24682-Computer Hardware and Network.pdf1810437438

RANGANATHAN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE COMPUTER HARDWARE AND NETWORKING

1 Prepared by : D.Chandru ME.,

UNIT-1

MOTHERBOARD COMPONENTS AND MEMORY

STORAGE DEVICES

1. What is Computer?

A computer is defined as an electronic data processing

machine. It receives and stores large amount of information and

process them at a high speed according to the given instructions.

2. What are the classifications of computer?

The computer are classified as below,

*PC or personal computer.

*PC-XT or personal computer with extended technology.

*PC-AT or personal computer with advanced technology.

*PC- Pentium.

3. What Is Daughter boards (Interface Cards)?

Interface cards are electronic circuits that enable a PC to

connect to or interface with another device. These are inserted

into one of the I/O expansion slots available in the

motherboard.

4. What are the types of daughter boards?

*IDE card.

*SCSI card.

*Network interface cards.

5. What is expansion slots?

The I/O devices like FDD,HDD, printers and mouse are

connected to the CPU through their respective interface cards.

These interface cards are connected in the I/O expansion slots

available in the motherboard.



6. What are the front panel controls & rear side connectors?

*Front Panel Controls:

This unit include LED‟s and Switches.

*Rear Side Connectors:

The serial port connectors , parallel port connector ,

VGA video port, keyboard connect, Audio Video connectors and

BNC/RJ-45 connectors.

7.What is RAM?

RAM stands for Random Access Memory. It is used for

storing programs temporarily. RAM is located on SIMMs ( Single

Inline Memory Module) and DIMMs( Dual Inline Module).

8. What is memory?

The cache is a fast memory which lies between the

CPU and RAM. It speeds up the overall performance of the

system CPU can access frequently needed data from the

cache more than from RAM.

9. What is motherboard components?

Components of mother boards are

*CPU

*BIOS

*RAM

*Cache RAM

* Bus expansion slots

* On-board I/O connectors



*On-board IDE connectors

10. What is CPU?

The CPU(Central processing unit) is the brain of the

computer in which the majority of the computing tasks are

carried out. The CPU may have a heat sink installed on it for

dissipate the heat generated by the CPU.

11. What are the different types of memory modules?

*SIMM-Single Inline Memory Module.

*DIMM- Dual Inline Memory Module.

*RIMM.

12. What are types of bus?

*PC/PC-XT Bus.

*Local bus.

*PCI Bus.

*AGP bus.

*USB.

13. What is chipsets?

A chipset or PCI set is a group of microcircuits. This

controls and co-ordinate the flow of data to and from the CPU,

main memory, the devices connected on the ISA and PCI buses,

the hard drives, any devices connected to the IDE channels.

14.What is processors?

Processor is the central component of the computer. So

it is otherwise called as CPU. It is responsible for all operations

of the computer. The quality (speed, accuracy etc) of a computer

is determined by the CPU.



15.What is hard disk drive ( HDD)?

Hard disk is a secondary storage memory device. This

is used to store large amount of data permanently. This was

invented in 1954 by IBM with a storage capacity of 5 MB.

16.What is IDE( Integrated Drive Electronics)?

IDE stands for integrated drive electronics . It was

developed in the year 1986 by western digital and Compaq. The

main features are

*IDE drives can be connected directly to the system

bus.

*IDE drives can be connected to all the type of systems.

*IDE design supports two internal hard disks.

17. What is SCSI (Small computer system interface)?

SCSI refer to small computer system interface. This was

introduced in 1986.

18.What is SATA (Serial Data)?

This was introduced in 1999 by serial DATA working

group. This is a serial interface for connecting hard disk drives

with the system. The main features are

*It requires low signal voltage of 500mv peak to peak.

*It can have flexible connector cable upon one meter. So it is

easy to route inside the PC‟s chassis.

*The number of pins in the connectors is reduced below 40.

*It „s data transfer rate is 150MB/s to 600MB/S.

19. What is FAT?



FAT refers to file allocation table. This acts as a table of

contents for the disk. This contains

*Name of the file and its location in the disk.

*Free sectors details and its status.

This table helps while reading and writing of data from/ to the

disk.

20.What is DVD-ROM?

DVD-ROM refers to digital versatile disk read only

memory. This is used to store large amount of data.



UNIT-2

I/O DEVICES AND INTERFACE

1. What are the different types of keyboard?

PC/PC-XT keyboard

PC-AT keyboard

Enhanced PC-AT keyboard

Windows keyboard

Multimedia keyboard

Remote keyboard

2. What is the keyboard signal?

The keyboard is connected to the system board through a

flexible

Standard DIN connector. There are two types of DIN

connector:

i) 5 PIN DIN connector

KBD clock, KBD data, N/C, GND, +5V (VCC)

ii) 6PIN DIN connector

KBD clock, GND, KBD data, N/C, +5V, N/C

3. What is the operation of mouse?

Clock

Double

Drag

4. What is the optical mouse?

The optical mouse eliminates the mouse ball, replacing it with a

optical sensors that track movement of the mouse against the

background of the mouse pad.



5. What is display?

A display device is an output device for presentation of

information for visual, stored or transmitted in various forms. When the

input information is supplied as an electrical signal, the display is

called electronic display.

6. What is the LCD?

LCD-Liquid Crystal Display.

This was discovered in 19th century by an Austrian, botanist

Friendrich Reinitzer. In this, the display is made up of liquid crystal.

Liquid crystals are transparent substance having a property of both

solid and liquid.

7. What is TFT display?

Thin Film Transistor display

Active-matrix display is called thin-film transistor (TFT) display.

It uses a separate transistor for each color pixel arranged in matrix on

a glass substrate. It can display high-quality color that is viewable from

all angles.

8. What is MODEM?

MODEM means Modulator and Demodulator. This is the device

used to link two PCs which are at long distance using telephone lines.

9. What DIP switches?

These switches are present in the interface card and are used to

change the printer settings that can be changed are

1. Printing of graphics and accented characters.

2. Page length

3. Slashed zeros



4. Print quality

5. Line spacing

6. Auto line feed.

7. Character set for different countries.

10. What is ink jet printer?

Inkjet printers are non-impact printers. The characters are

formed by spraying ink droplets on the paper by pumping ink through

a nozzle from a ink tank.

11. What is the SMPS?

SMPS-Switched Mode Power Supply.

It converts A/C electrical power into suitable D/C voltage. The

SMPS voltage levels and functions are

DC Output : +5v, +12v,-5v,-12v.

12. What is USB?

Universal Series Bus.

UBS refers to universal series bus. This was developed jointly by

Intel, Compaq, IBM, Microsoft, etc. In September 1995.

The features are,

1. Maximum of 127 devices can be connected to a port using a

hub or daisy chaining,

2. It carries 5v power supply. So we connect hand held

scanners, hand disks etc directly to this port. No need for giving a

separate power supply.

3. Its data transfer rate is 12M bits/sec.

13. What is the classification of cables?

Internal cables are



1. Motherboard power cable

2. All 4 pin drive power cable

3. Floppy drive ribbon cable

4. Hard drive cable

External cables are

1. AC power cable for the PC

2. AC power cable for the monitor

3. AC power cable for the printer

4. Keyboard cable

5. Mouse cable



UNIT-3

TROUBLE SHOOTING OF DESKTOP AND LAPTOPS

1. What is BIOS?

BIOS stands for basic input output system. All motherboard has a

small block of read only memory(ROM).This contain a set of program

that are used to supervise the operation of the computer these

program are called bios or ROMBIOS. This acts as an interface

between the processer and other motherboard component

2. What is different function of BIOS?

*Start up routines

*Service handling routines

*Hardware interrupts handling routines

3. What are different types of CMOS set up?

*Standard setup

*advanced setup

*chip set setup

*power management setup

*load fail save default

4. What is post?

Post is a series of program routine in the motherboard ROM firm ware

and is used to check the system components .they was introduced IBM

in 1981.when we switch on the computer, POST is executed first and

automatically perform a series of test that checks the various

component in the system the components tested by POST are CPU,

ROM motherboard supports circuitry ,memory and major peripherals.



5. What is IPL hardware?

IPL hardware is a minimum hardware need to begin post successfully.

At once the computer is switch on or reset, the IPL hardware transfers

control to post. After the completion of all test , post transfer the control

to the bootstrap program . bootstarp program can be either from hard

disc or floppy disk

6. What are post test sequence?

The different types of test can be performed by post. It gives the

address if an error is encountered in the sequence of the test

The halt address tells us how for the post has progressed and indicates

where the problem is lies

7. What are the beep codes and error messages?

Beep code error message

No beep - power supply

Continuous beep - power supply , memory

Repeating short beeps - power supply

1 long beep and 1 short beep - motherboard

1 long beep and 2 short beep - video adapter card

1 short beep and bad/no display - video cable and/ or display

1 short beep and no boot - disk cable, adapter or disk

8. What is diagnostic software?

They used to identify the installed computer parts , analyses disk

drives and test the working condition of the device and ports some of

the diagnostic software are used to perform the machine level task like

low-level formatting sector reading, fat and partition table analyzing

9. What is bench mark program?



A bench mark program is a act of running a computer program, a set of

program or other operations , in order to asses a relative performance

of an work. Normally by running a number of standard tests and trials

against it .

10.What is computer virus?

Viruses are malicious computer program . these program attach

themselves as executable code and replicate to diskettes, LANS and

WANS, telecommunication links. It damage the data or executable files

without the user knowledge

11. What are the precautions of virus?

*Execute CHK DISK and check the size of the base of RAM memory.

*Important files or data should be given read only attributes.

*note down the size of the command .com file .it should not change.

*check hidden files and bad sector.

*Install a good antivirus software in our computer system.

12. What are the antivirus software?

These software are called virus scanners , which are used to search the

system area as well as program files known virus infections these are

created as response to known viruses.

13. What are the popular antivirus software?

*Kesperskey

*Vx2000plus

*quick heal

*Dr. soloman antivirus

*Microsoft antivirus

*Norton antivirus



14. What are signature of virus ?

Antivirus scanner are used to protect against known viruses. These

scanners used a file called signature file to detect the viruses

A signature file is a database that list all known viruses, Along with

their specific attributes these are sample of each virus code , the type

of files is infects, any other useful information.

15. What is firewall?

A firewall is a device installed between the internal network of an

organization and the test of the internet . it is design to forward some

packet and filters.



UNIT-4

COMPUTER NETWORK DEVICES AND OSI LAYERS

1. What is network? Mention its types.

A network is a set of device connected by

communication links.

A node can be a computer, printer, or any other device

capable of sending and/or receiving data generated by

other nodes on the network.

Networks are categorized into three types:

1. Local Area Network (LAN)

2. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

3. Wide Area Network (WAN)

2. What is LAN?

A LAN is a data communication system within a

moderated sized geographical area over a physical

communication channel of moderate data rate, allowing

a number of independent devices to communicated

directly with each other.

LAN is usually links the devices in a single office,

building or campus.

3. What is WAN?

A WAN is generally an extension of an internal network

into the wide area using private circuits.

4. What is CAN?



A campus area network is a computer network

interconnecting a few local area networks(LAN) within a

university campus or a corporate campus.

This network may link a variety of campus buildings

including departments, the university library and

student halls of residence.

5. What is Home Area Network (HANs)?

A network contained within a user‟s home that

connects a person‟s digital devices.

This network is a small area network.

It connects computer and entailment appliance.

Found mainly in the home.

6. What is internet?

A collection of network being connected physically via

routers or gateway is called internet. Machines on one

network communicate with other networks by sharing

data with each other.

Internet that uses the TCP/IP protocol suite.

7. What are the ways of internet connection?

There are two ways in establishing the internet connection:

1. Dialing into an ISP through a telephone line.

2. Direct connection to the ISP through leased line.

8. What is Intranets?

An intranet is an internal network that implements

internet and web technologies such as Web servers and

Web browsers that use HTTP and HTML.

9. What is Extranets?



Extranet are private network that uses internet

protocols and public telecommunication system.

These are used to share the operation of the host

organization with suppliers, venders, partners,

customers or other businesses.

10. Mention the uses of extranets?

1. Extranet can be used to exchange large volumes of data.

2. Reduced time to market.

3. Lower cost.

4. Faster access.

5. More users –friendly.

11. What is Peer-to-Peer (P2PN)?

Most modern operating system allow peer - to -peer

network.

This network does not have a central computer or

dedicated server; in other words, all computers are

independent.

This type of network is the type of network you

would most likely find in home networks or small

networks.

12. What are advantages of twisted pair?

1. It can be used for transmitting either analog or digital

signals.

2. Common application is telephone system.

13. What are the advantages of coaxial cable?



1. Coaxial cable is a good idea for a home network

because it is easy to install.

2. Low cost.

3. Easy to wire.

4. No hub is needed.

5. Easy to expand.

14. What is fiber optics?

1. Fiber optic is a glass or plastic cable. It is a perfect

media to connect buildings and campuses together.

2. Fiber optics are used to carry digital data signals in the

form of modulated pulses of light.

15. What are the advantages of fiber optic cable?

1. High speed and distance.

2. Noise resistance.

3. Good for network “back bones” point to point.

4. Bandwidth of more than two Gbps (Giga bits per second).

5. Transmission loss is low at long distance.

16. What is switch?

A switch is a small device that joins multiple computers

together at low –level network protocol layer.

Technically, switches operate at layer two (Data link

layer) of the OSI model.

17. What is routers?

1. It operate at network layer.

2. Opens network packet and routes based on network

layer addresses.

3. Used to connect LANs to WAN.

4. Translates LAN to WAN formats.



5. Router connects to a combination of local remote

networks.

18. What is gateway?

The gateway provides both the basic system

interconnection and the necessary translation between

the protocols in both directions.

1. Gateway is a hardware/software package that runs on

OSI application layer and allows incompatible protocols

to communicate.

2. It is an internetworking device in connecting device.

19. What is simplex?

Data in a simplex channel is always one way

unidirectional communication.

Simplex channels are not often used because it is not

possible to send back error or control signals to the

transmit end.

20. What is half duplex?

A half duplex channel can send and receive, but not at

the same time.

It‟s like a one –lane bridge where two-way traffic must

give way in order to cross.

Only one end transmits at a time, the other end

receives.

21. What is full-duplex?

Data can travel in both directions simultaneously. There is

no need to switch from transmit to receive mode like



in half-duplex. It‟s like a two bridge on a two-lane

highway.



Unit-5

802. X AND TCP/IP PROTOCOLS

1) What is the type of protocol?

*transmission control protocol (TCP).

*internet protocol (IP).

2) What is OSI?

* Open system interconnection is a set of protocols that allows any

two different

system to communicate regardless of their underlying architectures .the

purpose of OSI is to

show how to facilitate communication between different system without

requiring changes

to the logic of the underlying hardware and software.

3) What is TCP/IP?

* TCP/IP is usually called transport layer it designed

to allow peer entities on the source and destination hosts

to carry on a conversation, just as in the OSI transport

layer.

4) What are sockets?

*Sockets are defined in the operating system as a structure .two

processes need a

socket at each to communicate with each other.

5) What is TCP?

* TCP (transmission control protocol). TCP is a connection

oriented protocol, a connection can be made from client to server and

from then on any data can be send along

that connection.



6) What is UDP?

* The symbol unreliable transport layer protocol in the internet is

called user datagram protocol. it does not add anything to the services of

IP except for providing process to process communication instead of host

to host communication.

7) What is IP?

* It consists of IP header that includes source address, destination

address and other information use by the receiving host.

* Purpose of IP is to address and route packets accordingly through the

network.

8) What is IGMP?

*internet group management protocol(IGMP) helps multicast routers

create and update a

list of royal members related to routed interface. IGMP not a multicasting

routing protocol.

9) What is ICMP?

*internet control message protocol ICMP message type is encapsulated in

a IP packet. ICMP sends five type of errors report in messages and four

pairs of query messages to support the unreliable and connectionless

internet protocol.

10) What is ARP?

*The address resolution protocol is dynamic mapping method that finds

physical addresses given an IP addresses.

12) What is RARP?



* Reverse address resolution protocol. it maps the Mac addresses to an

IP addresses but is replace by dynamic host configuration

protocol(DHCP).

13)what is IP addressing?

*Each network card on a TCP/IP network has one or more IP address

assigned to it. an

IP addresses is the 32 bit value that is said by the system administrator at a

work station or at

the server. The format of IP addresses is a, b, c, d where a, b, c, d are

decimal values between

0 and 255. Example : 198.168.1.1

14) What is sub netting?

* Sub netting allows an additional level of hierarchy in IP addressing. a

subnet is a

network connected to another network via a router. routers are used to

connect complicated networks with many segments.

15) What is super netting?

*Super netting allows the addresses assigned to a single organization

to span multiple class prefixes, instead of using single IP network prefix

for multiple physical network.

16) What is dotted to decimal notation?

*To make the IP addresses more compact and easier to read ,internet

address are usually return in decimal form with decimal

point(dot)separating the bytes.

17) What is ipv6?



*It is the latest version of the internet protocol has a 128 bit address

space, revised header format, new options, allocation for extension,

support for resource allocation, and increased security measures. it

provides host to host communication between systems in the internet.

18) What is FTP?

* File transfer protocol. It is the standard mechanism provided by the

internet for copying a file from one host to another. Transferring files from

one computer to another is one of the most common tasks expected from a

networking or internetworking environment.

19) What is Ethernet?

* The IEEE 802.3 standard defines Ethernet at the physical and data link

layers of the OSI network model.

*The types of Ethernet is 10base5, 10base2, 10baset, 10basef, 100baset.

20) What is fast Ethernet?

*Fast Ethernet refers to a set of specifications developed by the IEEE

802.3 committee to provide a low cost, Ethernet-compatible LAN operating

at 100mbps.

21) What is TEL NET?

*Terminal networking provides a remote login capability, which

enables a user at a terminal or personal computer to log on to a remote

computer and function as if directly connected to that computer. the

protocol was designed to work with simple scroll-mode terminals.

22) What is simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP)?

*It is the standard mechanism for electronic for electronic mail in the

internet. A feature of SMTP includes mailing lists, return receipts, and

forwarding.

23) What is HTTP?



*Hypertext transfer protocol is used mainly to access data on the

World Wide Web. The protocol transfers data in the form of plain text,

hyper text, audio, video and so on.

24) What is POP (post office protocol)?

* Pop is a simple, but it is limited in functionality. The client pop3

software is installed on the recipient computer ,the servers pop software

is installed on the mail server.

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