241856031 Natural Gas Processing

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Gas Field Engineering

© 2012 INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PETRONAS SDN BHDAll rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic,mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the permission of the copyright owner.


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SEMESTER 7/4

By

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

([email protected] )

(Mobile: 0143485422; Office Ext.: 7051)

(Room No.: 14.02.30)

PCB 4013 - GAS FIELD ENGINEERING

mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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Outcome Based Education (OBE)Structure of the course (outlines/contents)

Lesson plan (Lecture, buzz-group, project work,

laboratory practical, etc.)Teaching evaluation (Anonymous feedbacks)

UTP attendance policy (University required to present

monthly report on the international attendance to MOHE – Min. of Higher Educ.)

IMPORTANT INFORMATION

Dr liyu debayo Sulaimo


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The three major programme outcomes are:

PO-1: Ability to apply knowledge of engineering fundamentals in

solving complex petroleum engineering problems supplemented

by specialization know-how

PO-2: Ability to undertake problem identification, formulation and solvecomplex petroleum engineering issues using engineering,

science and mathematical principles

PO-3: Ability to design complex petroleum engineering components

and systems while considering possible public health and safety,cultural, societal, and the environmental impact

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES



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At the end of this course, students should be able to:

Estimate gas reserves [PO-1]

Analyze deliverability tests [PO-2]

Calculate static and flowing bottom-hole pressures [PO-3]

Describe various methods of gas transportation andmeasuring of gas volume [PO-1]

COURSE MAJOR OUTCOMES



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IntroductionOverview

World consumption of natural gas

Field handling of natural gas

Natural gas processing

Properties of natural gas Composition of natural gas

Ideal Gas LawProperties of Gaseous Mixtures

Real Gas Equation of State

Determination of Compressibility Factor

Gas Conversion Equations

Gas Gathering and Transportation Pipeline design

Reynolds’ number, relative roughness and friction factors

Pipeline flow equations

Series, Parallel, and Lopped Lines

COURSE MAJOR CONTENTS



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Introduction

Gas Flow Measurement Measurement fundamentals

Selection of measurement devices

Orifice meters

Critical flow prover

Choke Nipple

Pitot Tube

Gas volume measurement calculation

Gas Well Deliverability TestsFlow-after-flow tests

Isochronal tests

Modified isochronal tests

Wellhead deliverability

Time to stabilization, radius of investigation

Classification, limitations and use of deliverability tests




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Gas Well Performance Gas well performance fundamentals

Determination of Static Bottom-hole Pressure

Determination of Flowing Bottom-hole Pressure

Gas Field Development Gas reservoir performance

Optimum Field Development planning

Reservoir Deliverability

Well Spacing

Equipment Capacity Limitation, Tubing or Casing Capacity, Flow line Capacity, Compressor Capacity,Pipeline Capacity

Gas Reserve Estimation

Classification of reservesVolumetric estimates

Material balance estimates




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ASSESSMENT PLAN

Quizzes - 10%

Assignment - 20%

• Group Project/Presentation - 10%• Computer program - 10%

Test - 20%

Exam - 50%



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Main Reference

Lee, W.J., Wattenbarger R.A. (1996): ‘Gas ReservoirEngineering’, SPE Textbook Series, Vol. 5

Amanat U. Chaudry (2004): ‘Oil Well Testing Handbook, GulfProfessional PublishingChi U. Ikoku (1992): ‘Natural Gas Engineering – A System

Approach. PennWell Publishing Company

Optional ReferenceJohn L. Kennedy (1993), Oil and Gas Pipeline Fundamentals,

2nd

Edition, PennWell Publishing Any Reservoir Engineering Textbook or Peer ApprovedPublications on Natural Gas Engineering

Reference



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Attendance/Punctuality

Plagiarism

Honesty & Commitment

Timeliness (Submission of exercises)Tutorials/Examples/Extra Help (Team spirit)

E-Learning

Read WIDE & WILD

CLASS POLICY



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Day: Monday (14.02.09)Time: 4.00 – 5.00pm

Day: Thursday (14.02.08)Time: 2.00 – 3.00pm

Day: Friday (13.02.05)Time: 9.00 – 10.00am

Tutorial: 11.00am – 12.00noon (Friday)

LECTURE TIMES



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QUESTIONS?

Dr liyu debayo Sula

TH NK YOU


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Gas Field Engineering

© 2012 INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY PETRONAS SDN BHDAll rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic,mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the permission of the copyright owner.


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SEMESTER 7/4

By

Dr Aliyu Adebayo Sulaimon

([email protected] )

(Mobile: 0143485422; Office Ext.: 7051)

(Room No.: 14.02.30)

PCB 4013 - GAS FIELD ENGINEERING

mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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At the end of this lecture students should be able to:

Differentiate between different gas deposits

Describe the importance and stages of gas processing

Explain the role of natural gas in the current global energy

demand

Assess future potential of natural gas as a leading fossil fuel

for sustainable energy generation

INTRODUCTION


Lecture Outcomes


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Schematic geology of natural gas resources

Overview


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Overview

Natural gas

Colourless, highly flammablegaseous hydrocarbon consisting primarily ofmethane and ethane .

Associated (or wet) gas:Usually contains some lightliquids e.g. C 3H8 and C 4H10 ,thus called wet gas

Non-Associated gas: Notconnected with any source ofliquid; thus ‘dry gas’

Dr liyu debayo Sula

http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/278321/hydrocarbonhttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/378264/methanehttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/193911/ethanehttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/193911/ethanehttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/378264/methanehttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/278321/hydrocarbon


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Overview

Natural gas deposit

Conventional reservoirs: Notsource rock but the natural gashas migrated and stored there

Rock has varying permeability

Tight gas from very low-K rock

Non-conventional reservoirs:Natural gas situated in layersin parent rock e.g. shale gas

and coal gas

Dr liyu debayo Sula


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Overview

Natural gas reservoirs

Conventional Reservoirs

Conventional Gas: Large, well-connected pores.

Tight Gas: Small, poorly connectedpores

Non-conventional reservoirs:

Unconventional Gas: Very small,hardly connected pores

Dr liyu debayo Sula

( d)


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Organic formation process

Natural gas is more ubiquitous(abundant) than oil.

Derived from both land plants andaquatic organic matter

Generated above, throughout, andbelow the oil window . Thus, all sourcerocks have the potential for gasgeneration.

Many of the source rocks forsignificant gas deposits appear to be

associated with the worldwideoccurrence of coal dated toCarboniferous and Early Permian times (roughly 360 million to 271million years ago).

Dr liyu debayo Sula

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Chuhuo.jpg

Natural gas coming out of the ground, Taiwan.

Overview (cont’d)

O i ( ’d)

http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/426266/oil-windowhttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/555473/source-rockhttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/555473/source-rockhttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/122863/coalhttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/95185/Carboniferous-Periodhttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/452280/Permian-Periodhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Chuhuo.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Chuhuo.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Chuhuo.jpghttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/452280/Permian-Periodhttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/95185/Carboniferous-Periodhttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/122863/coalhttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/555473/source-rockhttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/555473/source-rockhttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/555473/source-rockhttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/426266/oil-windowhttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/426266/oil-windowhttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/426266/oil-window


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Discovery and early application

First discoveries of natural gas seeps in Iranbetween 6000 and 2000 bce.

The use of natural gas was mentioned inChina about 900 bce.

First natural gas well drilled with bamboopoles and primitive percussion bits in Chinain 211 bce (150m or 500ft).

By 1900, over 1,100 wells had been drilled

(1,000m or 3,300ft)Source:http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/406163/natural-gas/50586/History-of-use

Dr liyu debayo Sula

Overview (cont’d)

O i ( ’d)

http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/112079/history-of-Chinahttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/406163/natural-gas/50586/History-of-usehttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/406163/natural-gas/50586/History-of-usehttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/406163/natural-gas/50586/History-of-usehttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/406163/natural-gas/50586/History-of-usehttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/406163/natural-gas/50586/History-of-usehttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/406163/natural-gas/50586/History-of-usehttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/406163/natural-gas/50586/History-of-usehttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/406163/natural-gas/50586/History-of-usehttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/406163/natural-gas/50586/History-of-usehttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/406163/natural-gas/50586/History-of-usehttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/406163/natural-gas/50586/History-of-usehttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/406163/natural-gas/50586/History-of-usehttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/112079/history-of-China


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Hydrocarbon Content

Natural gas is a hydrocarbon mixture ofsaturated light paraffins (gaseous C 1 andC2), and/or C 3, C4, C5 and C 6.

In natural gas reservoirs the heavier HCsoccur in gaseous form under very highpressures, liquefy at surface (at P atm ) andare produced separately as natural gasliquids (NGLs).

The NGLs can be further separated intofractions, ranging from the heaviestcondensates (C 6, C5, and C 4) throughliquefied petroleum gas (LPG; essentiallyC4 and C 3) to C 2.

Dr liyu debayo Sula

Overview (cont’d)

G S S S G O S

http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/278321/hydrocarbonhttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/343014/liquefied-petroleum-gashttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/343014/liquefied-petroleum-gashttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/343014/liquefied-petroleum-gashttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/343014/liquefied-petroleum-gashttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/343014/liquefied-petroleum-gashttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/343014/liquefied-petroleum-gashttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/343014/liquefied-petroleum-gashttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/343014/liquefied-petroleum-gashttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/343014/liquefied-petroleum-gashttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/343014/liquefied-petroleum-gashttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/343014/liquefied-petroleum-gashttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/343014/liquefied-petroleum-gashttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/343014/liquefied-petroleum-gashttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/343014/liquefied-petroleum-gashttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/343014/liquefied-petroleum-gashttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/343014/liquefied-petroleum-gashttp://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/278321/hydrocarbon


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Dr liyu debayo SulaimoWorld natural gas reserves by geographical region as of Aug. 2005(Source: Petroleum Exploration Society of Austr

Global

Distribution

of Natural

Gas

GAS RESERVES BY REGIONS


http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=gas+reserves&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=j46CwT2vbXBckM&tbnid=_jgtQGUtVh3hSM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.pesa.com.au/publications/pesa_news/aug_05/pesanews_7735.html&ei=qWTiUcaGDoHUrQeY7ICoDw&bvm=bv.48705608,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNECgGXZZSk_4ILYMa3VjvtJ3Zctjg&ust=1373877791408437


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Dr liyu debayo SulaimoWorld natural gas reserves by geographical region as of Jan. 2011 (Source: US Energy Information Adm

World natural gas res erves by geographical region as of Jan. 2011 (Source: US Energy Information A dministration)Global Distribution of Natural Gas


GAS RESERVES BY COUNTRIES

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=rPx3YRkj_GM_3M&tbnid=MMRdKfj3G12PRM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/ieo/nat_gas.cfm&ei=nWXiUfWFB8HKrAfX_ICwDw&psig=AFQjCNFSOimJtB2OFBY-LwJjqPiRjO5HKQ&ust=1373877878924639http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=rPx3YRkj_GM_3M&tbnid=MMRdKfj3G12PRM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/ieo/nat_gas.cfm&ei=nWXiUfWFB8HKrAfX_ICwDw&psig=AFQjCNFSOimJtB2OFBY-LwJjqPiRjO5HKQ&ust=1373877878924639http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=rPx3YRkj_GM_3M&tbnid=MMRdKfj3G12PRM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/ieo/nat_gas.cfm&ei=nWXiUfWFB8HKrAfX_ICwDw&psig=AFQjCNFSOimJtB2OFBY-LwJjqPiRjO5HKQ&ust=1373877878924639


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Dr liyu debayo Sulaim

GAS RESERVES BY COUNTRIES

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=gas+reserves&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Wo03oexSsNkwpM&tbnid=5SwQsKfwXoIN7M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=RS&ei=E2niUYHDG4WKrgfj54CoDw&bvm=bv.48705608,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNElDJWBqJEtelyWxZMhmSI14HDLmQ&ust=1373878583439496


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WORLD CONSUMPTION OF NATURAL GAS


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WORLD CONSUMPTION OF NATURAL GAS

Source - http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/images/2012.04.12/WorldNatGasConsumption_2010.gif


NATURAL GAS RESERVES PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION

http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/images/2012.04.12/WorldNatGasConsumption_2010.gifhttp://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/images/2012.04.12/WorldNatGasConsumption_2010.gifhttp://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/images/2012.04.12/WorldNatGasConsumption_2010.gifhttp://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/images/2012.04.12/WorldNatGasConsumption_2010.gif


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NATURAL GAS RESERVES, PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION

Source - http://homework.uoregon.edu/pub/class/hc441/ft.gif


NATURAL GAS PROCESSING

http://homework.uoregon.edu/pub/class/hc441/ft.gifhttp://homework.uoregon.edu/pub/class/hc441/ft.gifhttp://homework.uoregon.edu/pub/class/hc441/ft.gifhttp://homework.uoregon.edu/pub/class/hc441/ft.gif


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Composition of Raw Natural Gas

Methane (in large quantity)Ethane, Propane, iso-Butane etc.WaterN2, H 2S, and CO 2

Processing phases

Gathering

Processing

Distribution




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Processing phases

Gathering: Aggregating natural gas from wells through gatheringlines to processing plants

Processing: Extraction of imbedded NGLs and removal of watervapour and other contaminants to form

• A stream of marketable natural gas (residual gas)

• A stream of mixed NGLs

Five main proceduresi. Removal of sand and other solid impurities

ii. Oil and condensate removal

iii. Water removaliv. Separation of NGLs

v. H 2S and CO 2 removal




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Dehydration methods

Use of Desiccants: Hygroscopic in natureInertNon-toxicWater soluble

Liquid DesiccantsHygroscopic salts e.g. Lithium chloride

Glycols e.g. propylene glycol Solid Desiccants

Molecular sieve

Silica

CaSO 4

CaCl 2Methanol injection

ToxicExpensiveDisposal problem

Silica gel



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Removal of Acid GasesSour gas and acid gas: Any difference?

o Sour gas • Contains significant amount of H 2S• Characterized by sour or foul odor

o Acid gas • Contains significant amount of acidic

gases e.g. CO 2 or H 2S

Chemical reaction:

• Amine gas treating (gas sweetening)Diethanolamine (DEA)

Monoethanolamine (MEA)

Methyldiethanolamine (MDEA)

Diisopropanolamine (DIPA) Acid gases



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Removal of Acid Gases

Membrane separationSynthetic membranes made frompolymers such as polyethylene,polyamides and polyimides can beused to separate acid gases fromnatural gas

Batch processesCurrently marketed processes areIron sponge, Chemsweet, and Sulfa-Check. Ferric oxides reacts with H 2Sto give ferric sulphide

Fe 2O 3 + 3H 2S = Fe 2S 3 + 3H 2O

Because reactant (cleaning agent) isdiscarded , the use is limited toremoving small amount of sulphur

VIDEO: PRINCIPLES OF GAS PROCESSING


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VIDEO: PRINCIPLES OF GAS PROCESSING




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DistributionMainline transmission line is a wide-diameter, long distance portion ofnatural gas pipeline systemCompressor stations are located along the transmission system toincrease the pressure and flow rate along the pipeline




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Compressor station


Compressor station in Morocco - http://www.mokveld.com/upload/business_case_visual/gas_plant_2.JPG


http://www.mokveld.com/upload/business_case_visual/gas_plant_2.JPGhttp://www.mokveld.com/upload/business_case_visual/gas_plant_2.JPGhttp://www.mokveld.com/upload/business_case_visual/gas_plant_2.JPGhttp://www.mokveld.com/upload/business_case_visual/gas_plant_2.JPG


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Compressor station

Dr liyu debayo SulaimA compressor station in Korea: https://reader010.{domain}/reader010/html5/0602/5b12a433b5383/5b12

VIDEO: NATURAL GAS COMPRESSOR STATION

http://www.gazprom.com/f/posts/77/516833/s-kh-v.jpghttp://www.gazprom.com/f/posts/77/516833/s-kh-v.jpghttp://www.gazprom.com/f/posts/77/516833/s-kh-v.jpghttp://www.gazprom.com/f/posts/77/516833/s-kh-v.jpghttp://www.gazprom.com/f/posts/77/516833/s-kh-v.jpghttp://www.gazprom.com/f/posts/77/516833/s-kh-v.jpghttp://www.gazprom.com/f/posts/77/516833/s-kh-v.jpghttp://www.gazprom.com/f/posts/77/516833/s-kh-v.jpg


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IMPORTANCE OF NATURAL GAS


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CLEAN

Cleanest burning fossil fuel with very few by-productsIt leaves no unpleasant soot, ash or odoursSwitching to natural gas eliminates the need for an underground storage – eliminating the threat of oil spills, soil contamination, and costlyenvironmental clean-up

EFFICIENT92% of the natural gas produced is delivered to customers. 32% ofelectricity generated from coal reaches the consumersNatural gas has a high heating value of 24,000 BTU/LBGasoline ignites when heated to 540 oF (or 282.22 oC) while natural gasignites only when heated to 1202 oF (or 650 oC), thus safer.



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SAFE

Natural gas is piped directly tothe end user• No storage tank required• No risk of tank corrosion• Less property damage

Natural gas does not spill. Whenreleased, it dissipates into theatmosphere and safely disperses

Billions of dollars spent annually(by pipeline & utility companies)to ensure safety & reliability ofnatural gas infrastructure



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USES OF NATURAL GAS

As a major contributor to theindustry

To produce steel, glass, paper,

clothing, brick, electricity, etc.

As raw material for paints,fertilizer, plastics, antifreeze,dyes, photographic film,medicines, and explosives

CURRENT TRENDS


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Worlds Largest Producers of natural gasRussia, U.S, Canada & Iran

Worlds Largest Consumers of natural gasU.S, Russia, Iran & China

THE FUTURE

World energy consumption to grow by 56% between 2010 & 2040 -The international energy outlook 2013 (IEO 2013)Natural gas is the fastest growing fossil fuel. Global consumptionincreases by 17% per yearWorld natural gas consumption will increase by 64% from 113Tcf

in 2010 to 185Tcf in 2040References: 1) www.eia.gov 2) www.wintershall.com/en.html

3) www.naturalgas.org 4) www.naturalgasnb.com


RECAP

http://www.eia.gov/http://www.wintershall.com/en.htmlhttp://www.naturalgas.org/http://www.naturalgasnb.com/http://www.naturalgasnb.com/http://www.naturalgas.org/http://www.wintershall.com/en.htmlhttp://www.eia.gov/


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Conventional reservoirsAssociated gas

Non-associated gasTight gas

Unconventional reservoirsShale gas

Stages of gas processingGatheringProcessing

• Dehydration• Acid gas removal

Distribution

Importance and uses of natural gas

Future potential of natural gas Dr liyu debayo Sulaim

Questions?


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THANK YOU


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