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Why Are We Here?Why Are We Here?

To Reduce the Amount of Carbon Dioxide released to the Atmosphere

Reduce GDPImprove

Efficiency

Renewables

ReduceCarbon

Intensity

ReducePopulation

SequesterCarbon

Demand Side

Capture&

Storage

EnhanceNatural SinksNuclear Supply Side

FuelSwitching

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Bollington Carbon RevolutionBollington Carbon Revolutionenergy for tomorrowenergy for tomorrows generations generation

RenewableRenewable SustainableSustainable

Hydro Power

Wind Power

Oceanic Energy

Solar Energy

Geothermal Energy

BioMass

Hydrogen & Fuel Cells

CHP - MicroCHP

Distributed Generation

Exotic Technologies

Fossil Fuel Innovation

Nuclear

Current Power Generation in the UK

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Hydro Power

Home

Large-hydro More than 100 MW feeding into a large electricity grid

Medium-hydro 15 - 100 MW usually feeding a grid

Small-hydro 1 - 15 MW - usually feeding into a grid

Mini-hydro Above 100 kW, but below 1 MW Either stand alone schemes or more often feeding into the grid

Micro-hydro From 5kW up to 100 kW Usually provided power for a small community or rural industry in remote

areas away from the grid. Pico-hydro

From a few hundred watts up to 5kW Remote areas away from the grid.

Pedley Wheel

Barton Lock

What You Get

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Wind EnergyNext

- Offshore & Onshore

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Oceanic Energy

Tidal Turbines

750 kW 1.5 MW

15 20 m rotors

3 m monopile

10 20 RPM

Deployed in multi-unit farms or arrays

Like a wind farm, but

Water 800x denser than air

Smaller rotors

More closely spaced

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Oscillates upand down

150 kWprototypeoperational

(2003) Plans for 3 5

MW prototypes

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Solar Energy

Solar Centre at Baglan Energy Park in South Wales

Solar Photovoltaic PV Solar Heating Panels

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Solar Photovoltaic PV

Both types now work in

lower levels.DC current produced,needs to be converted.

Up to 120w each. Linkedtogether, know as anarray.

Inverter Technology toproduce 240volts, can befed to the Grid.

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Sharp, world leaders in PV technology

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Solar Heating Panels

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Solar Towertechnology has been tested and proven with a successful small-scale pilot plant constructed in Manzanares Spain. The pilot project was theresult of collaboration between the Spanish Government and the German

designers, Schlaich Bergermann and Partner.The plant operated for seven years between 1982 and 1989, and consistently

generated 50kW output of green energy.The pilot plant conclusively proved the concept works and provided data fordesign modifications to achieve greater commercial and economic benefits

associated with an increased scale of economy.

Solar Tower

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Rev Dr Robert Stirling Stirling Engine - 1816

External Combustion Engine

Used in MicroCHP by WhisperGenUsing either gas or diesel.

Now attached to this SolarTracking Device, suns raysfocused on the external head ofthe engine.

Again not a new idea. First madeby John Ericsson in New York in1872, known as a Sun Motor

Home

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Geothermal Energy

Home

Ground heat pumps

are a practical heatrecovery system topre-heat water,thereby reducing theamount of heatneeded to raise thetemperature of waterto its required level

Hot water needs to bekept above 50c toprevent the growth of

bacterial pathogenssuch as Legionella.

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BioMass Energy Crops Woody crops Agricultural crops

Waste Products Wood residues Temperate crop wastes Tropical crop wastes

Animal wastes Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Commercial and industrial

wastes

MSW Gasification - Pyrolysis

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Nuclear

SSTAR Small, sealed,transportable, autonomousreactor

Fast breeder reactor

Tamper resistant, passively safe,self-contained fuel source (U238)

30 year life

Produce constant power of10-100 MW

15m high 3 m wide; 500 tonnes Prototype expected by 2015

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Power Generation in the UK

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Power Generation in the UK

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Fossil Fuel Innovation

Co-generation Plant

Combined Cycle - CCGT

Shale Oil

Carbon Dioxide pumping

Liquified Natural Gas

Home

Five 130-megawatt GEFrame 9171E gas turbinesTwo steam turbines rated at140 megawatts and 210megawatts

Heathrow AirportOne GE LM 1600 gas turbine-generatorand associated heat recovery boilerTwo conventional dual-fuelled hot waterboilersProvided 25% of energy in 2000

The 1,000-megawatt Barking Power Plant

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Micro Hydro

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Worlds Electrical Generation Sources

Source Electricit de France

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Horizontal Kaplan Turbine

Similar to Barton Lock Scheme

OUTPUT

Provides electricity for 600 homes.660kW for the national power Grid, (700kW has been reached).

Average annual output 3,200MWh.

EMMISSIONS SAVED ANNUALLY914 tonnes of carbon dioxide, 55 tonnes of sulphur dioxide, 6 tonnes of nitrous oxide gases.

ECONOMICSThe total cost of the turnkey project was (at 1994 prices, GB Pounds) 850,000.

It took eight months to build, on land within the dock island at Barton Locks, on land leased from Manchester Ship Canal Company.Annual income from sales under NFFO contract valid until1998 was between 180,000 and 200,000.

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Hydropower is very efficient Efficiency = (electrical power delivered to

the busbar) (potential energy of headwater)

Typical losses are due to Frictional drag and turbulence of flow Friction and magnetic losses in turbine &

generator Overall efficiency ranges from 75-95%

Consider a stream with an effective head of 25 meters (m)and a flow rate of 600 liters () per minute. How muchpower could a hydro plant generate? Assume plantefficiency () of 83%.

H =25 m

Q =600 /min 1 m3/1000 1 min/60secQ=0.01 m3/sec

= 0.83

P 10QH =10(0.83)(0.01)(25) = 2.075P 2.1 kW

How much energy (E) will the hydro plant generate each

year?

E= PtE= 2.1 kW 24 hrs/day 365 days/yrE= 18,396 kWh annually

About how many people will this energy support (assumeapproximately 3,000 kWh / person)?

People = E3000 = 18396/3000 = 6.13 About 6 people

What You Get

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2003 1.8 MW 350

Wind Speed

Wind energy increases with the cube of the wind speed

10% increase in wind speed translates into 30% more electricity

2X the wind speed translates into 8X the electricity

Height

Wind energy increases with height to the 1/7 power

2X the height translates into 10.4% more electricity

Blade swept area

Wind energy increases proportionally with swept area of the blades

Air density

Wind energy increases proportionally with air density

Humid climates have greater air density than dry climates

Lower elevations have greater air density than higher elevations

Wind energy in Denver about 6% less than at sea level

Blades are shaped like airplane wings

10% increase in swept diameter translates into 21% greater swept area

Longest blades up to 413 feet in diameter

Resulting in 600 foot total height

Wind Energy Characteristics

20065 MW600

2000 850 kW 265 Next

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Practicalities The resource & financial - Onshore Wind

No Wind No ElectricityYou can Do It B&Q It

Cost - 1498.00

Power 1Kw

Return Possible7 years to breakeven on averagehousehold.

Other Issues :-Possible planning

Unsightly

Noisy

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La Rance River estuary, Brittany (France)

Largest in world Completed in 1966

2410 MW bulb turbines (240 MW)

5.4 meter diameter

Capacity factor of ~40%

Maximum annual energy: 2.1 TWh

Realized annual energy: 840 GWh

Electric cost: 3.7/kWh

Tidal Barrage Schemes

There are about 20 sites world wide that have thepotential to be barrage schemes. The Seven and theSolway Firth are just 2 in the UK.

Severn River estuary

Border between Wales and England

216 40 MW turbine generators (9.0m dia)

8,640 MW total capacity

17 TWh average energy output

Ebb generation with flow pumping

16 km (9.6 mi) total barrage length

8.2 ($15) billion estimated cost (1988)

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Completed 2000

Scottish Isles

Two counter-rotating Wells turbines

Two generators

500 kW max power

Limpet Oscillating Water Column

Other Wave & Tide Projects

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Biomass heated with no oxygen

Gasifies to mixture of CO and H2

Called Syngas for synthetic gas

Mixes easily with oxygen

Burned in turbines to generate electricity

Like natural gas

Can easily be converted to other fuels,chemicals, and valuable materials

200 tons of wood chips daily

Forest thinnings; wood pallets

Converted to gas at ~1850 F

Combined cycle gas turbine

8MW power output

BioMass Gasification

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Home

Solar photovoltaic and thermal

Wind Turbines

Hydroelectric (large scale and micro)

Geothermal

Oceanic Nuclear

Fossil Fuels

Combined Heat & Power (CHP)

Located next to user Range of energy sources

Fossil fuel, waste gas, renewables, Hydrogen, nuclear

Capacity kw Mw Economic benefits

Waste heat used Lowers fossil fuel use Low investment Power failure losses eliminated Environmental/ health costs reduced

Grid costs peak/capital Lower electric bills Flexibility of location Cogeneration

Combined heat & power (CHP) Micropower

Distributed Generation

Consists of :-

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