25 April 1975Volume 188, No. 4186 - -

LETTERS Jobs for Mathematicians: D. W. Lick; Religion and Scholarship: W. Hirsch;B. Merker; D. L. Davis; F. N. Greville; K. R. Hardy; Historyof "Ecology": R. Goodland ....................................

EDITORIAL Academy Forum: Science and Its Critics: W. Gaylin and S. Gorovitz ............

ARTICLES Terrestrial Timekeeping and General Relativity-A Discovery: W. H. Cannonand 0. G. Jenson ............................................

On the Role of Themata in Scientific Thought: G. Holton ....................

Thematic Analysis in Science: Notes on Holton's Concept: R. K. Merton ........

NEWS AND COMMENT

RESEARCH NEWS

BOOK REVIEWS

Congress: House Votes Veto Power on All NSF Research Grants ..............

Nuclear Industry Girds for Battle ....................................

Arms Controllers Are Pessimistic on Eve of Non-Proliferation Treaty Review......

Health Manpower Bill: Catch is Distribution of Doctors ....................

Diabetes: Epidemiology Suggests a Viral Connection .......................

The Physiological Basis of Starling's Law ol the Heart, reviewed by C. P. Bianchi;Fertilization in Higher Plants, W. S. Hiliman; The Biology of Nitrogen Fixation,L. E. Mortenson; Chemical and Biochemical Applications of Lasers, S. R. Leone;Organophosphorus Pesticides, W. C. Dauterman; The Chemistry ofOrganolithium Compounds, D. Seyferth; Nuclear Magnetic ResonanceSpectroscopy of Nuclei Other Than Protons, 0. A. Gansow; SuperfluidHydrodynamics, P. H. Roberts; Books Received .......................

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

CHAIRMEN ANDSuECRETAiRIES OPAAAS SECTIONS

ROGER REVELLERetiring President, ChairMATHEMATICS (A)Victor L fKeeTruman A. BottsPSYCHOLOGY O)Richard C. AtkinsonEdwin P. lHollander

MARGARET MEAD Wen President Pr

PHYSICS (B)Victor F. WeisskopfRolf M. Sinclair

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SCIENCES (K)Seymour M. LipsetDaniel Rich

EDUCATION (Q) DENTiSTRY (R)F. James Rutherford Clifton 0. DummettPhillipiR. Frdyce Sholom Pearlman

ALASKA DIVISIONWilliam E. Davis Irma DuncanChairman, Executive Committee Executive Secretary

DIVISIONS

IILLIAM D. MC ELROY,resident-Elect

CHEMISTRY (C)William E. HanfordLeo Schubert

HISTORY AND PHIL43Roger C. BuckGeorge Basslia

PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES (S)James T. DoluisioRaymond Jang

PACIFIC DIVISIONGeorge A. Zentmyer Robert T. OrrPresident Secretary-Treasurer

RICHARD H. BOLT EMILIO Q. DADDARIOKENNETH B. CLARK EDWARD E. DAVID, JR.

ASTRONOMY (D)Carl SaganArlo U. Lan*dot

)SOPHIY OF SCIENCE (L) ENGINEERINGEdward Wenk, JrPaul H. Robbins

INFORMATION, COMPUTING, AND COMMUNICAlMartin GreenbergerJoseph Becker

SOUTHWESTERN AND ROCKY MOUNTAIN DlJoseph A. Schufle Max P. DunfordPresident Executive Officer

SCIENCE is published *wely excep the lest week In December, ~but wIth an extra issm on the fourth Tuesday In Novmber, by the American AssoIation for the AdvancementScIence. 1515 Massachuseftt Ave., NW, Washington, D.C. 20005. Niow combined with The Scientific Month1ly@. Second-class postage, paid at Washington, D.C. Copyright (c 1975 1the American Association fo the Advancement of Science. Member rates on request. Annual subscription $40; foreign posage: Americas $6, overseas $8, air lift to Europe $21Single copies $1 (back issues $2) except uIe to Scientific Is mets which is 4Schoo year subscription: 9 months $30; 10 months $33.50. Prices for subscriptions receiviafter 1 May 1975 will be $50; foreign psge Americas $7, overseas $8, air lift to Europe $30. These prices are now in effect for renewals of subscriptions expirin on or aft5 April 1975. Provide 6 weeks notice forVchange of address, giving new and old address and zip codes. Send a recent address label. Sceonce is Indexed in the Reader's Guide

Periodicai Uterature.

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330,OOOXSynapse between two glomus cells of the rat carotid body atvarious angles of tilt. Without tilt the pre- and postsynaptic mem-branes are indistinct, because the plane of the section is tan-gential to the plane of the synapse. At -400, the synapseappears as if cut in cross-section. At + 400 a view of the synapseis obtained nearly orthogonal to that of -400 tilt. Taken with theEM-10 by Dr. Donald McDonald, Cardiovascular Research Insti-tute, University of California, San Francisco.(Since publication printing cannot show the incredible detail,send for full size glossies.)

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25 April 1975, Volume 188, Numbe

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FORTHE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE

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Editorial Board1975

H. S. GUTOWSKYN. BRUCE HANNNAYDONALD KENNEDYDANIEL E. KOSHLAND, JR.

AlFRED E. BROSSJAMES F. CROWHANS LANDSBERGF[I)VARD NEY

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1976rN FRANK PRESS

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r 4186 SCIENCE

Academy Forum: Science and Its Critics

On 18 and 19 February, the National Academy of Sciences convenedan Academy Forum on Experiments and Research with Humans: Valuesin Conflict. Few conclusions were reached at the forum, which was notsulrprising. What was surprising was the adversarial tone of the forumand the level of the discussion. More may be learned from these thanwas learned at the conference itself.The social benefits of science in general, and medical science in par-

ticular, are well known. But it is also a matter of record that scientifi-cally useful but morally unacceptable experimentation has occuLrred. Bothstatements should be beyond debate, but sadly the dialogue at the forumconsisted largely of their reiteration. Distinguished scientists emphasizedthe value of medical progress as if concern with possible abuses wasan overreaction by a few malcontents. Critics of science, on the otherhand, often seemed nostalgic for a past that never existed, ignorant ofthe harsh conditions of suffering and disease in prescientific society, andinsensitive to the fact that progress typically involves risk and pain.Wanting were a sense of shared humility and a willingness to confrontthe facts honestly. Solutions to problems concerning the essential elementsof the human conditions are never perfect but always involve compromise,resulting in frustration and heartbreak for some.

Scientists are naturally defensive before critics who seem indiffercntto the grandeur of the scientific achievement. But critics of science canbe expected to be hostile toward those who seem to believe that scienceis a self-vindicating enterprise, not accountable to the public. Sciencesurvives at the pleasure of the public, which supports it, and if it iscoming under even closer public scrutiny, this is as much a restIlt ofits success as of its failings. It is the tremendotls new potential of bio-logical technology-the fact that medicine has moved from its old roleof providing care and comfort and has become the savior, extender,and modifier of human life and the human condition-that has cap-ttlred the public's attention and aroused its fears.To question what science shotLld do and how science should do it is

not to be against science. StIch questioning is at the heart of scientificmethodology. When it is simplistic and rhetorical, however, it servesneither science nor the ptlblic.There is no turning back from science and technology. Man is driven

by his nature to modify the conditions of his existence. He will not re-turn by choice to early death and unnecessary suffering. But if scienceis to flourish, it must enjoy public understanding. It must make its caseto those who are unconvinced, either because they are not aware ofthe issues or because they are not yet satisfied with the argtments theyhave heard. The attitude of paternalism which is characteristic of thedoctor-patient relationship may be acceptable or even inevitable in aclinical setting, but it is wholly inappropriate in institutional settingsand statements about scientific research.

Scientists and their critics must not merely state their positions, theymust come to understand each other's point of view. At the AcademyForum, it might have been better to hear from lawyers and legislatorsconcerned about the possible ill effects of overregulating science, whilemembers of the scientific community discussed the abuses that mightrestllt from tLnregllated scientific activity.-WILLARD GAYLIN, Pr-esidenitof the Inistitute of Society, Ethics anid tile Life Sciences, Hastings-on-Hlidson1, Ness' York 10706, and SAMUEI. GOROVITz, Depat-tuiient of Phi-losophl. UniversitY of M(trvyland. College Park 20742