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• Objectiveo introduce texturing and its use in environment

mapping, lightmapping, bump mapping and shadows

Animation and Games

Development242-515, Semester 1, 2014-2015

11. Textures and Maps

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1. Why Textures?2. Textures in jME3. Wrap Modes4. Texture Resizing5. jME Transparency6. Texture Mapping

onto Surfaces

Overview

7. Multitexturing8. Environment

Mapping9. Light Mapping10.Bump Mapping11.Multi-pass

Rendering12.Shadow Mapping

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• A texture makes a shape look better without increasing its number of vertices.

• A texture is an image wrapped around a shape.• Textures are usually 2D images. There are also 1D

and 3D textures.

1. Why Textures?

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• The color of a pixel is determined by mapping from (s,t) texture space to the pixel's (x,y,z) world space• sometimes (u,v) axis labels are used instead of (s,t)

Texture mapping

t(1, 1)

(0, 1)(s, t) = (0.2, 0.8)

(0.4, 0.2)

(0.8, 0.4)

A

B C

a

bc

Texture Space World Space

s(1, 0)(0, 0)

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Mapping Examples

• mapping all of a texture to one face of a shape

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Texture mappings involving parts of atexture are most commonly used bytexture atlases (see later).

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• Textures are made of texels• just as images are made from pixels

• Texels have R,G,B,A componentso usually means red, green, blue, alpha o but can be used to store other data

Texture Formats

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• Specify how texture colors modify pixel colors• Common modes:

o DECAL: replace pixel color with texture color

o BLEND: combine texture and pixel colors using weighted addition

o MODULATE: combine texture and pixel colors using multiplication of their components

Texture Functions

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• A 1D texture is a 2D texture with height == 1o often used for drawing colored stripes/lines

• A 3D texture is like a stack of 2D textureso often used in visualization

• e.g. medical imaging

1D and 3D Textures

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• Add a texture to an unshaded (unlit) material:o mat.setTexture("ColorMap",

assetManager.loadTexture("Textures/monkey.png")); // with Unshaded.j3md

• Add a texture to a lit material:o mat.setTexture("DiffuseMap",

assetManager.loadTexture("Textures/wood.png")); // with Lighting.j3md

2. Textures in jME

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Unlit Texture ExampleUnlitTexture.java

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public void simpleInitApp() { flyCam.setMoveSpeed(20); Box mesh = new Box(2,2,2); Geometry geom = new Geometry("mesh", mesh);

Material mat = new Material(assetManager, "Common/MatDefs/Misc/Unshaded.j3md"); mat.setTexture("ColorMap", assetManager.loadTexture("Textures/R.png")); geom.setMaterial(mat); rootNode.attachChild(geom); }

Partial Code

R.png

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Lit Texture ExampleLitTexture.java

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public void simpleInitApp() { flyCam.setMoveSpeed(20); Box mesh = new Box(2,2,2); Geometry geom = new Geometry("mesh", mesh); Material mat = new Material(assetManager, "Common/MatDefs/Light/Lighting.j3md"); mat.setTexture("DiffuseMap", assetManager.loadTexture("Textures/R.png")); :

Partial Code

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mat.setBoolean("UseMaterialColors", true); mat.setColor("Diffuse",ColorRGBA.White); mat.setColor("Specular",ColorRGBA.White); mat.setFloat("Shininess", 8f); // [0,128] geom.setMaterial(mat); rootNode.attachChild(geom);

// add a light to make the lit object visible DirectionalLight sun = new DirectionalLight(); sun.setDirection(new Vector3f(1,-1, -2).normalizeLocal()); sun.setColor(ColorRGBA.White); rootNode.addLight(sun); } // end of simpleInitApp()

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How to deal with (s,t) values outside 0-1

3. Wrap Modes

Mirror once (mirror+clamp)

Clamp

Border color

Wrap (Repeat)

Mirror

Original

Black edges

shown for illustration

only

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• Wrapping is also known as tiling or repeating.

Wrapping and Clamping

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Texture tex = mat.getTextureParam("DiffuseMap"). getTextureValue(); System.out.println("texture: " + tex); System.out.println("Texture type: " + tex.getType()); System.out.println("Mag/Min filtering: " + tex.getMagFilter() + "/" + tex.getMinFilter()); System.out.println("Anisotropic filtering level: " + tex.getAnisotropicFilter());

Texture.WrapMode horizWrapMode = tex.getWrap(Texture.WrapAxis.S); // horizontal wrap Texture.WrapMode vertWrapMode = tex.getWrap(Texture.WrapAxis.T); // vertical wrap System.out.println("(S,T) wrap modes: (" + horizWrapMode + ", " + vertWrapMode + ")");

Accessing jME Texture InfoLitTexture.java

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texture: Texture2D [name=Textures/R.png, image=Image[size=256x256, format=BGR8]]

Texture type: TwoDimensional

Mag/Min filtering: Bilinear/TrilinearAnisotropic filtering level: 1

(S,T) wrap modes: (EdgeClamp, EdgeClamp)

Output

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• In LitTexture.java:

• mesh.scaleTextureCoordinates(new Vector2f(2,1)); // times to repeat on X and Y axes

• tex.setWrap(Texture.WrapAxis.S, Texture.WrapMode.Repeat);

Adjusting the Wrap Mode in jME

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Result

4. Texture Resizing• Magnification: when a pixel is mapped to a part of

one texel

• Minification: when a pixel is mapped to many texels

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• Texture magnification/minification without filtering produces ugly visual effects:o When magnified, the texels become very obviouso When minified, the texture becomes “sparkly”

Texture Filtering

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• Bilinear filtering is used to smooth a texture when it is displayed larger or smaller than its normal size. • blends edges of texel neighbours

• Magnification looks better, but minification may still sparkle.

Bilinear Filtering

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Bilinear Filtering Effect

No filtering Bilinear Filtering

magnified

minified

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• Mipmaps reduce problems with minification.

• A mipmap is a pre-calculated, optimized collection of bitmap images for a texture

• Each bitmap image is a version of the texture at a reduced level of detail (LOD).

• The rendering engine uses a different bitmap for wrapping the object depending on its distance from the viewer.

Mipmaps

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Examples

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• Mipmapping of the road texture:

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texture

mipmap for the texture

a singleimagefile

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+

viewer

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• Common mipmap minification filterso NEAREST: uses the nearest mipmap closest to the

polygon resolution, and applies bilinear filtering

o LINEAR: uses linear interpolation between the two mipmaps closest to the polygon resolution, and applies bilinear filtering

Mipmap Filters

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• Transitions between one mipmap size and the next may be obviouso the change is visible as a moving/flickering line

• Use trilinear filteringo blends between mipmap sizes smoothly

Trilinear Filtering

bilinear/trilinear- the difference

is only apparentwhen the user moves

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• Improves on bilinear and trilinear filtering by reducing blur and preserving more detail at extreme viewing angles.

Anisotropic Filtering

trilinear filtering(blurry)

anisotropicfiltering(less blurry)

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Filtering and Mipmapping

Using textures without filtering and mipmapping.

With filteringand mipmapping

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• jME creates a mipmap automatically for a texture (unless disabled).

• It is possible to import models with pre-calculated mipmap textureso e.g. using the dds plugin for gimp

http://code.google.com/p/gimp-dds/

Mipmapping in jME

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• For colored Materials, the last float of an RGBA color is the Alpha channel. o Alpha = 1.0f makes the color opaque (the default)o Alpha = 0.0f make the color transparento Alpha between 0f and 1f makes the color more or less

translucent

• A translucent red:mat.setColor("Color", new ColorRGBA(1,0,0, 0.5f));

5. jME Transparency

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• For textured Materials, either supply an AlphaMap that specifies which areas are transparent.setTexture("AlphaMap", assetManager.loadTexture("Textures/window_alpha.png"));

• or add an alpha channel to the ColorMap/DiffuseMap

• Enable alpha rendering:mat.setBoolean("UseAlpha",true);

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• Specify alpha blending for the Material:mat.getAdditionalRenderState().setBlendMode( BlendMode.Alpha);

• Put the Geometry (not the Material!) in the appropriate render queue:geom.setQueueBucket(Bucket.Translucent);

orgeom.setQueueBucket(Bucket.Transparent);

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Alpha Map ExampleGlassSphere.java

Spinning see-through sphere in front of a brick wall

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// cyan sphere Sphere sphere = new Sphere(32,32, 2f); Geometry geom = new Geometry("sphere", sphere); Material mat = new Material(assetManager, "Common/MatDefs/Light/Lighting.j3md");

mat.setBoolean("UseMaterialColors",true); mat.setColor("Ambient", ColorRGBA.Cyan); mat.setColor("Diffuse", ColorRGBA.Cyan); mat.setColor("Specular", ColorRGBA.White); mat.setFloat("Shininess", 16f); // [0,128] :

Partial Code

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// transparent texture mat.setTexture("AlphaMap", assetManager.loadTexture( "Textures/R_bw.png")); mat.setBoolean("UseAlpha",true); mat.getAdditionalRenderState().setBlendMode(BlendMode.Alpha); geom.setQueueBucket(Bucket.Transparent);

geom.setMaterial(mat);

R_bw.jpg

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Using a rock Alpha Map

rock.png

mat.setTexture("AlphaMap", assetManager.loadTexture("Textures/rock.png"));

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• In planar mapping, one of the (x,y,z) components of the shape (usually the z-axis) is ignored when mapping from the (s,t) texture space to the pixel's (x,y,z) world space• leaves us with a simple (s,t) ↔ (x,y) mapping

6. Texture Mapping onto Surfaces

43

ignore z-axis of shape whenmapping

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ignore z-axis of shapeswhen mapping

Planar Surface Mapping

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Cylindrical Surface Mapping

texture cylinder’s long axis is the y-axis

The default mapping for most shapes in jME

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Cylinder mesh = new Cylinder(100, 100, 2, 3, true); :geom.rotate(-FastMath.HALF_PI, 0, 0); // rotate up

Cylinder in LitTexture.java

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• Using a cylinderical surface for the texture:

Rotating SphereSphereTex.java

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Sphere mesh = new Sphere(16,16,2);mesh.scaleTextureCoordinates(new Vector2f(5,1)); // times to repeat on X and y axes

Geometry geom = new Geometry("mesh", mesh);Material mat = new Material(assetManager, "Common/MatDefs/Light/Lighting.j3md");mat.setTexture("DiffuseMap", assetManager.loadTexture("Textures/R.png"));geom.setMaterial(mat);

geom.rotate(-FastMath.HALF_PI, 0, 0); // rotate upright

Partial Code

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Spherical Surface Mapping

uses latitude andlongitude for thetexture mapping

stretches the squares in the map near the equator, and squeezes the squares as the longitude reaches a pole

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• Switched to a spherical surface mapping for the texture:

Rotating Sphere (Remapped)

mesh.setTextureMode(Sphere.TextureMode.Projected);

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• A texture atlas is a texture image which contains several sub-images, each of which is a texture for a part of the 3D object.

Texture Atlases

+ =

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• Texture atlases reduce the amount of texture state switching by the underlying graphics engineo makes rendering faster

atlas with 100 sub-images,for decorating a 2D world

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The HoverTank ModelTestHoverTank.java

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• The model is loaded with:o Node tank = (Node) assetManager.loadModel(

"Models/HoverTank/Tank2.mesh.xml");

• The mesh, and various texture maps, are located inside jmonkeyplatform\libs\jME3-testdata.jar

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tank_diffuse.jpg

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• Multitexturing is applying several textures to the same surface.

• Multitexturing hardware supports texture units, each of which applies a standard texture map operation.

7. Multitexturing

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• Multitexturing for layering detail onto a terrain.

we'll do this later in jME

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• A texture matrix can be used to “transform” the textureo e.g. translation the texture over the shape

• If the texture matrix changes over time, the texture will appear to move on the objecto Useful for implementing flames, water, clouds, etc.

Animating Texture

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• An environment map (a texture) is used to approximate mirrored surfaces

8. Environment Mapping

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• The texture color is transferred from the environment map onto the object in the direction of the reflected ray sent from the viewer.

Theory

Object

viewer

Reflected ray

Environment Map(a texture)

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• A cube map texture is made from six 2D texture maps that correspond to the sides of a boxo one kind of environment map

Cube Mapping

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Cube Map Format

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• An environment map can be statico often used for sky + hills + ground in a 3D

sceneo hard to notice that it’s not correcto very fast and effectiveo called a skybox

Static Environment Maps

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A Skybox in jME

rotate thecamera inthe scene

SkyBox.java

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public void simpleInitApp() { Texture west = assetManager.loadTexture("Textures/Sky/ Lagoon/lagoon_west.jpg"); Texture east = assetManager.loadTexture("Textures/Sky/ Lagoon/lagoon_east.jpg"); Texture north = assetManager.loadTexture("Textures/Sky/ Lagoon/lagoon_north.jpg"); Texture south = assetManager.loadTexture("Textures/Sky/ Lagoon/lagoon_south.jpg"); Texture up = assetManager.loadTexture("Textures/Sky/ Lagoon/lagoon_up.jpg"); Texture down = assetManager.loadTexture("Textures/Sky/ Lagoon/lagoon_down.jpg");

Spatial sky = SkyFactory.createSky(assetManager, west, east, north, south, up, down); rootNode.attachChild(sky); }

Partial Code

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Six Skybox Images\jmonkeyplatform\libs\jME3-testdata.jar

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• When the object using the environment map moves, then the map should change.

• Can be done using multi-pass rendering• six rendering passes needed to build the sides of a

new cube map• another pass to apply the map to the object

Dynamic Environment Mapping

Sphere Mapping

• Problems:o non-uniform samplingo non-linear mapping

Another kind of environment mapping.

9. Light Mapping• A light map is used to simulate

light effects on a surface. o It’s often a gray scale image,

which is blended with another texture to produce lighting effects

• This approach speeds up run-time lighting since the lighting effects have been pre-computed and stored in a mapo complex (slow) illumination

techniques can be used to create the map (e.g. shadows)when the game is being coded

Example

No light maps With light maps

Specular Mapping

• Not all objects are uniformly shiny all over their surface, e.g.:o tile floors are worn in placeso metal with corrosion spotso partially wet surfaces

• Specular mapping is a way tovary the amount of specularlight over a shape.

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Example

the specular mapspecular reflection

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Specular Map for the Hover Tank

tank_specular.jpg

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• Add a BloomFilter PostProcessor to simpleInitApp()

• Specify a Glow color. mat.setColor("GlowColor",ColorRGBA.White);

• Optionally specify a GlowMap texture. mat.setTexture("GlowMap", assetManager.loadTexture("Textures/alien_glow.png"));

o says where the DiffuseMap texture glows;o If you don't supply a GlowMap, then the whole material

glows

jME Glowing

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Glowing ColorsGlowSpheres.java

no glow

red glow

white glow

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// needed by all glowing objectsFilterPostProcessor fpp = new FilterPostProcessor(assetManager);BloomFilter bloom = new BloomFilter(BloomFilter.GlowMode.Objects);fpp.addFilter(bloom);viewPort.addProcessor(fpp);

:

Partial Code

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// the glowing red sphere Geometry sph2 = new Geometry("chequered", sphere); Material mat2 = new Material(assetManager, "Common/MatDefs/Light/Lighting.j3md");

mat2.setBoolean("UseMaterialColors",true); mat2.setColor("Diffuse", ColorRGBA.Cyan); mat2.setColor("Ambient", ColorRGBA.Cyan); mat2.setColor("GlowColor", ColorRGBA.Red); :

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Glowing Maps VersionGlowSpheres.java (with maps)

no glow

chequered map

random map

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// glowing using a chequered patternGeometry sph2 = new Geometry("chequered", sphere);Material mat2 = new Material(assetManager, "Common/MatDefs/Light/Lighting.j3md");mat2.setBoolean("UseMaterialColors",true);mat2.setColor("Diffuse", ColorRGBA.Cyan);mat2.setColor("Ambient", ColorRGBA.Cyan);mat2.setTexture("GlowMap", assetManager.loadTexture("Textures/bloom-glow2.png"));

Partial Code

bloom-glow2.png

10. Bump Mapping

• Makes a shape's surface look bumpy without changing the shape's geometry.

• The bump map changes the surface normal values by small amounts.o also called normal

mapping

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• Normal vectors are stored with the shape's vertices.

• Rough surfaces require lots of variation in the surface normalso this would require lots more vertices

• Use a bump map instead to change the shape's normals at each pixel.

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Bump

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• Object Surface(with normals)

• Bump map

• Object Surface(with changed normals)

Bump Map Example

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• The bump map stores a series of heightso the heights are turned into surface normals by

calculating the differences between neighbors in the s and t directions

Bump Mapping Uses Heights

bump map heights bump map surface normals

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Varying the Bumps

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• Generate normal vectors information for the mesh:TangentBinormalGenerator.generate(mesh);

• Specify a normal map texture for the Material:mat.setTexture("NormalMap", assetManager.loadTexture( "Textures/wood_normal.png")); // with Lighting.j3md

Bump Maps in jME

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Example Bumps.java

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Sphere rock = new Sphere(32, 32, 2); // A rocky ball Geometry rockGeom = new Geometry("rock", rock); rock.setTextureMode(Sphere.TextureMode.Projected); TangentBinormalGenerator.generate(rock); Material rMat = new Material(assetManager, "Common/MatDefs/Light/Lighting.j3md"); rMat.setTexture("DiffuseMap", assetManager.loadTexture( "Textures/Pebbles/Pebbles_diffuse.png")); rMat.setTexture("NormalMap", assetManager.loadTexture( "Textures/Pebbles/Pebbles_normal.png"));

rMat.setBoolean("UseMaterialColors", true); rMat.setColor("Diffuse",ColorRGBA.White); rMat.setColor("Specular",ColorRGBA.White); rMat.setFloat("Shininess", 4f); // [0,128]

rockGeom.setMaterial(rMat); rockGeom.setLocalTranslation(0,1,0); // Move it a bit rockGeom.rotate(1.6f, 0, 0); // Rotate it a bit rootNode.attachChild(rockGeom);

:

Partial Code

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// A wall with a rough bricky surface Box box = new Box(2, 2, 2); Geometry wall = new Geometry("wall", box); TangentBinormalGenerator.generate(wall); Material wMat = new Material(assetManager, "Common/MatDefs/Light/Lighting.j3md"); wMat.setTexture("DiffuseMap", assetManager.loadTexture( "Textures/BrickWall/BrickWall_diffuse.jpg")); wMat.setTexture("NormalMap", assetManager.loadTexture( "Textures/BrickWall/BrickWall_normal.jpg")); wall.setMaterial(wMat); wall.setLocalTranslation(0,-3,0); // Move it a bit rootNode.attachChild(wall);

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Bumps.java Maps

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• If the normal maps are commented out:

Without Bumps

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Bump Mapping Atlas

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Normal Map for the Hover Tank

tank_normals.png

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• Bump mapping adjusts surface normals (but there's no change to the vertices)

• Displacement mapping uses a map to change the shape's vertices.

Displacement Mapping

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• The outline of the shape gives away whether bump mapping or displacement mapping was used.

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• Draw the scene, or parts of the scene, multiple times to achieve certain effects. o Used for mirrors, shadows, etc.o It can be used to approximate multi-texturing when

multi-texturing is not supported by the hardwareo Disadvantage: rendering a frame takes longer

11. Multi-pass Rendering

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• Shadows are created by testing whether a pixel is visible from the light sourceo comparing pixel to a z-buffer or depth image of the light

source's view

12. Shadow Mapping

add shadowmapping

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• jME offers two forms of shadow:o BasicShadowRenderer: basic drop shadows onto a flat

surface

o Parallel-Split Shadow Map (PSSM): for shadows that fall on complex (curved) surfaces; more resource intensive

jME Shadows

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• Shadow calculations (casting and receiving) slow down performance.

• So switch off shadow processing for the scene graph, and specify the shadow behaviour for each node that needs it: o specifiy whether a node casts shadows, receives

shadows, or does both

Reducing Shadow Calculations

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rootNode.setShadowMode(ShadowMode.Off); // graph nodes will not process shadows

wall.setShadowMode(ShadowMode.CastAndReceive); // switch on cast/receive processing for this node

floor.setShadowMode(ShadowMode.Receive); // only receive; this node doesn't make shadows

airplane.setShadowMode(ShadowMode.Cast); // only cast; no shadows fall onto this node

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The Basic Shadow RendererTeapotShadow.java

the flooronlyreceivesshadows

the teapotcasts andreceivesshadows

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cam.setLocation(new Vector3f(0, 3, 5));cam.lookAt(Vector3f.ZERO, Vector3f.UNIT_Y); // look at the origin with +y-axis being up

cam.setFrustumFar(10); // or shadows go 'funny'

rootNode.setShadowMode(ShadowMode.Off); :

Partial Code

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// the floor Box floor = new Box(Vector3f.ZERO, 2, 0.1f, 2); Geometry floorGeom = new Geometry("Floor", floor);

Material fmat = new Material(assetManager, "Common/MatDefs/Light/Lighting.j3md"); fmat.setBoolean("UseMaterialColors",true); fmat.setColor("Diffuse", ColorRGBA.Blue); fmat.setColor("Specular", ColorRGBA.White); fmat.setFloat("Shininess", 16f); // [0,128] floorGeom.setMaterial(fmat);

floorGeom.setShadowMode(ShadowMode.Receive); rootNode.attachChild(floorGeom); :

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// the teapot teapot = assetManager.loadModel("Models/Teapot/Teapot.obj"); teapot.setLocalScale(1.5f);

Material tmat = new Material(assetManager, "Common/MatDefs/Light/Lighting.j3md"); tmat.setBoolean("UseMaterialColors", true); tmat.setColor("Diffuse", ColorRGBA.Orange); tmat.setColor("Specular", ColorRGBA.White); tmat.setFloat("Shininess", 12); teapot.setMaterial(tmat);

RenderState rs = tmat.getAdditionalRenderState(); rs.setFaceCullMode(RenderState.FaceCullMode.Off);

teapot.setShadowMode(ShadowMode.CastAndReceive); rootNode.attachChild(teapot); :

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BasicShadowRenderer bsr = new BasicShadowRenderer(assetManager, 512); bsr.setDirection(new Vector3f(-1, -1, -1).normalizeLocal()); viewPort.addProcessor(bsr);

// add a light to make the lit objects visible DirectionalLight sun = new DirectionalLight(); sun.setDirection(new Vector3f(-1, -1, -1).normalizeLocal()); sun.setColor(ColorRGBA.White); rootNode.addLight(sun);

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TeapotPssm.java• The same scene graph as before, but using PSSM.

Parallel-Split Shadow Map

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• The only change is the replacement of the BasicShadowRenderer object by a PssmShadowRenderer

PssmShadowRenderer pr = new PssmShadowRenderer(assetManager, 1024, 3); pr.setDirection( new Vector3f(-1, -1, -1).normalizeLocal()); viewPort.addProcessor(pr);

• On my low-end machine, PSSM shadows often do not render correctly when the camera is moved.

Partial Code