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The Cold War


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What is the cold war?

The power struggle and

state of hostility between

the U.S. and the Soviet

Union (and their allies)

after WWII


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Why the Cold War?

The U.S. and Soviets had conflicting

political and economic views

The Soviet Union and the U.S. had differentgoals as they emerged from WWII

The Soviets and U.S. emerged from WWII

as Super Powers


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U.S. Goals

Allow for self-

determination in all

nations

Gain access to raw

material and markets

Rebuild Europeangov. to create stability

and new markets for

U.S. goods

Reunite Germany

Soviet Goals

Encourage communismin other countries

Rebuild Eastern Europeusing soviet labor andraw materials

Control Eastern Europe

to create a buffer zonebetween Germany andbalance U.S. WesternEuropean influence

Keep Germany weak anddivided
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://cidoc.ics.forth.gr/crm_core/images/yalta.jpg&imgrefurl=http://cidoc.ics.forth.gr/crm_core/core_examples/yalta.htm&usg=__VLbL-m17JRI8P3IESK8ZbrUchsM=&h=424&w=525&sz=87&hl=en&start=1&um=1&tbnid=c2YLuJdx7W0DwM:&tbnh=107&tbnw=132&prev=/images%3Fq%3DYalta%2BConference%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:*:IE-SearchBox%26rlz%3D1I7GGLG_en%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1


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Yalta Conference (1945)

Churchill,Stalin and FDR meet

They agree to self-determination after the war

Divide Germany into four military zones

After Yalta (and FDRs death) Truman confrontsthe Soviet Union at Potsdam

Harry Truman challenges the Soviet Union for violatingthe agreements made at Yalta

Soviets had installed a communist regime in Poland,and not allowed for self determinationTruman could not take action to stop them as Sovietswere in a strong place in Europe
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://cidoc.ics.forth.gr/crm_core/images/yalta.jpg&imgrefurl=http://cidoc.ics.forth.gr/crm_core/core_examples/yalta.htm&usg=__VLbL-m17JRI8P3IESK8ZbrUchsM=&h=424&w=525&sz=87&hl=en&start=1&um=1&tbnid=c2YLuJdx7W0DwM:&tbnh=107&tbnw=132&prev=/images%3Fq%3DYalta%2BConference%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:*:IE-SearchBox%26rlz%3D1I7GGLG_en%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1


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Soviets take controlSet up communist gov. in countries theyliberate from the Germans

Includes East Germany

also includes Poland Czechoslovakia,Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Albania

Known as Soviet BlockorSoviet Satellitecountries

Churchill coins term Iron Curtain to define

the division that exists between Westernand Eastern Europe


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UN is mostly

ineffective

Set up in a SanFranciscoconference in

April of 1945The UN charter setthe U.S., theSoviet Union,

China, France andBritain asmembers of theSecurity Council

U.S. and Soviet Union

block each other's

actionsUN is the 1st casualty

of the cold war


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CONTAINMENT: TheU.S. plan to actively

stop the spread of

communism

Containment


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Three Examples of Containment

# One- The Truman Doctrine: The U.S.promise to join or support any fight againstCommunism

Great Britain announces it can no longer protectwestern interest in the Mediterranean

Soviets demand control of the Dardanelles fromTurkey

The U.S. approved $400 million in aid andmilitary support to Turkey and Greece


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# Two- The Marshall PlanWestern Europe becomes vulnerable to

Soviet influence by 1947

Marshall (sec. of state) draws up a plan togive financial aid and

provide basic supplies

to help rebuild

these countries


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# Three- NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

An alliance of democratic nations that agreed to

assist each other if attacked by a communist

nation

An armed attack against one or more shall be

considered an attack on all. President Truman

Formed SEATO (Southeast Asian Treaty

Organization) as a counter part in the Pacific

Soviets form their own alliance called the

Warsaw Pact in 1955


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Germany is divided into four zones after

WWII

The Soviet sector remains separate when the

French, British and U.S. sectors join in 1947

to form West Germany

Berlin is also divided into four sectors but it

is 100 miles inside the Soviet Zone

The Berlin Blockade and Airlift


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Soviets begin a land blockade of Berlin on

June 24, 1948

1st Truman plans a massive airlift of supplies

to Berlin


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Second he transfers 60 American b-52s to

Britain supposedly carrying atomic bombs

Blockade ends in early 1949

Later in 1961 Khrushchev built a wall to stop

the flow of East Germans to West Berlin

known as the Berlin Wall


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The Soviets get the nuclear bomb

The Soviets Develop the Atomic Bomb (1949)

The U.S. responds by building the H-bomb, orhydrogen bomb (1952)

This is the beginningof an arms racebetween us and theUSSR in which wecompete to build bigger

and more weapons thanone another


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China struggles

with a communist

rebellion from the

end of WWI

Jiang Jieshi is the

Nationalist

Chinese Leader

Communism in China


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Mao Zedong is the Communist leaderWith the support of the Soviets and thepeasants of the countryside the communist

led by Mao win the warThe National Chinese government moves toexile in Taiwan


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Mao Zedong reforms China

Great Leap Forward

Mao Zedongs plan to expand the Chinese

economy by moving peasants onto large

communes with 25K people

The great dislike of the plan and several years

of famine made it a failure and great leap

backwards

C l l R l i


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Cultural Revolution

Goals was to establish a society of equal peasants

and workers

Intellectualism and learning were considered

useless and dangerous

The Communist Red Guards shut down schools

and lashed out at teachers, gov. officials andbusiness managers.

These individuals were purified through hard

work in labor camps

The chaos that resulted led Mao to stop the

Cultural Rev. and disband the Red Guards


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C i A i i K


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Korea is divided at the 38th parallel in 1945

U.S. controls the South, the Soviets the North

Each country sets up governments before theywithdrawal their troops in 1949

North Korea is communist

South Korea is not

On June 25, 1950 North Korean troops cross the38th parallel

President Truman gets the UN to send troops toprotect the south

Communist Aggression in Korea


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Douglas MacArthur is labeled the commander

of the UN troops (and most are U.S. troops)

Fighting begins badly

Tide begins to turn and Truman shifts his goals

to unifying all of Korea instead of just

protecting the south


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China warns that if American troops were in

North Korea they would respond with force

U.S./UN forces cross the 38th parallel in October

and advance to the Yalu river

The Chinese fulfill their promise and attack the

U.S./UN forces


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Korean war continues with each side

gaining small advances back and forth from

1951-1953

On July 27, 1953 a truce ends the war

dividing Korea close to the 38th parallel


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C b Mi il C i i


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Cuban Missile Crisis

The U.S. had a troubled relationship with its

southern Communist neighbori.e. supported a failed attempt to overthrow

Castro known as the Bay of Pigs invasion

(April 1961)October 1962 American reconnaissance

planes discover the Soviets installing

missiles in Cuba, 90 miles off the Florida

coast


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http://www.jfklibrary.org/jfkl/cmc/cmc_map_missile_range.jpg


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http://www.jfklibrary.org/jfkl/cmc/cmc_map_missile_range.jpg


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Kennedy and his advisors debated how to

respond

Decide on a naval blockade of Cuba and

takes concern to UN to explain actions


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For several tense daysU.S. waits to hear fromthe prime minister of the

USSR, Nikita KhrushchevMeanwhile severalSoviet ships steamedtowards Cuba and our blockade line


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Working through back channels Khrushchevsent Kennedy a message

Agreed to remove missiles if U.S. promised not to

invade CubaShips stopped outside of blockade line and crisiswas averted

Is the closest the U.S and Soviets ever came tonuclear war


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The Cold War in Vietnam

After WWII Ho Chi Minh, aVietnamese nationalist, turns tocommunist for help in struggle against French

Ho chi Minh forms the Vietminh, a communistgroupFrench no longer want colony in Vietnam afterdefeat at Dien Bien Phu

Vietnam is divided (17 N Latitude)

Ngo Dinh Diem leads an anticommunistgov. in the south
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ngo_Dinh_Diem_-_Thumbnail_-_ARC_542189.gifhttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.tamilnation.org/images/forum/hochiminh.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.tamilnation.org/forum/sachisrikantha/050514vietnam.htm&usg=__rOUcBWb0jbDygHjsmmDHoUUeppU=&h=300&w=376&sz=17&hl=en&start=1&um=1&tbnid=pz4ttHTkGa3mwM:&tbnh=97&tbnw=122&prev=/images%3Fq%3DHo%2Bchi%2BMinh%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft:*:IE-SearchBox%26rlz%3D1I7GGLG_en%26sa%3DN%26um%3D1


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Under Nixon U.S. withdraws,

Vietnamization

Shortly after US leaves, communist takeover Vietnam

Domino theory proves correct in Cambodia


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The Soviets face new challenges

In the USSR

Nikita Khrushchev (1953): destalinization

For the Soviet satellites

Hungary (Led by Imre Nagy) tries to revolt and

revolt is put down by the Soviet military (1956)

Czechoslovakias Communist leader

(Alexander Dubcek) loosens censorship rules inthe Prague Spring, Warsaw Pact troops invade

(1968)


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U.S. policy evolves

John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson usethe policy of brinkmanship

Brinkmanship is the willingness to go the brink

or edge of war

Nixon: Dtente

Dtente is the policy of relaxing or lessening

Cold War tensionsSALT I Treaty limits number of arms eachcountry could have (1972)

Gorbachev moves towards


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Gorbachev moves towards

democracy(1982)New, younger leader

Began changing Soviet

society with new policies

Glasnost-openness, people in

Soviet Union could nowopenly criticize the government

Perestroika-economic

restructuring, tried to revive the Soviet economyStressed diplomacy over the use of force

Soviets loose their grip on Eastern Europe
http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0S0206IBP9JSA8BGouJzbkF;_ylu=X3oDMTBxZ3Vkcjh0BHBvcwMxBHNlYwNzcgR2dGlkA0kxMDdfMTI4/SIG=1hnq9rht7/EXP=1241536008/**http%3A//images.search.yahoo.com/images/view%3Fback=http%253A%252F%252Fimages.search.yahoo.com%252Fsearch%252Fimages%253Fei%253DUTF-8%2526p%253DGorbachev%2526vm%253Dr%2526fr2%253Dtab-web%2526fr%253Dyfp-t-501%26w=200%26h=242%26imgurl=english.pravda.ru%252Fimg%252Fidb%252Fmikhail-gorbachev.jpg%26rurl=http%253A%252F%252Fenglish.pravda.ru%252Frussia%252Fpolitics%252F13-07-2006%252F83281-Mikhail_Gorbachev-0%26size=15k%26name=mikhail-gorbache...%26p=Gorbachev%26oid=8e2103d5c35cbedc%26no=1%26tt=23654%26sigr=12dvsmaob%26sigi=11f6vmcf4%26sigb=12vgj345l


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Soviets loose their grip on Eastern Europe

Poland Hungary, Czechoslovakia and

Romania all reform or disband their

communist gov. in the

early 1990s

Germany

Berlin Wall is torn down,

November 1989

Germany is reunified and

works to establish a combined

country (1990)


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Soviet Union collapses

Lithuania tries to succeed, and Gorbachev

sends in army (1991)

Boris Yeltsin criticizes GorbachevAugust coup of hard line Communist (1991)

attempts to overthrow Gorbachev

Yeltsin supports Gorbachev
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Boris_Yeltsin_1993.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Mikhail_Gorbachev_1987.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Soviet_Union_Administrative_Divisions_1989.jpg


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The failed coup brings an end to the

Communist party

Gorbachev resigns

Soviet Union is broken up

Estonia and Latvia declare their independence

By December 1991, 15 republics of the USSR

declared their independence


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Yeltsin becomes president-faces challenges

The Economy

Shock therapy tries to reform the Russian economy by

abruptly shifting to a free-market

Created economic hardship initially

Chechnya Rebels Declares their independence in 1991

Yeltsin does not let the region secede

Yeltsin sends troops to Chechnya, many civilians killed

Ongoing today


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Yugoslavia Falls Apart

Country made up after World War I

Contains six major ethnic groups

Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, and Croatiadeclare their independence in the early1990s

A war erupts and Serbs in Bosnia oppose

independence and use ethnic cleansingagainst Muslims and Croats

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