21 avril 2023

Progress in gaseous detectors and impact to physics I. Giomataris, CEA-Irfu-France

MPGD2009, 12-15 June 2009, Kolympari, Crete, Greece

MPGD2011, Kobe, Japan,29 August - 1 September 2011

Spherical detector at LSM laboratory

NextMPGD2013, Saragoza-SpainJune 1-5 2013

I. GiomatarisI. Giomataris

Anode stripsOr any other readout structure

Pillar

micromesh

Drift plane

In 1st MicromegasFishing line spacers have been used

MICROMEGASY. Giomataris, Ph. Rebourgeard, J.P. Robert, Charpak, NIMA376(1996)29

MICROMEGASY. Giomataris, Ph. Rebourgeard, J.P. Robert, Charpak, NIMA376(1996)29

Gap = 50-100 m

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Micromegas advantages•High rate resistance >1016/cm2

•High rate capability >106/cm2/s•Good spatial resolution < 50 m•Good time resolution < 1 ns•Robust•Large surface•Low cost

Virtue of the small gap

Ref: Y. Giomataris, NIM A419, p239 (1998)Ref: Y. Giomataris, NIM A419, p239 (1998)

V

E1

E2

E1> E2

The gain variation exhibits a minimum for :

d = V/Bp

Optimum gap provides stable operation and minimizes•gain variation from pressure-temperature variations•fluctuations due to gap variations

Exellent gain stability in CAST

Micromégas Concept for Laser MégaJouleMicromégas Concept for Laser MégaJoule

Piccolo in Casaccia reactorPiccolo in Casaccia reactor

COMPASS40x40 cm2 Micromegas

N-TOFNA48High rate, high resolution

NA48High rate, high resolution

Micromegas detectors using conventional technologyMicromegas detectors using conventional technology

Read-out board 4 layers PCB

Laminated Laminated photoimageable photoimageable coverlaycoverlay

Laminated Laminated photoimageable photoimageable coverlaycoverlay

Frame

Stainless steelStainless steel mesh on framemesh on frameFram

e

Exposure +Exposure +developmentdevelopment+ cure + cut+ cure + cut

Easy manufacturing - Large size compatible - Low costEasy manufacturing - Large size compatible - Low costRobust and electrically testable at the production timeRobust and electrically testable at the production time

The micro mesh consist of 18um μm thick stainless steel 400 Lpi woven microstrings. The micro mesh consist of 18um μm thick stainless steel 400 Lpi woven microstrings. This micro meshThis micro meshis embedded between two photoimageable coverlay layers with a micron precision (to is embedded between two photoimageable coverlay layers with a micron precision (to define the amplification region)define the amplification region)

I. Giomataris et al, NIM A560 (2006) 405I. Giomataris et al, NIM A560 (2006) 405

T2K TPC

First neutrino event

Some experiments using Some experiments using Bulk MicromegasBulk Micromegas

Some experiments using Some experiments using Bulk MicromegasBulk Micromegas

ATLAS-SLHC

Very-large

CLAS12G

HCAL

T2K

ILC/TPC

Michigan TPC

ATLAS large chambersResistive strip technology

Industrialization is going onThrough CIREA, ELTOS, Triangle Labs (US)

ILC TPC project - Large International collaboration

G. Aarons et al., arXiv:0709.1893, M. S. Dixit et al., NIMA 518 (2004) 521, M. Kobayashi et al.,NIMA581(2007)265,

D. Arogancia et al.,NIMA602(2009)403

~ 40 m average!!Pad size 2x6 mm

ILC TPC prototype with Micromegas

ILC TPC with Micromegas,L = 4.6 m, D = 3.4 m

Event in DESY test beam

Ion feed back supression

Momentum resolution=5x10-5

No ExB effect

TPC requirements •gain < 1500• Ion suppression•Large surface• Good uniformity

21/04/23 I. GiomatarisI. Giomataris21 avril 2023 I. Giomataris

Recoil from 144 keV neutrons

Micromegas:µTPC chamberQuenching factor measurement

Direct QF evaluationD. Santos et al., [arXiv:0810.1137]

1.5 keV ion

1.49 keV electron

proton 8 keV, He + 5% iC4H10, 350 mbar

40 keV 19F, 70 % CF4 + 30% CHF3 , 55 mbar

6 keV electrons in He + 5% iC4H10 350 mbar

MIMAC-He3 MIcro-tpc Matrix of Chambers of He3WIMP directional TPC, Micromegas read-out, Grenoble – Saclay, Cadarache collaborationC. Grignon et al., JINST 4 (2009) P11003

QF at various pressures in He-4

New fabrication technology

Micro-Bulk

Very good energy resolution-11% at 5.9 keV- 5.5% at 22 keV- < 1% with Am alpha source

50 m and 25 m gaps fabricated

Other advantages- Flexible structure (cylinder)- Good uniformity- Low material- Low radioactivity - Long term stability

Other advantages- Flexible structure (cylinder)- Good uniformity- Low material- Low radioactivity - Long term stability

Type1Type1

Type2Type2

Micromegas inside

Micromegas inside

21 avril 2023

Xe @ 2 barNeutrinoless Double Beta (0nbb) using 136Xe target

21/04/23 I. Giomataris

CAST sunset Micromegas performance

Nominal values during data taking

periods

Shielded Micromegas(bulk and microbulk

technology)

Special shielding conditions in Canfranc Underground Lab

Unshielded Micromegas (classic technology)

21/04/23 I. Giomataris

• Towards a new generation axion helioscope• Conceptual Design Report and Letter of Intent to

CERN in preparation.

• Goal: 1-1.5 orders of magnitude in sensitivity to ga better than CAST

First feasibility results and sensitivity prospects recently published:JCAP 1106:013,2011 (arxiv:1103.5334)

First feasibility results and sensitivity prospects recently published:JCAP 1106:013,2011 (arxiv:1103.5334)

International Axion Observatory (IAXO)

Each conversion bore (between coils)

about 0.5-1 m diameter

All bores equiped with x-ray focusing and low

bkg detectors -

Fully exploiting innovations of CAST

New larger toroidal magnet –

specifically built for axion physics

21/04/23 I. Giomataris

Astrophysical hints for ALPsAstrophysical hints for ALPs

IAXO in the high mass end, and future phases of ADMX in the low mass end will explore large part of the QCD axion model region in the next decade.

IAXO prospects

Axion searches: mid-term prospects

IAXOIAXO

Much larger QCD axion region explored

Much larger QCD axion region explored

n-TOF MicroMegas-based neutron transparent flux monitor and profiler

B4C deposited on 1.2 mm of aluminised Mylar

PiggyBack Micromegas technologyMicromegas on a resistive thin ceramic substrateReadout pixels or strips is a free- independent element

Signal propagates through capacitive coupling without lossIf t2<<t12/1 Ceramic provide large dynamic range of dielectric constants

21/04/23 I. GiomatarisI. Giomataris

Piggy Back with Medipix read-out55Fe events (G ~ 50 000)

18

I. Giomataris

Medipix2

surface: 1.4 x 1.6 cm2

Matrix of 256 x 256pixel size: 55 x 55 µm2

InGrid technologyInGrid technology

P. Colas et al., NIMA535(2004)506

M. Cambell et al, NIMA540(2005)295 M. Chefdeville et al., NIMA556(2006)490

H. Van der Graaf, J. Timermans et al.Micromegas + micro-pixels

21 avril 2023 I. Giomataris

Great resolutionSingle electron counting!!

Gas On Slimmed SIlicon Pixels (GOSSIP)Under study for ATLAS SLHC trackerGas On Slimmed SIlicon Pixels (GOSSIP)Under study for ATLAS SLHC tracker

21/04/23 I. Giomataris21/04/23 I. Giomataris

21/04/23

TumorSUBATECH beta imager

Micomegasneutron imaging

Radiography

-ray scanner

Micromegas applications

Muon tomography – T2DM2Muon tomography – T2DM2Double sides Megas-Bulk TPC (5 cm drift Double sides Megas-Bulk TPC (5 cm drift space) ,on the same printed-boardspace) ,on the same printed-board

Micromegas Photomultipier

21/04/23 I. GiomatarisI. Giomataris

Radial TPC with spherical proportional counter read-out

Saclay-Thessaloniki-Saragoza5.9 keV 55Fe signal

E=A/R2

20 s

• Simple and cheap

• Large volume

• single read-out

• Robustness

• Good energy resolution

• Low energy threshold

• Efficient fiducial cut

15 mm

A Novel large-volume Spherical Detector with Proportional Amplification read-out, I. Giomataris et al., JINST 3:P09007,2008

C≈ Rin= 7.5 mm < 1pF

21/04/23 I. GiomatarisI. Giomataris

MicromegasGEM

E= constantC ≈ S > 1nF

Parallel Plate Detector

E=1/r2

≈V/Ri close to the ballC ≈ Rin< 1pF

Spherical Proportional Counter

Cylindrical Proportional Counter

E=V/ln(b/a)r L = length and a=radius of the wire, b = tube radius

C =2L/ln(b/a)>> 10 pF

21/04/23 I. Giomataris21/04/23 I. Giomataris

Rejection power

Neutron detection at LSM - Ar/CH4 + 4g 3He 200 mb R

ise

time

(s)

Amplitude

210Po5.3 MeV

n capt on 3He 764 keV

210Po5.3 MeV

from 210Pb @ Cu surface

R = 15 cm

222Rn 218Po 214Po

Results at LSMThermal neutron flux

2.2x10-6/cm2/sNext goal: measure fast neutrons

I. Giomataris

Ultra low energy threshold observedarXiv:1010.4132 [physics.ins-det], 2010

New low-energy calibration source Argon-37Home made Ar-37 source: irradiating Ca-40 powder with fast neutrons 7x106neutrons/sIrradiation time 14 days. Ar-37 emits K(2.6 keV) and L(260 eV) X-rays (35 d decay time)

Installation near the spherical detector

I. Giomataris

First measurementOf Ar-37 sourceTotal rate 40 hz of low energy lines

250 mbar gas8 mm ball

Fe-555,9 keV

2.6 keV

260 eV

This is considerable progress

21/04/23 I. Giomataris

Motivated by:•Sub-keV energy threshold of the detector•Large volume detector (1 m3 to much larger)•Large mass and sub-keV energy threshold•Good energy resolution•Low background (to be demonstrated)•Versatility of the target (gas and pressure)

Physics case

I. Giomataris

+ N --> +N ≈ N2E 2, D. Z. Freedman, Phys. Rev.D,9(1389)1974Neutrino-nucleus coherent elastic scattering

High cross section but very-low nuclear recoil

Illustration: using the present prototype at 10 m from the reactor, after 1 day run

A. Druikier, L. Stodolsky, Phys.Rev.D30:2295,1984, JI Collar, Y Giomataris - NIMA471:254-259,2000, H. T. Wong, arXiv:0803.0033-2008, PS Barbeau, JI Collar, O Tench - Arxiv preprint nucl-ex/0701012, 2007

TN =2 mN(En cos)2/{(mN + En)2 − (En cos)2}

Argon and Ne are good candidate

Challenge : Very low energy thresholdWe need to calculate and measure the quenching factorApplication : Remote control of nuclear reactor

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Measuring Neutrino-nucleus coherent elastic scattering At the Oak Ridge Spallation Neutron Source (SNS). J.D. Vergados, F.T. Avignone, I. Giomataris, Phys.Rev.D79:113001,2009 K. Scholberg, AIP Conf.Proc.1182:76-79,2009

ννee

ννμμ antianti--ννμμ

target e

(no FF)

e

(FF)

anti

(no FF)

anti

(FF)

(no FF)

(FF)

all (no FF)

all (FF)

Xe 5115 3747 6840 4644 4179 3360 16137 11751

Ar 417 359 555 459 336 306 1311 1126

SENSITIVITYSENSITIVITYThe number of events in one year for the spherical TPC detector: The number of events in one year for the spherical TPC detector: P=10 Atm, R=5 m, T=300P=10 Atm, R=5 m, T=30000K, L=10 mK, L=10 m

Sensitivity for galactic explosionFor p=10 Atm, R=2m, D=10 kpc, Uν =0.5x1053 ergs# Number of events (no quenching, zero threshold) He Ne Ar Kr Xe Xe (with Nuc. F.F) .16 3.95 19.1 76.8 235 179# Number of events (after quenching, Eth =0.25 keV) He Ne Ar Kr Xe Xe (with Nuc. F.F) 0.08 1.5 6.7 23.8 68.1 51.8

Idea : A world wide network of several (tenths or hundreds) of such dedicated Supernova detectors robust, low cost, simple (one channel)To be managed by an international scientific consortium and operated by students

Destruction of massive star initiated by

the Fe core collapse

• 1053 ergs of energy released

• 99% carried by neutrinos

• A few happen every century in our Galaxy, but the last one observed was over 300 years ago

A dedicated Supernova detectorSimple and cost effective - Life time >> 1 century

Through neutrino-nucleus coherent elastic scatteringY. Giomataris, J. D. Vergados, Phys.Lett.B634:23-29,2006

21/04/23 I. Giomataris

Dark matter search through very low energy threshold < 100 eV

CoGeNT 2010

A. Dedes, I. Giomataris,, K. Suxho, J.D. Vergados, Nucl.Phys.B826:148-173,2010

BUT, DAMA and COGENT claim rejected?

Secluded WIMP dark matter (Arkani-Hamed, Pospelov, Ritz, Voloshin)

Light Dark Matter candidates Light scalars or fermions (Fayet, Boehm&Fayet)

Electron-Interacting dark matter

Kaluza-Klein Axion like Particle

Needs sub-keV energy thresholdOur sensitivity with H target

keV threshold

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SEDINE projectNew detector made out of radiopure Cu vessel • Diameter = 60 cm• Pressure = up to 10 barAppropriate shield provided by LSMGoal• Measure fast neutron energy distribution at LSM• Explore ultra low energy with low background detector

21/04/23

Detector construction and installation at LSM on September 2012

21/04/23 I. Giomataris

CONCLUSIONS

• New detectors – New discoveries – new applications

• Micromegas is a world-wide reference

•Multiples applications

•Industrialization process in progress

• A new promising counter on spherical geometry

• Ultra low energy exciting results

• Light dark matter search

• Reactor or SuperNova neutrino detection