various
types
of
injustices
upon
Ambrose
and
the entire
church
of
Milan.
[r3]
l(clics
of
the
martyrs
Gervasius
and
Protasius
first
discovered
by
Ambrose
el
Milrrn.Ir4]
Arpbrosei
hymns composed;
they
wele
sung
in
a form
never
before
heard
Itt
l,ltin
churches.
[r5]
M,rxirrrus,
saying
that an unworthy
action
had been taken
against
the
position
ot tlrc church,
discovered
a wây
to break
the
treaty
he
had
made
with
8/18/2019 233702093 the Chronicle of Prosper of Aquitaine the Gallic Chronicle of 452 the Chronicle of Marius of Avenches
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a.
388
4
à-
392
tO
II
8-9
valentinian.
valentinian,
fearing
the
usurper,
who
wnc
dnrdy
*
threat to his
life, fled
to Theodosius,[r6l
Augustine,
while
at
first teaching
rheroric
at
Milan, geve
up
the crassroom
and
converted
to
the
true
faith,
for
previously
he was
a
Manichee.
[r7]
Theodosius
came
over
to Italy
with
an
army,
killed
Maximus,
and restored
Valentinian
to
his
kingdom.
[r8]
Justina,
who
had
africted
the
churches,
\Mas
prevented
by
death
from
get-
ting
back
the kingdom
with
her son.[r9]
The
devout
emperor expunged
the
monstrous
act committed
in
Thessa-
lonica
by an
extrâordinary
example of
repentence
for
the people
he massa-
cred.Izo]
Heresy
of
the Apollinarians
begun
by
Apollinaris.
[zr]
The
Arians,
who polluted
almost
the
entire
East
and West, were,
by
an
edict
of
the devout
emperor,
despoiled
of
their churches,
which
were
assigned
to
Catholics.[zz]
John,
an Egyptian
monk,
was
regarded
as famous
because
he earned
the gift
of prophecy
from
the Lord
owing
to
the puriry
of
his
life.[23]
After
Damasus,
Siricius
was
the
thirty-sixth
bishop
to take
up direction
of
the
Roman
church.
At
Alexandria,
on
the
death
of Peter,
Timotheus,
and
after
him, Theophilus
were
made
bishops.
At
Jerusalem,
after
Cyril,
John
received
the
church.
At Antioch,
on the death
of
Miletius,
Flavianus
took his place.[24]
A huge
dispute
ârose
among
us.
The
bishops
who had
been driven
out
by
heretics
wanted
none
but
themselves
to
fill
the
priestly
office
now
that the,
heretics
had
been
removed
by the
emperor.[25]
A
terrible portent,
resembling
in
every respect
a column, appeared
in
the
sky.[26]
Temples
were
destroyed
in
Alexandria,
among
thcm
the very
ancient and
famous
temple
of
Serapis,
which,
like
some
colurn,,
was keeping
idolatry
from
falling.[28]
valentinian was
eliminated
at
vienne
by Arbogast,
his own counr. Eugenius
took
the emperorh
place,
seizing
power
âs
a ururper,lagl
To
revenge
valentinian's
death
and
erurh
the usurpation of
Eugenius,
Theo.
dosius
crossed
over
into
ltaly;
the
frrrcr
of tlod
wls
rcvealed
when
the
ele-
ments
conspired
to assist
that
very endgar;nr,l,tol
7ât
t;
After
Eugeniur
hsd been
Orcrۑmc,
Theodoriur
rcached
t[e end
of
his
lifc
ln
the
seventeenth
yeât
of
hil
rclgn'l3tl
Arcadiur and Honorlur
reigned
for
3a
years
[Arcadlur,
i.
395-408'
Honorius,
a.395'44]
t
r L.-
/
€iorrsturtirrople,
in
fear
of
God's
anger
revealed
in fire-
flashing
dreadfully
âbove
the
clouds,
escaped
by
turning
to
Penânce
with
its
whole
heart.[33]
stilicho
killed Rufinus
of the Bosphorus
region
after
overcoming
the
gftarcl
of
Huns that
supported
him,
because
Rufinus
reached
the summit
of
irrrperial
service
but
could not
abide
that
Stilirho
was
preferred
to
him.[34]
(llludian
the
poet
was considered
worthy
of
admiration.[35]
(iildo
stirred
Africa
into
rebellion
and
withdrew the
usual
taxes
from
the
l(omans.[36]
Prudentius,
our
[i.e.
christian]
lyric
poet,
a spaniard
by
his
illustrious
birth,
developed
the strength
of
his talents.[37]
1
Stilicho,
master
of
the soldiers,
killed Gildo
in
Mâuretânia
and
restored
Africa
t('
its former
status.[38]
Innocent
wâs
the thirty-seventh
bishop
to occupy
the throne
of
the
Itornan
church.
[39]
'll'rnples
of
the
ancient
superstition
destroyed
over
the
whole Roman
world.[4o]
Paulinus
of
Nola,
later
a
bishop'
sold everything
as
an
admirable
example,
lirr
he
was the
master of innumerable
estates,
and
unimpeded
chose
the
reli-
gious
life.[4r]
.f«rhn
[Chrysostom],
bishop
of
Constantinople,
shone
in
word
and deed'[42]
Martin,
after
living
an
extraordinary
life,
put
aside
his
[mortal]
body.[a3]
'fhe
insane
Pelagius
qied to
soil the
churches
with
his
purulent
doctrine.[44]
A synod
at Alexandria
was convened
to
deal
with a
dispute
arising
from
the
cloctrine
of Origen. This
decision
emerged
from it:
that whoever
approved
of
the
works
of the above
mentioned
Origen
should
be
placed
outside
the
church.
[45]
There
was an
eclipse
of the
sun.[46]
7Ë
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420-2r
The
imperial
digniry
was
conferred
on
constantius
at
the
wiûer
of Hono_
rius.
consrantius
exercised
it
for
scarcery
eight
months
and
died, leaving
an
eight
year-old
son
Valentinian.
[88]
The
usurper
Maximus
was
toppled
from
power
and
taken to
Ravenna
where
he
was
put
on
display
before
the
emperor
during
the
cerebrations
of
Hônorius's
thirrieth
anniversary.
[g9]
The
Vandals
crcmed
the
redt to
AÊler
end, havlng torn
thê
provinee
to
inflietcd
an
immense
diralter
on
the Rornans,[to8]
1.7
hiitonsulate
had
been proclriÉed,
Aëtius,
turning
to
better
protection,
lvây
to
Boniface,
who hrd
eome
fiom Africa on)rthe summons
of the
,Iropl
Thcre
was severe cold that
was
also
ruinous
to
the health
of
a
great many
people,Ir
ro]
lloniface
was
wounded
in a
battle he won against
Aëtius but retired from
It
to
die.1Cf. 16,
Prosper,
s.a.
432.1[r
r
r]
l,
"i'.,''.,
After
the
battle,
Aëtius
turned
to the Huns,
who
at the time
were led by
Rugila,
and returned
to
Roman
territory with the help
he had
asked
ôr,lr
rzl
4
'l'he
Goths
were
summoned by
the Romans
to
bring help.[r13]
(iermanus
the bishop of
Auxerre became renowned
for his miraculous
powcrs and
the
strictness
of
his
life.[rr4]
,.
i
,
,,"
i*_l
Aëtius
was received into
favor.[rr5]
I\ugila,
king of the
Huns,
with whom
peace had been made, died.
He
was
.utccceded
by
Bleda.[r
r6]
,
i'.
ir-
Frrther
Gaul
followed Tibatto, the
Jeader
of
a
rebellion, and separated from
l(ornan
society.
This
was only
the beginning
of almost
all
the
servile order
ltrvitial
of
Gaul ôoming
into
accord
in a Bacaudic rcvolt
(Bacauda).1n7)
i
,
"'.,
{i
A
rnemorable war
against
the Burgundians broke
out in which almost the
urtire
people with
their king
were destroyed by
Aëtius.
Ir
r 8]
.
J'r
4
After
Tibitto
was
captured
and the other
leaders of
the
revolt were
put in
lronds or killed, the commotion of the
Bacaudae
quietened
down.[r19]
'.
:.
'l'he Theodosian
book
bringing
together
all the
laws
of
legitimate
emperors
lirr the
first
time.was
issued in this
year.[rzo]
[Polemius]
Si1üus,
who
was
quite
mentally
disturbed, composed
some
writings
on religion
after
he
completed
his duty
serving in the palace.[rzr]
t-'
l.eo was
the
fortieth bishop to
take
up
leadership
of
the
Roman
church.[rzz]
i,
tii
l{aving pacified
disturbances
in
Gaul,Âëtius
returned to ltaly.
Irz3]
Abandoned
country
properties
of
the
city
ofValence
were given over
for
3r
Placidia
was
discovered
plotting
against
her
brother
and
exiled
to
Rome.[go]
a.
423
32
Honorius
died
at
Ravenna.[g2]
John,
a
former
chief
of
the
bureau
of
notaries,
assumed
po,ù/er,
though
he
had
no
right
to
it.[92]
Honorius
left
an
empire
severely
weakened
by many
crises.[93]
Theodosius
[I]
reigned
for
z7 years
[a. 424_4So]
a.
424
r
Placidia
sent
a
message
to
Theodosius
begging
help.[95]
Sigisvult
hastened
to
Africa
against
Boniface.[96]
a'+25
z In
Gaul,
the
[praetorian]
prefect
Exuperanrius
was
kilred
by
the
soldiers.[97]
Carthage
was
surrounded
with
a wall.
From
the
time
when
the ancient
city
had
been
destroyed,
carthage
\Mas
not
allowed
to
be
fortified
by walls
by
decree
of the
Romans
in
case
it sheltered
rebellion.[9g]
John
was
defeated
by
the
army
of
the
east
and
killed.
Ravenna
then was
laid
waste
by
looting.[99]
Aëtius,
rhe son
of
count
Gaudentius
who
was
killed
by
the
sordiers
in
Gaul,
entered
Italy
with
Huns
in
order
to
supportJohn.[roo]
t.
426
3
Valentinian
[III]
was
made
emperor
at
Rome.[ror]
a.
427
+
Arles
was
freed
from
the
Goths
by
Aëtius.[roz]
a'
428
s
At
last Placidia
was
brought
to
the power
she
wished for.[ro3]
t.
42e
o
cassian
set
forth
in
books
distributed
to
a
great
many
people
the
lives
of
the
fathers,
their
teachings
and
rules,
which
he
had
rearneJin
Ègypt.[roa]
a
n,07-8
Aëtius
tried
to
bring
about
the
destruction
of
theJuthungi.[ro6]
Massacre
of
almost
2o,ooo
troops
fighting
in
spain
against
thevandals.
[cf.
16,
Prosper,
s.a.422;
rg,
Hydatius,
s,a,
4zz.llto7)
83
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13/18
r8-r9
a.
44r-42
a.443
20
a.444
2t
a.446 23
a.
447
24
division
to
the Alans
who were led
by Sarnbida.frz4]
The British
provinces,
which up to this time had
endured
a variery
of disas-
ters and
misfortunes,
were subjected
to
the authority of the Saxons.[rz6]
The lands
of Farther
Gaul were handed over
by
the patrician Aëtius
to
Alans to be divided
with
the
inhabitants.
They
subdued those
who
them
with arms,
drove
out
the
owners,
and
obtained
possession of the
by
force.fizTl
1l
Sapaudia was
given
to
the
remnants
of
the Burgundians
to
be
divided
the
native
inhabitants.
[rz8]
Carthage
was captured
by
the Vandals
[r.
+:S]
and along with atl
Africa
off
the
might
of
the Roman Empire
with lamentable
harm and injury.
thereby it
became a
possession
of theVandals.[rz9]
Vrhndalra
[II,
fr.
lSll
and Mrrclrn
l.
Y,
A
thll
tirne the
pitiable
condition
of
the
state
wm
quitc
evident, for there
no
prlovince
without
a b*beriân
settler,
ând thc
unspeakable
hcrcsy
of
Arians,
which
had
permcâted
the barbarian nalons,
§preâd
over the
world
and
laid
claim
to the name Catholic.I1381
Ittila
entercd Gaul
as if he had the right,to
ask
fora wife
that
was owed
hilu,
There
he inflicted
and
suffered defeat and then
withdrew to
his
I
-
'',O
Chir
yerr
a
greât
mâny
portents
appeared.[r4o]
a.
44s
22 Thrace
was
shaken by
an
attack of the Huns.[