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Cell ContentCont.
Lab(2)
Cell Content
Cell Content:I-Stomata
II-Ca-Oxalate Crystals
III-Trichomas (hair)
IV-Pollen Grain
Cont.
What is Calcium Oxalate Crystals?It is formed in plant to get rid of excess calcium salts,where it reacts with oxalic acid formed by metabolism of carbohydrates. Calcium oxalate precipitates in different shapes & sizes .Calcium oxalate is of great importance in identification & differentiation of different plants.
II-Ca-Oxalate Crystals
II-Ca-Oxalate Crystals
Mount :
Powder + Chloral hydrate
II-Ca-Oxalate Crystals
Calcium oxalate precipitates in different
shapes & sizes .1.Prisms: ex: Quillaia
2. Clusters: ex : Rhubarb
3. Raphides: ex : Squill
II-Ca-Oxalate Crystals
Calcium oxalate precipitates in different
shapes & sizes .
4. Crystal sheath: ex:Senna
5. Rosettes: ex:Datura stramonium
6. Microsphenoidal ( Sandy crystals ): ex:Atropa belladonna
7. Twins: ex:Hyoscymous
Cont.
III-Trichomes(Hair)
Types of Hair
a)Non glandular hair
1)Simple hair
2)Multicellular hair
b)Glandular hair
1)Unicellular stalk,unicellular head
2)Unicellular stalk,multicellular head
3)Multicellular head multicellular stalk
4)Branched hair
III-Trichomes(Hair)
Types of Hair:
A) Non glanduler hair:
1) Simple hair:
a- Warty Cuticle hair (senna)
b-Cystolyth hair (Cannabis)
III-Trichomes(Hair)
Types of Hair:
A) Non glanduler hair:
2) Multicellular:
Uniseriate: (formed one row of cells)
* Conical shaped hair (Datura Strammonium)
* T-shape hair (Pyrethrium)
* Collapsed hair (Digitalis)
Cont.
III-Trichomes(Hair)
Types of Hair:
B) Glanduler hair:
1) Unicellular stalk,Unicellular head (Digitalis)
2) Unicellular stalk,Multicellular head
a) Digitalis
b) Mentha”Labiaceous hair”
Cont.
III-Trichomes(Hair)
Types of Hair:
B) Glanduler hair:
4) Multicellular stalk,Multicellular head”Shagy hair” (Cannabis)
3) Branched hair (Hyocymus)
Cont.
IV-Pollen Grains
Types of Pollen grain:
1) Spiny pollen grain: (Pyrethrium)
2)Triangular pollen grain: (Clove)
IV-Pollen Grains
Stomata: Each stomata consists of two
guard cells which guards the osteole.
IV-Pollen Grains
Types of Stomata:1.Anisocytic stomata: Stomata is surrounded by three or four
epidermal cells one of which is smaller than the others ex : solanaceae
2.Anomocytic stomata : Stomata is surrounded by the same
epidermal cells ex : digitalis leaf
IV-Pollen Grains
Types of Stomata:3. Paracytic stomata : Stomata is surrounded by two
epidermal cells with their long axis parallel to that of the osteole ex : Senna
4. Diacytic stomata : Stomata is surrounded by two
epidermal cells with their long axis at right angle to that of the osteole ex : peppermint
I)Types of Stomata:
1-Paracytic Stomata: 2- Diacytic Stomata:
3-Aisocytic Stomata: 4-Anomocytic Stomata:
III-Trichomes(Hair)
1) Senna (Paracytic stomata,warty cuticle hair and Crystal sheath of Ca oxalate)
2) Mentha (Labiaceous hair and Diacytic stomata)
3) Datura Strammonium (cluster layer of Ca oxalate, non glandular hair and Anisocytic stomata)
4) Digitalis (glandular & non glandular hair,Anomocytic stomata)
5) Pyrethrium (pollen grain and T-shaped hair)
6) Quillaia (prism)
III-Trichomes(Hair)
7) Squill (raphides)
8) Hyoscymus (Branched hair,twin prism & anisocytic stomata)
9) Rhubarb (Cluster of Ca oxalate)
10) Atropa Belladona (sandy crystal & anisocytic stomata)
11) Clove (Triangular pollen grain)
Natural Drugs Containing
Alkaloids
Lab(3)
Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids
•Atropa belladonna •Datura stramonium•Hyoscyamous muticus•Cinchona•Nuxvomica
Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids
General Chemical Tests For Alkaloids : Wagner,s reagent brown ppt.
Mayer,s reagent white ppt. Dragendorff,s reagent orange ppt.
Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids
1) Atropa belladonna:Name : Atropa belladonna
Origin : dried leaf of Atropa belladonna
Family : Solanaceae
Odour : not characteristic
Taste : bitter
Color : green
Active constituents : Atropine
Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids
Microscopical Examination : ( mount : KOH )
a) Ca oxalate : microsphenoidal ( sandy crystals )
b) Anisocytic stomata :
C ) Glandular trichome: (Unicellular head,Multicellular stalk)
Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids
2)Datura stramonium:
Name : Datura stramonium
Origin : dried leaf of Datura stramonium
Family : Solanaceae
Odour : not characteristic
Taste : bitter
Color : green
Active constituents : Atropine
Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids
Microscopical Examination:( mount : KOH )
a)Ca oxalate: Clusters ( Rossettes )
b)Anisocytic stomata :
C)Non Glandular trichome : covering hair, conical shape
Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids
Specific test for Atropine:
Vital’s Test:
pd in porcelain dish + 5 drops fuming nitric acid
yellow residue + few drops 3% KOH in methanol
violet color.
Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids
3) Hyoscyamous muticusName : Hyoscyamous muticus
Origin : dried leaf of Hyoscyamous niger
Family : Solanaceae
Odour : not characteristic
Taste : bitter
Color : pale yellowish brown
Active constituents : Hyoscine , Hyoscyamine
Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids
Microscopical Examination :( mount : KOH )
a) Ca oxalate : Twin prism
b) Anisocytic stomata :
C) Glandular trichome : branched hair
Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids
4. Nux vomica Name : Nux vomica
Origin : dried seeds of Nux vomica
Family : Loganiaceae
Odour : not characteristic
Taste : bitter
Color : grey
Active constituents : Strychnine, Brucine
Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids
Microscopical Examination ( mount : conc HCL + phoroglucinol )
a) lignified ribs :
b ) epidermal cells with lignified ribs :
c ) endosperm:
Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids
Spesific tests for strychnine & brucine :• Strychnine + Mandalin’s reagent violet
color
• Brucine + nitric acid reddish orange
Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids
5) Cinchona:Name : Cinchona
Origin : dried bark of Cinchona
Family : Rubiaceae
Odour : not characteristic
Taste : bitter
Color : reddish brown
Active constituents : Quinine + Quinidine
Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids
Microscopical Examination ( mount : conc HCL + phoroglucinol )
a) lignified fiber: highly pitted , funnel shape
b ) parenchmatus cork cells
c ) oval starch granules
Spesific test: dried test red vapors
Drugs Containing . Glycosides
Lab(4)
Drugs Containing . Glycosides
RhubarbSenna LiquoriceDigitalis
Drugs Containing . Glycosides
On hydrolysis
• Glycosides Glycone + Aglycoene.
(Sugar part)+(Non sugar part).
Drugs Containing . Glycosides
1) Senna
• Name: Senna leaf
• Origin:Dried leaf of Cassia acutifolia
• Family: Leguminosae
• Odour: Not characteristic
• Taste: First sweet, then bitter
• Color: yellowish green
• Active constituent: Sennoside A&B
I-Anthracene (Anthraquinone)
Drugs Containing . Glycosides
I-Anthracene (Anthraquinone)
1)Senna:
• Microscopical examination: Mount: Chloral hydrate why not KOH?
a) Paracytic stomata:
b) Ca Oxalate: Crystal Sheath
c) Simple hair (non glandular)
Drugs Containing . Glycosides
2) Rhubarb
• Name: Rhubarb Rhizomes
• Origin: Rheum Palmatum
• Family: Polygonaceae
• Odour: Characteristic
• Taste: Aromatic bitter
• Color: yellowish brown
I-Anthracene (Anthraquinone)
Drugs Containing . Glycosides
I-Anthracene (Anthraquinone)
1)Rhubarb:
• Microscopical examination: (Mount: H2O)
a) Starch granules,rounded simple & compound:
b) Mount in Chloralhydrate:
Clusters of Ca-Oxalate (Prisms)
c) Fragments of Vesseles
Drugs Containing . Glycosides
I-Anthracene (Anthraquinone)
• Test for combined Anthracene• Modified Borntrager’s test
+ alc.KOH (WB.10min) Dil. HCl + H2O + CH3Cl
CH3Cl layer contains free anthraquine + dil.NH3
(shake)------ 2 layers, upper rose pink lower CH3Cl colorless
Drugs Containing . Glycosides
I-Anthracene (Anthraquinone)• Specific test for Anthracene:• Rhubarb: (Borntrager’s test)
+ H2O (WB.10min) CH3Cl layer contains free anthraquine
+ dil.NH3
(shake)------ 2 layers, upper rose pink lower CH3Cl colorless
Drugs Containing . Glycosides
II- Cardiac Glycoside:
3) Digitalis:
• Name:Digitalis
• Origin:Dried leaf of Digitalis purpurea
• Family:Scrophulariaceae
• Odour: Weak not characteristic
• Taste: not characteristic
• Color: Green
• Active constituents: Digoxin,Digitoxin
Drugs Containing . Glycosides
II- Cardiac Glycoside:
3) Digitalis:
• Microscopical examination:
a) Collapsed hair (multicellular,non glandular)
b) Digit hair(Unicellular stalk,Unicellular head)
(Unicellular stalk,Multicellular head)
c) Anomocytic Stomata:
Drugs Containing . Glycosides
II- Cardiac Glycoside:
3) Digitalis:
• N.B.
No starch, No Ca-Oxalate, No fibers, No stone cells
• Specific Test:
1) Killer Killani
2) Baljet test
3) Kedde test
Natural Drugs Containing Volatile Oils
Lab(5)
Natural Drugs Containing Volatile Oils
What is Volatile Oils?
They are odorousprinciples found in plants
evaporate when exposed to air at ordinary
tempreature.
Natural Drugs Containing Volatile Oils
How to Prepare Volatile Oil?
1) Cold Exoression (e.g.Citrus Oils)
Sponge Method Scarification Method
2) Extraction Method:
Solid Extraction
(flowers)
Liquid Extraction
Natural Drugs Containing Volatile Oils
3) Steam Distillation:
a-Direct
(Using Clevenger apparatus)
b-In Direct
(for sensitive V.O.)
Natural Drugs Containing Volatile Oils
1) Mentha:
• Name: Mentha piperita
• Origin:Dried leaf of Mentha pipaita
• Family: Lamiacea
• Odour: charactristic
• Taste: Charactristic
• Color: Green menthol
Natural Drugs Containing Volatile Oils
1) Mentha: Mount KOH
• Microscopical examination:
a) Diacytic Stomata:
b) Glandular hair(unicellular stalk , multicellular head)[ Labiaceous Hair]:
Natural Drugs Containing Volatile Oils
2) Anise:
• Name: Anise
• Origin: Dried fruit of Pimpinella anisum
• Family: Apiaceae
• Odour: Charactristic
• Taste: Charactristic
• Color: Olive green
Natural Drugs Containing Volatile Oils
2) Anise: Mount KOH
• Microscopical examination
a) Non Glandular warty cuticle:
b) Branched Vittae:
c) Endocarp cells:
Natural Drugs Containing Volatile Oils
3) Clove:
• Name: Clove
• Origin: dried flower bud of Eugenia caryophyllus
• Family: Myrtaceae
• Colour: reddish brown
• Odour: aromatic
• Taste: Spice aromatic
Natural Drugs Containing Volatile Oils
3) Clove:
• Microscopical examinations:
a- Oil gland
b-Fiber
c-Anthec
d- Triangular pollen grain
Natural Drugs Containing Volatile Oils
4) Cinnamon:
• Name:Cinnamon
• Origin: dried bark of Cinnamomum Zeylanicum
• Family: Lauraceae
• Colour: reddish brown
• Odour: Characteristic Cinnamaldehyde
• Taste: Characteristic
Natural Drugs Containing Volatile Oils
4) Cinnamon:
• Microscopical examinations: (Mount KOH)
a-Oil Cell
a-Pericycle fiber
C- Stone Cells