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• Relate the structural and behavioral adaptations of arthropods to their ability to live in different habitats.
Section Objectives: 28.1
• Analyze the adaptations that make arthropods an evolutionarily successful phylum.
• A typical _______ is a segmented, _______ invertebrate animal with________ symmetry, an exoskeleton, and jointed structures called appendages.
• An _______ is any structure, such as a leg or an antenna, that grows out of the body of an animal.
• Arthropods are the earliest known _________ to exhibit jointed appendages.
• Joints are advantageous because they allow more flexibility in animals that have hard, rigid __________.
• Joints also allow powerful movements of appendages, and enable an appendage to be used in many different ways.
• In other species, the exoskeleton is made of separate ______ held together by hinges.
• In some species, the exoskeleton is a continuous covering over most of the body.
• In many aquatic species, the exoskeletons are reinforced with ________ ____.
• The exoskeleton protects and supports internal tissues and provides places for attachment of _______.
• First, they are relatively _____ structures. The larger an arthropod is, the ______ and heavier its exoskeleton must be to support its larger muscles.
• _________ have their disadvantages.
• A second and more important disadvantage is that exoskeletons cannot _____, so they must be ___ periodically. Shedding the old exoskeleton is called _______.
• When the new ________ is ready, the animal contracts muscles and takes in air or water.
• This causes the animal’s body to swell until the old exoskeleton splits open, usually along the back.
• Thus, the new exoskeleton hardens in a ________ size, allowing some room for the animal to continue to grow.
• Before the new exoskeleton hardens, the animal puffs up as a result of increased _______ circulation to all parts of its body.
• When the new exoskeleton is soft, arthropods cannot _____ themselves from danger because they move by bracing muscles against the _____ exoskeleton.
• Most arthropods ____ four to seven times in their lives before they become adults.
• In most groups of arthropods, segments have become fused into three body sections—_____, _____, and ______.
• In other groups, even these segments may be fused.
• Some __________ have a head and a fused thorax and abdomen.
• In other groups, there is an abdomen and a fused head and thorax called a ________________.
• Fusion of the body segments is related to movement and protection.
• This large oxygen demand is needed to sustain the high levels of ________ required for rapid movements.
• ________ have efficient respiratory structures that ensure rapid oxygen delivery to cells.
• Three types of respiratory structures have evolved in arthropods: ____, ___ tubes, and ____ lungs.
• _____ arthropods exchange gases through _____, which extract oxygen from water and release carbon dioxide into the water.
• Most insects have _______ tubes, branching networks of hollow air passages that carry air throughout the body.
• Air enters and leaves the tracheal tubes through openings on the thorax and abdomen called _______.
• Muscle activity helps pump the air through the ______ tubes.
• Movement, sound, and chemicals can be detected with great sensitivity by ______, stalk-like structures that detect changes in the environment.
• The ants were able to work together as a group because they were communicating with each other by ______, chemical odor signals given off by animals.
• Have you ever watched as a group of ants carried home a small piece of food?
• Accurate vision is also important to the active lives of arthropods.
• Most arthropods have one pair of large _________eyes and three to eight ______ eyes.
• A simple eye is a visual structure with only one ____ that is used for detecting light.
• _________ sense the odors of pheromones.
• Each lens registers light from a tiny portion of the field of view.
• The total image that is formed is made up of thousands of parts.
• The nervous system consists of a double _______ nerve cord, an _____ brain, and several ______.
• Arthropods have ganglia that have become fused. These ganglia act as control centers for the body section in which they are located.
• Arthropod blood is pumped by a heart in an _____ circulatory system with vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
• The blood flows out of the ______, bathes the tissues of the body, and returns to the heart through open body spaces.
• Arthropods have a complete _______ system with a mouth, stomach, intestine, and anus, together with various glands that produce digestive ________.
• The mouthparts of most arthropod groups include one pair of jaws called ___________.
• The mandibles, together with other mouthparts are adapted for holding, chewing, sucking, or biting the various foods eaten by arthropods.
• Most ______ arthropods excrete wastes through _______ tubules.
• In insects, the tubules are all located in the _______ rather than in each segment.
• Malpighian tubules are attached to and empty into the _______.
• Another well-developed system in arthropods is the ______ system.
• In an arthropod limb, the muscles are attached to the inner surface of the ___________.
• An arthropod muscle is attached to the exoskeleton on both sides of the joint.
• Most arthropod species have separate males and females and reproduce _______.
• Fertilization is usually _______ in land species but is often _______ in aquatic species.
• Some species, including bees, ants, aphids, and wasps, exhibit ______________, a form of asexual reproduction in which a new individual develops from an unfertilized egg.
• Compare and contrast the similarities and differences among the major groups of arthropods.
Section Objectives: 28.2
• Explain the adaptations of insects that contribute to their success.
• The head, thorax, and abdomen are completely fused.
• Ticks feed on ____ from reptiles, birds, and mammals.
• ___ feed on fungi, plants, and animals.
• They are so small that they often are not visible to the unaided human eye.
• Like ticks, mites can transmit ______.
• _______ are easily recognized by their many abdominal body segments and enlarged ________.
• They have a long tail with a _______ stinger at the tip.
• ______ (krus TAY shuns) are the only arthropods that have two pairs of antennae for sensing.
• All crustaceans have ________ for crushing food and typically have two compound eyes.
• Unlike the up-and-down movement of your jaws, crustacean mandibles open and close from ____ to _____.
• Many crustaceans have ____ pairs of walking legs.
• Members of the class _______ include crabs, lobsters, shrimps, crayfishes, water fleas, pill bugs, and barnacles.
• Most crustaceans are _____ and exchange gases as water flows over feathery ____.
• __ bugs and ___bugs, two of the few land crustaceans, must live where there is _______, which aids in gas exchange.
• Like spiders, ______ and ______ have Malpighian tubules for excreting wastes.
• In contrast to spiders, centipedes and millipedes have _______ tubes rather than book lungs for gas exchange.
• Centipedes are ___________ and eat soil arthropods, snails, slugs, and worms
• The ____ of some centipedes are painful to humans.
• A millipede eats mostly plants and dead material on damp forest floors.
• _______ do not bite, but they can spray foul-smelling fluids from their defensive _____ glands.
• __________ crabs are members of the class __________.
• Horshoe crabs are considered to be living fossils; Limulus fossils have remained relatively unchanged since the ______ Period about 220 million years ago.
• Horseshoe crabs are heavily protected by an extensive __________ and live in deep coastal waters.
• They forage on sandy or muddy ocean bottoms for algae, _______, and mollusks.
• Flies, grasshoppers, lice, butterflies, bees, and beetles are just a few members of the class _______.
• Insects have ____ body segments and ___ legs.
• There are more ______ of insects than all other classes of animals combined.
• Insects usually mate _____ during their lifetime.
• The eggs usually are ______ internally.
• Some insects exhibit ___________, reproducing from unfertilized eggs.
• Most insects lay a ____ number of eggs, which increase the chances that some offspring will survive long enough to reproduce.
• After eggs are laid, the insect _______ develops and the eggs hatch.
• In some _______ insects development is direct; the eggs hatch into miniature forms that look just like tiny adults.
• These insects go through successive ___ until the adult size is reached.
EggsNymph
Molt
Nymph
Molt
Adult
• In some cases, the adult insect bears little resemblance to its ________ stage.
AdultEgg
LarvaPupa
• Insects that undergo metamorphosis usually go through four stages on their way to adulthood: ___, _____, ____, and ______.
• This series of changes, controlled by chemical-substances in the animal, is called _______________.
• Many insect species, as well as other arthropods, undergo a gradual or incomplete metamorphosis, in which the insect goes through only _____ stages of development.
• These three stages are ___, ______, and adult.
• A _____, which hatches from an egg, has the same general appearance as the adult but is smaller.
EggsNymph
Molt
Nymph
Molt
Adult
• ________ cannot reproduce.
• As the nymph eats and grows, it molts several times. With each _____, it begins to resemble the adult more.
• Gradually, the nymph becomes an adult.
• Grasshoppers and cockroaches are insects that undergo ________ metamorphosis.
Incomplete metamorphosis of a harlequin bug
• The success of arthropods can be attributed in part to their varied life cycles, high reproductive output, and structural adaptations, such as small size, a hard exoskeleton, and jointed appendages.
• Segments in arthropods are more complex than in annelids, and arthropods have more developed _____ tissue and sensory organs, such as eyes.