281174_Newman - Civil Procedure

7/30/2019 281174_Newman - Civil Procedure

1/66

CIVILPROCEDURE

I.INCENTIVESTOLITIGATE

I. IncentivestoLitigate1. CivilCasesmakeupabouthalfofcourtfilings2. 98%ofcivilfilingsarein StateCourt3. Riseisduetoeconomictimes 4. 50%ofDswin,Sumis$37,000 5. Contractsaremostfiledcivilaction6. Mostcivillitigationisresolvedbysettlement.7. Mostcasesrecoverlessthan$50,000

II. WhyLitigate?DAMAGESA.Substitutionary

1. CompensatorysubstitutingtomakethePwholeusuallywillbe$$$ i. Economic:DamagesthatcompensatethePformoneyhehaslost

ii. NonEconomic:Damagesforthingslikepainandsuffering,lossofenjoyment,impairment,disfigurement,inconvenience,grief,anxiety,humiliation,oremotional

distress2. LiquidatedDamages:PartiesagreeBeftorehandaboutthepriceoftheharm[

contractual]

3. StatutoryDamages:statutessetminimumdamagesnotspecificallytiedtotheamountofthelosssuffered

4. PunitiveDamages:MeanttopunishtheDforwrongfulbehavior;AlsoMeanttodetersimilarbehaviorinthefuture

i. Sizeofpunitiveinrelationtoharmtoasmeasuredbycompensatorydamagesratioof9:1presumptivemaximum

ii. Sizeofpunitiveinrelationtocivilpenalties

StateFarmMutualAutomobileInsuranceCo.v.Campbell DamageAward:Finalawardof$1millionincompensatorydamagesand$145millionin

punitivedamages.

Rationale:"fewawardsexceedingasingledigitratiobetweenpunitiveandcompensatory

damages,toasignificantdegree,willsatisfydueprocess."9:1ratio

DoctrineReliedUpon:

BMWofNorthAmericav.Gore[suggestedathreeparttestindeterminingwhethera

punitivedamageawardviolateddueprocess]

DegreeofReprehensibilityofD'sconduct

RatioofharmtoPtocompensatorydamagesawarded

Comparisontocivilinfractions(fines)forsimilarmisconducts

B.SpecificDamagesRemediesthatseektorestoredirectlyandspecificallythatwhichtheDhastakenfromtheP.

1. Legal2. Equitable


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CIVILPROCEDURE


a. PermanentInjunctiveReliefappropriateremedywherethePisbeingthreatenedbysomeinjuryforwhichhehasnoadequatelegalremedyInjunctionisabalancingtest

Balancinginterestofpartieshardshipon,hardshipto

SigmaChemicalCo.v.HarrisnoncompeteRuleofLaw:Permanentinjunctivereliefisanappropriateremedywheretheisbeing

threatenedbysomeinjuryforwhichhehasnoadequatelegalremedy

Issue:Determiningwhenpermanentinjunctivereliefisajustifiableremedy

LanguageUsed:

Thedeterminationwhethertoissueaninjunctioninvolves:

abalancingoftheinterestsofthepartieswhomightbeaffectedbytheCourt'sdecision

thehardshiponifreliefisdeniedasopposedtothehardshiptoifitisgranted....

Moreover,themainprerequisitetoobtaininginjunctivereliefisafindingthatisbeingthreatenedbysomeinjuryforwhichhehasnoadequatelegalremedy."

Policy:

Reasonablenessofthecovenant Reasonablenessintemporalscope Geographicscopeisreasonable

C.DeclaratoryReliefNeitherdamagesnoraspecificremedycansolvetheproblem,partiesinsuchcircumstancesmayseekadeclarationoftheirrights

FinancingLitigation A. Whatarethecostsoflitigation?

Courts,Judges,Staff$6500/dayPaidbyTaxes Attorney'sFeesaccountformostofthecostofLitigationintheU.S.

Legal Equitable

CourtsofChancery

Specific

Damages Injunctionspecificandequitable

Mostcommonformofequitablerelief

Replevin

Ejectment Rescission Ejectment

Replevin Reformation Injunctions

Mandamus QuietTitle Rescission/Reformation

HabeasCorpus ConstructiveTrust Mandamus

Thesecanbeheardbyajury Thesecanonlybeheardbyajudge HabeasCorpus


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CIVILPROCEDURE


ExpertsandInvestigators FilingFees,processservers,courtreporters,photocopies,technology,travel

HowdoAmericansPay?A. HourlyRateMostcommonfinancingmechanismB. FlatRateusedforworkthatlawyerthinkswillhavepredictableinvestmentoftime

1. WillsmostcommonC. Feeforservice(withvariations):prevalentincommerciallitigationD. Feespreading:

1. Insurance&contingentfees:prevalentinPersonalInjuryandTortE. ContingencyFeelawyeragreestoprovidelegalrepresentationwiththefeetobepaidfromthe

proceedsofanysettlementorrecoveryo Causessuccessfulclientstobearpartofthecostsattributabletounsuccessfulclients(feesfrom

successfulcoverunsuccessful)o Useaslidingscalehowfaryougointhecaseo NORECOVERY=NOFEE

DefenseInsuranceAttorneys1. Feeshiftingstatutes: prevalentincivilrightsand"public"litigation a. Contractualcontractsrequirethebreachingpartytopaytheatty'sfeesoftheotherparty

i. Somerequirelosertopaythewinner,whichmaydeterwrongfulbreachii. Symmetricalloserpayswinner

iii. AsymmetricalIfLwins,ThastopayTandL'slawyerfees,ifLlosesthanTonlyhastopayT'sfees.

2. Statutorylegislatureprovidesforpaymentofwinnersattyfees,prevalentincivilrightstatutesandothergovtsuits

a. FeeShiftingisinATRb. Haveattysandclientsseekfeesandthefeebelongstotheatty c.

Usuallyanonprofitorg3. ClassActionFeeSpreading

a. FeeSpreadingdoesn'tshiftfromPtoD i. Justspreadsthemamongpeoplewhobenefitthejudgment

AmericanSystem Britishsystem

Eachpartyfinanceshisowncase Loserpaysbothitsownfeesandthoseoftheother

side

Leftout:

damageclaimstoosmall; nonmonetaryreliefinnonfeeshiftcases; s

Encouragessmallclaims,aslongastheyhaveagood

chanceofwinning

Financial

Arrangement

Who'sintheriskpool? Howdoesthecostgetspread?


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CIVILPROCEDURE


Evansv.JeffD.clientshadtherighttowaiverecoveryoflegalfeesw/otheconsentofattysIssue:Docourts/clientshavethepowertoapprovethewaiverofattorney'sfeesw/oattysconsent?

Rationale:Thiscourtheldthatstatutesprovidingrecoveryofattorney'sfeesdidnotconferanyrights

onattorneys.Thus,clientshadtherighttowaiverecoveryoflegalfeeswithouttheconsentof

attorneys.So,sometimesthereisaconflictofinterestbetweenlawyersandtheirclientswhenthe

wishestomakeasettlementthatseekwaiveroffees.

Note:Theattorneyandtheclientcanavoidthisbyacarefullydraftedengagementagreementinwhich

theclientagreestopayfeesoutofanysettlementreceived.However,thisisnothelpfulifclientis

seekinginjunctiverelief.BuckhannonBoardandCareHome,Inc.v.Va.DeptofHealthandHuman

ResourceIfyoudontgetajudgmentcanyoustillgetattysfees?Facts:Buckhannonbaseditsclaimonthe"catalysttheory,"whichpositsthataPisa"prevailing

party"ifitachievesthedesiredresultbecausethelawsuitbroughtaboutavoluntarychangeintheD's

conduct.

Holding:Courtheldthatthe"catalysttheory"isnotapermissiblebasisfortheawardofattorney'sfees

Rationale:"AD'svoluntarychangeinconduct,althoughperhapsaccomplishingwhatthesoughtto

achievebythelawsuit,lacksthenecessaryjudicialimprimaturonthechange.Ourprecedentsthus

counselagainstholdingthattheterm'prevailingparty'authorizesanawardofattorney'sfeeswithouta

correspondingalterationinthelegalrelationshipoftheparties."

Dissent:JusticeGinsburgarguedthat"Congressprescribedfeeshiftingprovisionstoencourageprivateenforcementoflawsdesignedtoadvancecivilrights

Liability

Insurance

Otherpolicyholders,someofwhomwillhave

accidents(orotherliabilitycreatingevents)

Theinsuredmaynotcoverallcostsoflit

Noaccidentdrivers'premiumsubsidize

thosewhohaveaccidents

Otherinsuredpeoplewhopaymonthlydues

ContingentFees Lawyersandlawyer'sotherclients Generatedbyotherclientswhohave

recoveredorsettled


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CIVILPROCEDURE

III.FINANCINGLITIGATION

I. ProvisionalRemedies:ReliefpendingadjudicationoftheDispute1. Mustbegrantedordeniedbyajudge,notjury 2. Allrelevantinfoisn'tavailableyet,3. SomecanargueisaviolationofDueProcess

II. Two"tests"forpreliminaryinjunctions:StandardTest AlternativeTest

IrreparableharmtoP IrreparableharmtoP

Pwillprobablywinonmerits Eitherpwillhavefairchanceofsuccessonmerits,solongas

damagethatPmaysufferissufficientlyserious

OR

BalancingtheEquities:thethreatenedinjurytothe

outweighsanypotentialharmtothe;and

BalanceofHardship:PharmedbyrefusalmuchmorethanD

hurtbygrant

Injunctioninpublicinterest Injunctioninpublicinterest

III. DueProcessA. ProceduralDueProcessFuentes

Solution:addsomeprocess:notice,hearing,bond,etc B. SubstantiveDueProcessCampbell:unfairtodothis

Additionalprocesswonthelp,aboutthecontent

Preliminary

Injunction

Aprovisionalformofinjunctiverelief.Provisional

monetaryreliefattachmentandgarnishment.

Courtmayadvancethetrialonthemeritsand

consolidateitwiththehearing.Butmustpreserve

righttojurytrial.

Entitledonlyif:1.Pwillsufferirreparableinjury

notgranted2Pwillhaveafairchanceofsucces

onthemerits3Dwillnotbeharmedmorethan

ishelpedbyinjunction4grantingisinthepublic

interest;Dcanappealimmediately

Temporary

Restraining

Order(TRO)

Prelim.Inj.

Maybeissuedbythecourtw/onotice,ifhehadtouseregularPreliminjunctionprocess

(StandardTest) onlyiffactsshowimmediateandirreparable

injurywillresultbeforetheadversepartycan

beheard,attycertifiesinwritingeffortsto

givenotice.

Expiresafter14days,

Rule65(b)(4)after2days,theadversepartyma

appearandmovetodissolveormodifytheorde

Note:ExParteTempRestrainingOrdereven

shorter

28U.S.C.2361,whichrelatesto

preliminaryinjunctionsinactionsof

interpleaderorinthenatureof

interpleader;


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CIVILPROCEDURE

III.FINANCINGLITIGATION

Inglis&Sonsv.ITTBakingwantedaninjunctioncourtdidntthinkhewouldwinHolding:"Itisnotnecessary,inorderforpreliminaryinjunctiontoissue,thatmovingpartybereasonably

certaintosucceedonmerits;ifharmthatmayoccurtoPissufficientlyserious,itisonlynecessarythatthere

beafairchanceofsuccessonmerits."(AlternativeTest)

Rationale:ThetrialcourtdeniedapreliminaryinjunctionbecauseitfoundthatitwasuncertainthatthePwouldwinattrial.However,thereisanalternativetestwhichallowsapreliminaryinjunctionevenwhenthe

chancethatthePwillwinisuncertain.Underthattest,thereneedonlybea"fairchanceofsuccess"onthe

meritssolongasthedamagethatthePmaysufferis"sufficientlyserious"

Winterv.NationalResourcesDefenseCounselAlternativetestistoolenient. Hadtouse"standard"test.

IrreparableharmtoP

Pwillprobablywinonmerits

Dnotharmedmorethanphelped

Injunctioninpublicinterest

Fuentesv.Shevinanytemporary,nonfinaldeprivationofpropertyisnonethelessadeprivationinthe

termsofthe14thAmendmentwithoutanopportunitytoapretrialhearingFacts:Creditorrepossessedstoveoncredittorepow/opriornoticetodebtor.Dinstitutedanactionfor

repossessionofboththestoveandthestereoandobtainedawritofreplevinorderingasherifftorepossess

thepropertybeforeprovidingPwithnotice.

PArg:PrejudgmentreplevinprocedureswereunconstitutionalinlightoftheDueProcess

Clauseofthe14thAmendment.Psoughtinjunctivereliefandadeclaratoryjudgmentagainstenforcement

oftheprejudgmentreplevin.

Issue:Doesdueprocessunderthe14thAmendmentrequirethatpartiesfacingareplevinactionbenotified

inatimelymannerandgivenanopportunitytobeheardpriortoaprejudgmentseizure?

Holding&Rationale :Yes.Thecourtheldthatpartieshavethe righttopriornoticeandahearing to

preventarbitrarydeprivationofproperty.Anysignificantpropertyinterestanytemporary,nonfinal

deprivationofpropertyisnonethelessadeprivationinthetermsofthe14thAmendment.Test:Thestatecanonlytakestuffwithoutahearingwhen:

1. Theseizureisdirectlynecessarytoprotectanimportantpublicinterest.2. Thereisaspecialneedforpromptaction.3. Thestatekeepsstrictcontroloftheseizureprocessbyhavingagovernmentofficialmakesurethe

seizureisnecessaryandjustified.


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CIVILPROCEDURE

V.PLEADINGS

I. Pleadingsa. Allegationofwrongdoingb. Shortandplainstatementoftheclaimshowingthepleaderisentitledtorelief c. DemandforjudgmentforthereliefsoughtDamages

GoalsofthePleading Setstagefordiscovery

o Nottoomuchdetail Weedoutweakordisfavoredclaims

o Morespecificity Reflectburdensofproduction&Persuasion

Evenmoredetail

Under1938FRCPchange:

1. Theymergedlawandequity2. Theyestablishedbroadandflexiblejoinderofclaimsandparties3. Theycreatedpowerfulproceduresforpretrialdiscovery4. Theysoughtawayofdefiningpleadingthatdeemphasizedroleinlitigationandavoidedboththerequiredformulasofwritsandfactsofthecode

Rule7(a)(17)OnlythesePleadingsareallowed:

acomplaint; athirdpartycomplaint;

ananswertoacomplaint; ananswertoathirdpartycomplaint;

and

ananswertoacounterclaim

designatedasacounterclaim;

ifthecourtordersone,areplytoan

answer.

ananswertoacrossclaim;Rule7(b)Motions

Arequestforacourtordermustbemadebymotion:

(A)beinwritingunlessmadeduringahearingortrial;

(B)statewithparticularitythegroundsforseekingtheorder;and

(C)statethereliefsought.

Rule8claim,jurisdiction,demandforjudgment

ClaimsforReliefo 8(a)(1)Statementofjurisdictiono 8(a)(2)shortandplainstatementoftheclaimshowingthatpleaderisentitledtorelief

Donotrequireaclaimanttosetoutindetailthefactsuponwhichhebaseshisclaim,claimwillgivetheDfairnoticeofwhattheP'sclaimisandthegroundsuponwhichitrests

o 8(a)(3)demandforjudgmentforthereliefsought(damages)Defenses;AdmissionsandDenials.8(b)(1)Inrespondingtoapleading,apartymust:

(A)stateinshortandplaintermsitsdefensestoeachclaimassertedagainstit;and

(B)admitordenytheallegationsassertedagainstitbyanopposingparty.

8(b)(2)DenialsRespondingtotheSubstance.


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CIVILPROCEDURE

V.PLEADINGS

Adenialmustfairlyrespondtothesubstanceoftheallegation.

8(b)(3)GeneralandSpecificDenials.

Apartythatintendsingoodfaithtodenyalltheallegationsofapleadingincludingthe

jurisdictionalgroundsmaydosobyageneraldenial.Apartythatdoesnotintendtodenyallthe

allegationsmusteitherspecificallydenydesignatedallegationsorgenerallydenyallexceptthose

specificallyadmitted.8(b)(4)DenyingPartofanAllegation.

Apartythatintendsingoodfaithtodenyonlypartofanallegationmustadmitthepartthatistrue

anddenytherest.

8(b)(5)LackingKnowledgeorInformation.

Apartythatlacksknowledgeorinformationsufficienttoformabeliefaboutthetruthofan

allegationmustsostate,andthestatementhastheeffectofadenial.

8(b)(6)EffectofFailingtoDeny.

Anallegationotherthanonerelatingtotheamountofdamagesisadmittedifaresponsive

pleadingisrequiredandtheallegationisnotdenied.Ifaresponsivepleadingisnotrequired,an

allegationisconsidereddeniedoravoided.

8(c)AffirmativeDefense

(1)InGeneral.Inrespondingtoapleading,apartymustaffirmativelystateany

avoidanceoraffirmativedefense,including:

accordandsatisfaction; arbitrationandaward; assumptionofrisk; contributorynegligence; dischargeinbankruptcy; duress; estoppel; failureofconsideration; fraud; illegality;

injurybyfellowservant; laches; license; payment; release; resjudicata; statuteoffrauds; statuteoflimitations;and

waiver.

(2)MistakenDesignation.

Ifapartymistakenlydesignatesadefenseasacounterclaim,oracounterclaimasa

defense,thecourtmust,ifjusticerequires,treatthepleadingasthoughitwerecorrectly

designated,andmayimposetermsfordoingso.

CONSISTENCYINPLEADING

LAWYERWILLSETFORTHWHATARETHEPOSSIBLEVERSIONOFLAWANDFACTSTHATAPPEARPLAUSIBLEATTHETIMETHEPLEADINGISFILED

Allegationsaretemperedbyburdensofproof Thelawyerwillhavetosettleonasingleversinobeforethecasegoestotrial

8(d)PleadingtoBeConciseandDirect;Alternativestatements;Inconsistency.

8(d)(1)InGeneral.Eachallegationmustbesimple,concise,anddirect.Notechnicalformisrequired.

8(d)(2)AlternativeStatementsofaClaimorDefense.

Apartymaysetout2ormorestatementsofaclaimordefensealternativelyor

hypothetically,eitherinasinglecountordefenseorinseparateones.Ifapartymakes

alternativestatements,thepleadingissufficientifanyoneofthemissufficient.

8(d)(3)InconsistentClaimsorDefenses.

Apartymaystateasmanyseparateclaimsordefensesasithas,regardlessofconsistency.


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CIVILPROCEDURE

V.PLEADINGS

8(d)(e)ConstruingPleadings.

Pleadingsmustbeconstruedsoastodojustice.

A. DilatoryPleas responsesthatdelayedthesuit

Don'taddressthepleaonitsmerits B. PeremptoryPlea forceapleadertotakeapositionaboutthefactualallegationsofthecomplaint

PleadingsgivethePthefirstofficialopptytotellhisstoryandgivesDachanceforaquick,

inexpensivevictory

CommonLaw

Dilatoryor

PeremptoryPlea

RoughTranslation Ex.

Jurisdiction nothere Dassertsthatthiscasedoesnotbelonginafederal

court

Suspension notnow Caseshouldnotproceedb/cDisonactivedutyinarmedservicesandunabletodefenduntildischarge

Abatement notuntilthisisfixed Dassertscasebroughtitwrongvenue

Demurrer sowhat Dassertsthatallegationsofthecomplaintdonotstate

aclaim

Traverse didnthappenorIdidnt

doit

Confessionand

Avoidance

yesbut

Conleyv.Gibson Acomplaintshouldnotbedismissed"unlessitappearsbeyonddoubtthatthecanprove

nosetoffactsinsupportofhisclaimwhichwouldentitlehimtorelief." Thecourtwouldjustsortoutthevalidityoftheclaimthroughdiscovery,pretrialmotions,

ortrial Wasthelawfor50years,onlydismissediftherewasnowaytoproveit.

Haddlev.GarrisonAppliedConleynocauseofaction,becausethereisnosetoffacts Lawyerstakefactsandpresenttheminawaythatwouldbeapplicabletoalegalclaim MotiontoDismissfailuretostateaclaimsufficiencyofclaim. Rule12(b)(6)Motionfailuretostateaclaiminthecomplaint Nocauseofactionpleadedcorrectlybutdoesn'tmatterbecausethereisnocauseof

action

Rationale:Courtshouldnotdismissacomplaintforfailuretostateaclaimunlessitisclearthat

thePcanprove"nosetoffactsinsupportofhisclaimwhichwouldentitlehimtorelief."

Tomakeoutacauseofactionthismusthavesufferedanactualinjury

BellAtlanticv.TwomblyConceivabletoPlausibleTest Psdidnotallegethatanymeetings,memosorotherevidenceofanagreementtorestraint

trade. Rule8(a)(2)statesthatthecomplaintisinsufficient.Psmustallegeenoughto showthat

theirclaimis"plausible"notjustconceivable. Holding:


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CIVILPROCEDURE

V.PLEADINGS

Factualallegationsmustbeplausiblejustenoughtostateaclaimofrelief Onassumptionthatallegationsaretrue

Cantjuststateconclusions Musthavefactualmatter

TakeAway:Antitrustconspiracywasnotsuggestedbythefactsadducedundereithertheoryofthecomplaint,whichfailstostateaclaim.

NEEDTOALLEGESOMEFACTSFROMWHICHACONSPIRACYCANBEINFERRED

Ashcroftv.IqbalClassNotes:"Rule8marksanotableandgenerousdeparturefromthehypertechnical,

codepleadingregimeofapriorera,butitdoesnotunlockthedoorsofdiscoveryforaP

armedwithnothingmorethanconclusion."

Rationale:

Theallegationscannotbeconclusory

Theremustbefacts,assumedastrue,tostateaclaimthatisplausibleonitsface

Conley Twombly Iqbal

"NoSetofFacts" Conceivable>Plausible

suggestheightened

pleadingantitrust

saidthatTwomblyhadheightenedpleading

forantitrust,butnotforeverything.

Holding:Expandsheightenedpleadingto

ALLCIVILCLAIMS

HowandwhyhasTwomblyandIqbalchangedtheequation?

HowChanginghowcasesarepleadrequires" factpleading"underwhichamustalsoallegesupportingevidenceofaviolationo Pwillhavetoallegesomefactualsupporttoshowthatshehasaviableclaim.o Canpleadsimpleclaimsingeneralterms

WhyGettingridoffrivolouscaseso

Shiftsbalancetoso Systemistooclogged o Heightenedpleadingstandard o Sufficientfactualmatter

SpecialPleadingsRule9(a)Fraudcangivepunitivedamages

(a)CapacityorAuthoritytoSue;LegalExistence.

(1)InGeneral.

Exceptwhenrequiredtoshowthatthecourthasjurisdiction,apleadingneednotallege:

(A)apartyscapacitytosueorbesued;

(B)apartysauthoritytosueorbesuedinarepresentativecapacity;or

(C)thelegalexistenceofanorganizedassociationofpersonsthatismadeaparty.

(2)RaisingThoseIssues.

Toraiseanyofthoseissues,apartymustdosobyaspecificdenial,whichmuststateany

supportingfactsthatarepeculiarlywithinthepartysknowledge.

(b)FraudorMistake;ConditionofMind.

Inallegingfraudormistake,apartymuststatewithparticularitythe

circumstancesconstitutingfraudormistake.Malice,intent,knowledge,andotherconditionsofa

person'smindmaybeallegedgenerally.

SpecialPleadingRequirements

1. Iflegislatureidentifies"disfavored"claims,onetoolistocreatespecialpleadingregimesa. HeightenedpleadingrequirementsforMedMal


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CIVILPROCEDURE

V.PLEADINGS

b. Perceptionwasthatmedmalpracticewerefrivolouspressuredoctorsandins.CostosettlewithPs

2. Expensive!DiscoveryisexpensiveandtimeconsumingStradfordv.ZurichInsuranceCo.FraudulentDentist

Problem:6didnotidentifyanyparticularmisrepresentation.nmovestodismissthefraudclaimsforfailuretostatetheclaimswithsufficientparticularityunderFRCP9(b).

Rule:Whereapartyisaccusedoffraud,FRCP9(b)requiresthetime,place,andnatureofthe

allegedmisrepresentationstobedisclosedtothepartyaccusedoffraud.

Issue:Mustapartyidentifyspecificallegedmisrepresentationswhenaccusingapartyoffraud?

Holding:Yes.FRCP9(b)providesthatallallegationsoffraudshallbestatedwithparticularity,and

thatallegationsofintentmaybesetforthgenerally.

TheprimarypurposeofRule9(b)istoaffordalitigantaccusedoffraudfairnoticeoftheclaim

andthefactualgrounduponwhichitisbased.

AllocatingElementsofaClaim

>Whicheverpartyhastheburdenofpleadinganissuemustalsoproduceevidenceto

demonstratethatallegationattrial

Jonesv.Blockprisoner(adminremedies)RuleofLaw:APneednotpleadanddemonstrateexhaustionofadministrativeremediesinthe

complaint

TakeAway:"[F]ailuretoexhaustinanaffirmativedefenseunderthePLRA[PrisonLitigation

ReformAct]andinmatesarenotrequiredtospeciallypleadordemonstrateexhaustionintheir

complaints."

PolicyRationale:Thereasonsbehindthedecisionsofsomelowercourtstoimposeapleading

requirementonnsinthiscontext,whicharetoseparate,whenitcomestoprisonersuits,those

claimsthathavemeritandthosethathavenoneandwillmerelyclogtheprocess,are

understandable.Butthewaytoestablishhigherpleadingrequirementsistoamendtherules,not

onacasebycasebasisincourts.

Thiscaseisaboutlegalrequirements(likeHaddle)Technicaldefect,butaboutspecificity.

Whohastheburdenofproof?Dhastoshowthatthepleadingisinsufficient.

HaddleDhadburdenofproof

ZurichDhadburdenofproof

JonesDhadtheburdenofproof


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CIVILPROCEDURE

VI.ETHICALLIMITSINPLEADINGS

I. EthicalLimitationsinPleadingRule11

Coverseveryaspectoflitigationthatinvolvesa writtendocument Technicallyastandardofprofessionalresponsibilityorconduct Rule11isnecessarytomaintainthe integrityoftheFRCP ThecentralpurposeofRule11isto deterbaselessfilingsindistrictcourts.

note:Notdiscovery11(d)exceptionthough

11(a) Pleadings SigningPapers

Everypleading,writtenmotion,andotherpapermustbe

signedbyatleastoneattorneyofrecordintheattorney's

name

11(b) Pleadings

Representationstothe

Court

Claimsareformedafterreasonableinquiry:1.nottoharass

2.warrantedbyexistinglaw3.factshaveevidentiary

support

11(c) Pleadings Sanctions If11(b)isviolated,courtcouldgivesanctions

Rule3.1MeritoriousClaimsandContentions

Statesthataclaimhastobebasedonlawandgoodfaithbasis(facts)forfilingsuchaclaim. Thisisaruleonprofessionalconductandviolatingitcouldpotentiallyleadtodisciplinaryaction

bythebarorresultinliabilitytosomeone. Rule3.1vs.Rule11

Theybothaddressgoodfaith. Rule11islimitedtopaperwork. Theyaresetupunderdifferingbodiesoflawandgovernedunderdifferingauthorities. Rule11attycertifiesthattobestofperson'sknowledge

Walkerv.NorthwestCorp.notdiversityjurisdictioninpleadings Pwassupposedtopleadthecitizenshipofthepartiestoinvokediversityjurisdictionfailedto

dothisanddidnotdismissthecomplaint.

Thecourtappropriatelyawardedsanctionsb/cofhisdefectivecomplaintRule:AnawardofmonetarysanctionspursuanttoFRCP11isproperwhereanattorneyhasfileda

defectivecomplaintwithoutsubsequentlyamendingordismissingthecomplaint..

Christianv.Mattell,Inc.throwingBarbiesPfailedtoinvestigatepriortofilecomplaint,thenhemisbehavedduringdepo.

Rule:Rule11permitsthecourttosanctionanattorneyonlyforconductregardingpleadings,

writtenmotions,andotherpapersthathavebeensignedandfiledinagivencase.

itdoesnotauthorizesanctionsfordiscoveryabusesormisstatementsmadetothecourtduringan

oralpresentation.


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CIVILPROCEDURE

VI.RESPONDINGTOCOMPLAINT

Howdopeoplerespondtolawsuits?1. Default2. PreAnswerMotion3. Answer

RespondingtotheComplaint

1. Defaulta. Ifyoufailtorespond,youcanhaveadefaultjudgmentRule55i. Amountofdamagesmustbedecidedbeforedefaultjudgmentii. Dcanbeheardonthisissue

2. PreAnswerMotionb. TypesofPreAnswerMotions(Rule12)

12(b)Motions: Somethingiswrongw/thiscase.Can'tbeadjudicated.

1. Lackofsubjectmatterjurisdiction2. Lackofpersonaljurisdiction3. Impropervenue4. Insufficientprocess5. Insufficientserviceofprocess6. Failuretostateclaimuponreliefcanbegranted7. FailuretojoinapartyunderRule19

Whenputtingtogetheracomplaint,youhavetoknowRule12,sothatyoucanwin

aMtoDismiss.

Rule12(h)ApartywaivesanydefenselistedinRule12(b)(25)bya. Omittingitfromaresponsivepleading

b. Youcanfile12(b)(6)and12(b)(7)canberaisedthroughtriala. Can'tbethroughappeal

c. 12(b)(1)canberaisedanytimeeventhroughappeala.Rule12(e)MotionforaMoreDefinitiveStatement

Ifpleadingissovagueorambiguousthataresponsivepleadingcouldnotbeframed,thenitwouldbesubjectto12(b)(6)motion Rule12(f)MotiontoStrike

MtoStrikeany"redundant,immaterial,impertinent,orscandalousmatter." Allowspartytochallengeapartofapleadingthatfailsundersubstantivelaw,

eventhoughtherestofthepleadingstatesaclaimordefense.

OR

Forcesremovalofirrelevantandprejudicialallegationsinapleading. Iftheyhavenorelation,frivolous.Unnecessarilylong

Rule12(c)MotionforJudgmentonthePleadings IfintheanswerthePhasn'tdeniedanyoftheallegationsofthecomplaintthe

Pcanmoveforajudgmentonthepleadings

Dwouldstatethattheydidcommitactbutforacertainreason.


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CIVILPROCEDURE


Courtwould"matchup"theallegationsofthecomplaintandthoseoftheansweranddecidewhetherjudgmentforthePshouldbeenteredonthe

basisofthepleadings

Casemaybedecidedonamforjudgmentonthepleadingsifthecourtthoughtthelawclearandfurtherdevelopmentofthefactswouldnotassistindeciding

thecase.

Camposv.INSRule12(b)(1)subjectmatterjurisdiction

Rule12(b)(6)failuretoexhaustremediesandmeetingthelegalstandard1. CourtcitedSanders5. ClaimedthatPfailedtoexhaustadministrativeremedies.Wasthereenough"legal

standard"factstoproveconsistentwiththeallegationsunderfreedomof

informationact?DarguedthatSection8hasnorightofactionagainsttheagency

inchargeofit.

a.DueProcesssubstantiveandprocedural.i. Substantivethereisnofundamentalrighttobecomean

Americancitizenii. ProceduralAgencydidnotfollowitsownrules

Thecourtdecidedagainstthe

3. Answeri. Respondingtothefactualallegations

1. AffirmativeDefense2. Counterclaimcomplaint

a. Suethepartywhosuedyoubackb. Requiresareply

3. CrossClaimComplainta. Sueoneofthefellowpartiesonthesamesideb. Ex.CivilActionifBeatricesuedGrace

4. ThirdpartyClaimcomplainta. WhenDsuesanotherpersonbecausetheyfeeltheyaretruly

responsible

b. Ex.LennarsuingBannera. Denial

i. Dmustrespondtoanyfactualallegationsdenyingorraisingsomeadditionalmatterconstitutingadefense.

ii. Rule8(b)Defenses;AdmissionsandDenialiii. Rule8(b)(6)anyallegationnotdeniedisdeemedadmitted

b. GeneralDenial1. PartiesdenyeverythingZielinskiv.PhiladelphiaPiers,Inc.Forkliftcasegeneraldenial

Rule8(b)partyshallstatehisdefensestoeachclaiminamannerthatfairlymeetsthesubstanceoftheallegationswhichthepartyintendstodeny

ItisanineffectivedenialforDtodenyPsallegationthatDowned,operated,andcontrolledaforklift,butdidnotoperateandcontrolit

c. AffirmativeDefensesi. Rule8(c)listisnotexhaustive(canincludemorethanwhatisonthelist)

4. Reply


15/66

CIVILPROCEDURE


a. Pmustreplyif:answercontainscounterclaim(anditislabeledassuch)i. Rule7(a)(3)requiresareply

ii. Mustbelabeled"counterclaim"b. Courtmayorderareplyonitsownmotionormotionofaparty

5. AmendmentsRule15

15(a)

Amendmentof

Complaints"as

amatterof

course"

allowsapartytoamenditspleadingonce

w/oobtainingcourtpermission.Mustbe

within21daysofwhencomplaintis

served

15(a)(2)

Obtainingcourt

permissionto

amend

Afterdeadlineorasecondtimemust

obtainotherparty'sconsentorpermission

ofthecourt

Beec

kv.

Aqua

slide

onlydeniedifpartycan

showprejudiceor

defectinpleadingwas

neglectorcarelessness

15(b)

Amending

duringorafter

trial

partycanamendcomplaintaftertrialw/

court'spermission

15(c)

Relationback

ofamendments

Amendmentstorelatebacktothedateoftheoriginalpleading.Partywantstoadd

somenewclaimsAFTERSOLexpired.New

Claimswillnotbebarred

15(d)

Supplemental

Pleadings

Allowedtosupplementoriginalpleadings

andaddnewmattersmustbefactsthat

ariseaftertheoriginalpleadingwasfiled

ALWAYSREQUIRE

COURT'SPERMISSION

3requirements:

a. MustariseoutofthesameT/Oastheoriginalclaimb. D2hadnotice,withintheperiodfordeliveryoftheoriginalcomplainttoD1c. D2kneworshouldhaveknownthat,burforamistakeastotheidentityoftheproperparty,theoriginalactionwouldhavebeenagainsthim.d. TheSOLDefensecanlaterberaisedinarule15cmotionforjudgmentonthe

pleadings,orinsummaryjudgmentbutithastobePLED

Beeckv.AquaslideTherewasnoevidenceofunduedelaybecauseAquaslideanditsinsurerweresufficiently

diligentininvestigatingtheaccident.

RuleofLaw:Rule15(a)Acourtmaygrantleavetoamendananswer,withoutabusingits

discretion,intheabsenceofanyapparentordeclaredreason,suchasunduedelay,badfaith,or

undueprejudicetotheopposingparty,onthepartofthepartyseekingleave.

Moorev.BakerNegligentDoctorcaseFacts:Pfiledinitialcomplaintoflackofinformedcomplaint(daybeforeSOL),thenwantedto

addnegligenceduringsurgery

FRCP15(c)SOLbarsPfromaddingnewclaimincomplaintb/cclaimdoesntrelatebackamendmentrelatesbacktotheoriginalfilingwhenevertheclaimordefenseassertedinthe

amendedpleadingaroseoutofthesameconduct,transaction,oroccurrencesetforthor

attemptedtobesetforthintheoriginalpleading.:

RuleofLaw:UnderFRCPl5(c),aproposedamendmentmustariseoutofthesameconduct,transaction,oroccurrencesetforthorattemptedtobesetforthintheoriginalpleadingin

ordertorelatebacktothetimethattheoriginalcomplaintwasfiled.


16/66

CIVILPROCEDURE


Bonerbv.RichardJ.CaronFoundation Facts:Pbroughtanegligenceclaimandthentriedtobringamalpracticeclaim,butbarredb/c

of2yearSOL

Issue:Mayanotherwisetimebarredclaimbasedonnegligentprofessionalmalpracticerelate

backtoanoriginalclaimbasedonnegligentmaintenanceofpremises?

Holding:Yes.UnderFRCP15(a)Rationale:Inthiscase,theoriginalcomplaintallegedthatD'sbasketballcourtwasnegligently

maintained,andthatb,engagedinnegligentconduct.Theproposedamendmentallegesthatn

wascausedtofallwhileparticipatinginD'sexerciseprogram,andthattherehabilitationand

counselingcarerenderedwasnegligentlyperformed.Theallegationsintheoriginaland

amendedcomplaintsderivefromthesamenucleusofoperativefactsinvolvingn'sinjury.

Becausetheoriginalcomplaintadvisedb,ofthesameoccurrencegivingrisetothedifferenttheoriesofnegligence,andtherehasbeennoshowingofunduedelay,badfaith,orundue

prejudice,therequirementsforrelationbackunderRule15(c)havebeenmet.

RuleofLaw:Relationbackisonlyproperiftheoperationalfactssetforthintheoriginal

complaintalertedthetothepossibilityoftheclaimthatthepartyseekingtheamendment

laterattemptstoadd.


17/66

CIVILPROCEDURE

XII.AVOIDINGADJUDICATION

DiscoveryDiscoveryendslawsuitsfor2reasons:

1. Producesinfoaboutthemeritsofthelawsuitandpermitspartiestomakeinformedjudgmentsaboutthestrengthoftheirandtheiropponentspositions

a. CanendinsettlementorinsummaryjudgmentStages:26(a)

SummaryofDiscoveryRules2637

Discoverybeginsnoww/MandatoryDisclosuresinitiatedbyparties o Whatyoumustsharew/otherpartiesthatyouwillusetosupportyourclaim

Hastoberelevanttoaclaimordefenseandnonprivilegednotjustsubjectmatterunlessjudgeapproves

PossibletoobtaindiscoveryPossibilitiesofDiscovery

1. RelevancesettingthestandardfordiscoveryMagnaCartaofModernDiscovery

A. Rule26(b)(1)setsoutthegeneralstandardfordeterminingwhetherinformationcanbediscovered

Apartycandiscoverinformationrelatingtoany"nonprivilegedmatterthatisrelevanttoaparty'sclaimordefense"withoutthecourt'sapproval

Privilegeprotectsinformationfrombeingdisclosedbyaparticularsourcebutthepartymaystillobtaintheinfofromothersources Ifitshows"goodcause"courtmaygrant broaderdiscoveryofmatter

relevanttosubjectmatter.

1. Relevancedefinesrelationshipinformationtendstoproveordisprovesomethingthegoverningsubstantivelawsaysmatters.

Relevanceisalowthreshold. Informationisrelevantaslongasitmayhelpapartyprepareits

case.

NeednotnecessarilybeevidencethepartywillbeusedattrialDavisv.PrecoatMetals(2002)PssuedDfordiscrimination.PsaskedDtodiscloseallcomplaintsthat

nonclericalemployeeshadbroughtagainsttheDforraceandnat'lorigin

discriminatedduringacertaintimeperiod

RuleofLaw:Discoveryrequestsareproperwheretheyarenarrowly

tailoredtospecificallegationsatissueinthecase.Thecourtheldthatthe

informationsoughtwasrelevantb/citcouldbeusedtodemonstrate

thatD'sallegedbasisfortakingactionagainstthePwasamerepretext.

Andtherequestswerenarrowlytailored

Steffanv.CheneyFacts:pleadedtheFifthAmendmentprivilegeagainstself

incriminationwhenaskedinadepositionifhehadengagedin

homosexualconductduringorafterhistenureasamidshipman.

objectedthatthequestionswerenotrelevanttotheissueofhisalleged

discharge.

Issue:MayapartybesanctionedunderFRCP37{b)(2)forfailureto

complywithadiscoveryorderwheretherequestedinformationisnot

relevanttotheaction?


18/66

CIVILPROCEDURE


Holding/Rationale:Thefactthatseeksreinstatementdoesnotmake

thequestionofwhetherheengagedinhomosexualconductrelevant

becauseitwasnotthebasisforhisseparation.

RuleofLaw:AsanctionunderFRCP37{b)(2)forfailuretocomplywitha

discoveryorderisimproperwheretherequestedinformationisnot

relevanttotheaction.

Privilege CouldbechargedcriminallyFifthAmendmentnottoansweron

basisofrightnottoincriminate

Spoliationpreservingevidencefordiscovery

Silvestriv.GeneralMotorsCorpFacts:Didnotpreservehiscarinaproductscase

Holding:Aparty'sdutytopreservematerialevidenceextendstotheperiod

beforelitigation,whenapartyreasonablyshouldknowthattheevidencemay

berelevanttoanticipatedlitigation,andthereforetheobjectofdiscovery.

RuleofLaw:Aparty'sdutytopreservematerialevidenceextendstotheperiod

beforelitigation,whenapartyreasonablyshouldknowthattheevidencemayberelevanttoanticipatedlitigation,andthereforetheobjectofdiscovery.

NoDiscoveryRulebutsourceofPowerisinRule37allowsanctions.

InherentPoweractasjusticesorequires.DueProcessFundamentallyUnfair

StagesofDiscoveryRule26

1. Providesacatalogueofdisclosureanddiscoverymethodsanddefinesthegroundrules

1. Rule26(f)DiscoveryConferenceRequirestheparty"tomeetassoonaspracticable"todiscusstheclaimsanddefensesthat

havebeenfiledand

whetherthereisanypossibilityofsettlement. Ifnosettlementisreached,partiesmustcreateadiscoveryplanforthecase DiscoveryPlancoversthesubjectsonwhichdiscoveryistohad,timingandformof

mandatorydisclosuresanddiscoveryCandiscusslimitsorrelaxlimitsprescribedbyrules PrereqtoDiscoveryPartiesmaynotengageinformaldiscoveryuntilaftertheformalconference

Rule26(d)(1)

2. MandatoryDisclosure Asidemustpresentanythingthatisgoingtohelptheirownclaimordefenses Don'thavetoproduceanythingfortheothersideuntilitisspecificallyaskedRFPorRoggs

1. Rule26(a)(1)InitialDisclosures i. 14Daysafterdiscoveryconference

[Rule26(a)(1)(c)]

2. FollowingMustbeDisclosed:1. thenameand,ifknown,theaddressandtelephonenumberofeachindividuallikelyto

havediscoverableinformationthatthedisclosingpartymayusetosupportitsclaimsor

defenses

alongwiththesubjectsofthatinformation acopyoradescriptionbycategoryandlocationofalldocuments,electronicallystoredinformation,andtangiblethingsthatthedisclosingpartyhasinitspossession,

custody,orcontrolandmayusetosupportitsclaimsordefenses


19/66

CIVILPROCEDURE


acomputationofeachcategoryofdamagesclaimedbythedisclosingpartywithsupportingdocumentation anyinsuranceagreementunderwhichaninsurancebusinessmaybeliablethatmayapply

c. Rules26(a)(2)and26(a)(3)PretrialDisclosures Requiresthepartiestodiscloseadditionalinformationtootherpartiesasthedatefortrial

drawsnear

a. ExpertTestimonyRule26(a)(B)(i)(vi) b.LayWitnessesRule26(a)(3)(i)and(ii) c. TangibleEvidenceRule26(a)(iii)

Timing:MustbemadeLayWitnessandTangibleevidencemustbemade30daysbeforetrial

and90daysforexpertwitnesses

Note:Rule26(e)Ifyougetnewdiscoverythatisrelevanttoyourclaimordefense,youmust

discloseit.

TheseareenforcedbyRule37

1. InterrogatoriesandAdmissions(Rules33,36,37)1. Interrogatorieswrittenquestionsthattherecipientanswerunderoath

Rule33

1.Availabilityinterrogatoriesmayonlybeagainstpartiesi. Note:youcansendroggstononparties,buttheyareundernoobligationto

answer

2.LimitonNumber: Rule33(a)i. Preventsapartyfromservingmorethan25Qsonanyotherparty

ii. Partiesmustseekpermissionofcourtbeforeaskingmorethan25Qsiii. Eachsubpartcountsasaseparatequestion

3.Answersi. Answersareunderoathandmustbesigned

ii. Mustbeansweredw/in30daysRule33(b)(2)iii. DutytoInvestigate ifpartydoesn'tknowanswerfrompersonalknowledge,theyhaveadutytolookitup.

iv. Rule33(d)ifthereisaburdentofindrecordsonthepartybeingasked,thepartycanjustspecifywhereitisandtheaskingpartycanlookforitself

4. Objectionsi. Rule33(b)(4)objectionsmustbestatedw/specificitywhythequestionis

objectionable

ii. Otherpartymayobtainanorderrequiringthemtoanswer.iii. Rule33(a)(2)notobjectionableforpartytoapplylawtofact.

2.RequestforAdmissionsRule36 WhenAvailablei. Usableonlyagainstpartiesii. Usuallyusedtowardstheendofdiscoveryiii. Similartoapleadingwhatissuesremainindispute

b.Whatmayberequestedi. Anythingwithinthescopeofdiscovery

Including:opinionsoffactortheapplicationoflawtoafact.

b. Can'tobject:i. Becauseitiscruxofthecase

ii. Issuethatshouldbeprovedattrialc.Process


20/66

CIVILPROCEDURE


Seeksadmissionbyservingarequest.

Nolimitonnumberofquestion

Otherpartymay:

1. Admitthematteristrue2. Denythetruthofthematter3. Stateindetailreasonswhypartycannotadmitordeny4. Object

Note:Ifyoudon'tdeny,youadmit

3.RequestforProduction(Rule34and35)

Allowsonepartyinspectdocsandtangiblethingsinpossessionofanotherparty

a.PartiesOnlyusedparties,partymustmakeitavailableunderinspectioneveninsomeoneelse'spossessionunderparty'scontrol

i. NonpartiesRule45(a)(1)(C)1. Mustrequestdocsorinspectionsfromnonparties

b.Procedurei. Mustservearequestuponthepartyinpossession

ii. Theotherpartymustfilearesponsew/in30daysindicatingwhetherinspectionwillbeallowedoranygroundsofobjection

c.DutytoPreserveInformationi. IssuewithElectronicInfo

Zublakev.USBWarburgLookingforemailsthatacompanyhad.Saidtherewasabadfaithactionin

destroyingfiles.AskedforAdverseInferenceinstruction Holding:Dviolateditsdutytopreservecertainimportantinfowheniterased

backuptapes.NosanctionsbecausethePcouldn'tdemonstratetheissue

would'vehelpedherprevailinthecase NoAdverseInferenceemailssofarweren'tthatrelevant

d. "Costofproduction" Rule34requiresthatapartymustproducedocumentsastheyarekeptintheusualcourseofbusinessormustorganizeorlabelthemtocorrespondtothecategoriesintherequest

Seedocs,digitalinfoandvariousobjectsthatwerelistedduringinitialdisclosure Physicalandmentalexamsofparties(Rule35)

Needspecialapplicationtothecourt(unlessthepartygettingexamconsents)andashowingofgoodcausetobalanceneedagainstissuesofprivacy

Subjecttosanctionsforrefusaltosubjectexamination,butcannotbeheldincontempt4. Depositions(Rule2732)

Witness,underoath,beingaskedquestionsTranscribedbycourtreporter/orvideotapped

Whomaybedeposed?Maybeusedagainstpartiesandnonparties

LimitonAvailabilityo Cannotexceed10deposperparty (Rule30(a)(2)) o Cannotexceedadayof7hoursExceptiontocourt'slackofinvolvement o Inprisono Nopersonmaybedeposeda2ndtimew/opermissionofcourtorotherside o Orifthisisthe11+depooftheparty

o HowInitiateda. Party


21/66

CIVILPROCEDURE


i. Placesnoticestoappearandanswerquestionsii. Mayberequiredtotravel

b. Nonpartyi. Maygiveanotice,butinordertoobligatethemtoshowup,youneeda

subpoenaRule45

Witnessesmustanswerorallyunderoath Lawyercanfollowupw/furtherquestionsifthewitnessisevasive

o EnsuringCompliance(Rule26(g)and37)a. JudgessuperviseDiscovery

i. CourtmayimposepunishmentsrangingfromawardsofexpensestodismissalsofanentirecaseortheentryofadefaultjudgmentRule37

o SigningofDiscoveryRule26(g) Requirespartiestosigndisclosures

o Mandatorydisclosuresandallrequests,responsesandobjectionsbesignedo Anattorneyofrecord,unlessthere'snoatty,thenpartyofrecordmustsign

Reasonableinquiry MandatoryDisclosurecompleteandcorrect Consistentw/rules Warrantedbylaw,notmadeforanyimproperpurpose,notburdensome

Ifviolated,maysanctionw/atty'sfees CompellingDiscoveryRule37(a)

o Punishespartiesforunjustifiedrequestsandrefusalswhenparties'behaviordoesn'tviolateacourtorder

Rule37(c) failuretodisclose,tosupplementearlierresponse

partywillnotbeallowedtousetheinfoatmotion,hearing,trial Rule37(d)

Awardsofexpenses Casedismissal Defaultjudgment Pleadingsmaybestruck

EvidenceRule606Financialstatusofaisnotrelevanttoaclaimforcompensatorydamagesina

negligentcase

Becauseitisprejudicial


22/66

CIVILPROCEDURE


LimitationsonDiscoveryinanAdversarySystemo PrivilegeRule26(b)(1):discover"anynonprivilegedmatterthatisrelevant.."

Absolutebartodisclosurethatprotectsothersidefromobtaininginformationfromcertainsources.

Privilegedealswithsourcenotrelevance Waiver

o failuretoassertitorbydisclosingittoanotherparty A. Attorneyclientprivilege a. Appliesonlytocommunicationsrelatedtoseekinglegaladvice Appliestocommunicationsbtwlawyerandclient,notunderlyingfactsordocs Includespaperorelectroniccommunicationsaswellasverbalones

Waiver:Attorneyareneversupposedtowaiveitw/oclientauthorization,buttheycanand

do,sometimesinadvertently

Clientscanwaivebutattysshouldwarnthemagainstdoingso Ifthereisawitnessinterviewopposingcounselcanonlyviewitifthereis unduehardship DoctorPatient

PwaivesaDPprivilegebybringingasuit Doctorcan'tdiscloseinformationaboutyou

C. Spousal Givesrighttopreventaspousefromdisclosinginforelayedinconfidence

D. FedPrivacyAct

5. 5thAmendmentSelfIncriminationa. Havetoadmitliabilityinacivilcaseb. Can'tbeforcedtoadmitsomethingthatwouldcauseyoutobeconvictedofacrimeo Privilegescanbewaivedbyfailingtoassertit,orbytakingsomeactioninconsistentwithclaiming

theprivilegesuchasdisclosingtheprivilegedmaterialtoathirdparty. Docsthatareremovedfromproductionwouldbelistedona"privilegelogprovidedto

thepartyrequestingdocs.

a. Sufficientinfoaboutthedocument. b. Otherpartycancontesttheprivilege

o PrivilegeWaivero Rule30(d)(3) MayallowclienttogetaMotionforProtectiveOrder

TrialPreparationMaterial(WorkProduct)Rule26(B)(3)Partymaynotdiscoveranydocumentpreparedinanticipationoflitigationfortrialparty

wouldhavetoshowunduehardshiptoobtainit Opposingpartiesmustrepresenttheirowninterestswhileconductingthecaseinconformity

withtherules Requiresopposingcounseltocooperatewitheachother Preventsonesidefrompiggybacking ontheworkoftheotherbyforcingeachpartyto

prepareitsowncase,therulehelpstoensurethatthe adversarysystemworksasintended

Hickmanv.Taylorin1947(predecessortoRule26(b)(3)Facts:Attyinterviewedsurvivingmembersofanaccident.Opposingdocrequestedtoproducethem

RuleofLaw:Anattorney'smemorandaandmentalimpressionsreflectingoralstatementsofwitnesses

madeinpreparationforlitigationarenotsubjecttodiscoverywherethepartyseekingdiscoveryhas

notmadeashowingthattheinformationrequestedisnecessaryandthatdenialofdiscoverywould

undulyprejudicethatparty'scase.


23/66

CIVILPROCEDURE


o Usuallybelongstotheatty,nottheclient(buttherecanbeclientworkproduct 26b3o Evenso,atty'smentalimpressions,legaltheories,opinions,conclusionsusuallyundiscoverable Protectingrelevant,unprivilegedmaterial

Protectiveorder WorkProduct

Rule26(c)balancesneedagainst

collateralharm

Rule23(b)(3)protectsmaterialproducedby

andforlit

Lotsofjudicialdiscretionaboutwhether

andhowtoprotect

Ifitstrialprep,notdiscoverableunless...

Notaboutprivileges(protectsagainst

unprivilegedmaterials

Protectsmaterialsproducedforandby

litigations

Rule26(B)(3)predecessorwasHickmanstandard

ExpertInformationRule26(b)(4)oMustberelevantoReliableinatestablebodyofknowledgeandisqualifiedtotestifyabouttheparticular

dispute.oWorkProductDoctrine

Rule26(a)(2)

90daysbeforetrial(30daysforrebuttaltestimony)thepartiesidentifyexpertswhomaytestify

Needbiooftheexpert+writtenreportofallopinionsthewitnesswillexpressandthebasisandreasonsforthem

Expertstypicallytestifytotheinferencesonecandrawaboutcausesofaneventbyapplyingtheirspecialknowledgetotheevidence

available Rule26(b)(4)add'ldiscoveryfromexperts:

Testifyingexpertssubmittopretrialdepo

26(b)(4)(a)TestifyingExperts Canbefreelydeposed

26(b)(4)(b)NontestifyingExperts Thefactsheknowstheopinionshehasarenotdiscoverable Inordertodeposethem,theyneedtoshow need

Likeifthefactarenolongeravailableo ControllingDiscoveryAbuses

o ToolittleDiscovery(stonewalling) Onepartyresistsappropriaterequestsfordiscovery

o ToomuchDiscovery Seeksmorediscoverythanonecasejustifies

o MismatchedDiscovery 2partieshavesignificantlyunequallitigationresources. Solutiondependsmoreonlitigationfinancemechanismsthandiscovery

rules

Badbehaviorindiscovery

Lawyerscooperatingw/eachotherw/ocourt'ssupervisionmustshowyouareingood

faith

Designedtohappenoutsideofcourtorjudge'ssupervision w/judgesbecominginvolvedonlywhenthereisadispute

Rule37(a)


24/66

CIVILPROCEDURE


Needtomeetandconfer,thenfileamotiontocompel.

Punishments:

SanctionsRule26(g)and37(b)(2)

Onlyexceptiontomitigateasanctionisapending protectiveorder.

ProtectiveOrder

Declinetoanswer

ProtectiveOrder[ Rule26(c)]permitsacourttolimitdiscovery,eventhoughtheinfosoughtmightotherwisebediscoverableifitwouldproduce

"annoyance,embarrassment,oppression,orundueburdenorexpense."

a. Forbiddingthedisclosureordiscoveryb. Specifyingterms,includingtimeandplace,forthedisclosureor

discovery

c. Forbiddinginquiryintocertainmatters,orlimitingthescopeofdisclosureordiscoverytocertainmatters

Ex.Davismightwanttoredactpplsnameorpersonal

identifyingmaterialinordertoprotectotheremployees

privacy

Thompsonv.TheHaskellCo. ProtectiveOrderFacts:Psawpsychologistrightaftershewasassaultedbyanemployeewantstoprotect

herthoughts.arguingthatFRCP26(b)(4)protectsthedocuments,

Holding/Rationale: Thepsychologist'sassessmentof'semotionalstateonJune15,

1992,tendaysafterhertermination,ishighlyprobativewithregardto'sallegationsof

herdepressedmentalstateandthenatureofhertermination.Dshowedunduehardship

b/ccouldntproducesimilarreportThisisanexceptiontotheMPOrule

DiscoveryandPrivacy Unnecessaryintrusionsintoprivatemattersarecommonreasonsforaprotective

order.

Canbeusedtopressuretheotherpartyintosettlement Rule26(g)forbidsabusivediscovery Rule26(c)MotionforProtectiveOrder

Canforbiddiscoveryaltogetherorlimitthetimingorscopediscovery Rule26(c)(1)preventpartyfromannoyance,embarrassment,oppression,

orundueburdenorexpense

Rule35Limitsmentalandphysicalexaminations Rule5(d)(1)mustusethedocbeforeyoucanfileitUnlitigatedcaseswillnotyielddiscoverythatcanbeusedinfuturecases.

4. Remedies:ManagementandSanctionsDutytopreservea. Obligationtopreserveevidenceariseswhenthepartyhasnoticethatthe

evidenceisrelevanttolitigationorwhenaparty shouldhaveknownthatthe

evidencemayberelevanttofuturelitigation

TriggerDatedateofcomplaintorwhenyouanticipatelitigation

ScopeDon'thavetopreserveeverything

a. Partyneednotpreserveallbackuptapesevenwhenitreasonablyanticipateslitigation

b. Mustnotdestroyunique,relevantevidencethatmightbeusefultoanadversary.


25/66

CIVILPROCEDURE


c. Reasonablylikelytoberequestedduringdiscoveryorissubjectofapendingdiscoveryrequest

4. Whomustpreservediscovery?a. Anyindividuals"likelytohavediscoverableinformationalongw/thesubjectsof

thatinfothatthedisclosingpartymayusetosupportitsclaimsordefenses

b. Docspreparedforindividualsc. Dutytopreserveextendstothosethathaverelevantinfo"keyplayers"

5. Whatmustberetained?a. Allrelevantdocsinexistenceatthetimedutytopreserveattachesandany

relevantdocsthereafter

SupplementingDisclosuresandResponses(Rule26(e))

Apartymustsupplementitsanswerstoroggs,RFPandReq.forAdmissionsifit

learnsthatanearlieranswerorresponsewasincompleteorincorrectinsome

materialwayandcorrectinfohasnototherwisebeenmadeknowntotheother

parties

Note:ifyoudon'tsupplementtootherparties,youarenotallowedtousethis

infoatamotion,atahearing,oratatrial,unlessthefailurewassubstantially

justifiedorisharmless

(A)mayorderpaymentofthereasonableexpenses,includingattorney'sfees,causedbythefailure;

(B)mayinformthejuryoftheparty'sfailure;and

(C)mayimposeotherappropriatesanctions,includinganyofthe

orderslistedinRule37(b)(2)(A)(i)(vi).


26/66

CIVILPROCEDURE


o SummaryJudgmentRule56 "Nogenuineissueofmaterialfact"

Alternativetotrialwherefactsarenotdisputed Trialbyaffidavit. Disputeisaboutlaw Mustshowthatdisputedfactualissuespresentedbypleadingsareillusory Orlawisclear,butonepartylackedevidencesupportingacriticalelementofhercase

Rule56Makingandgrantingofmotionsforsummaryjudgmento Rule56CMaregrantedwhenrecord "showsthatthereisnogenuineissueastoany

materialfactandthatthemovantisentitledtojudgmentasamatteroflaw" FourRelatedstagesofprocedure:

1.

Demurrer(12(b)(6)Motionto

dismiss)

Canhappenanytime(frompleadingto

trial

o Teststheadequacyofthepleadingso Can'tlookatoutsideaffidavitso Assumethatthefactsinthepleadingsistrue

Note:Testsonlylegalframework.o Thereisnoverdict

2.

MotionforjudgmentonthepleadingsRule

12(c)motion

Comesafterthecloseofall

pleading

o Complainto DMUSTfileanswerandinanswer,raisesaffirmativedefenseo Dfilesforjudgmentonthepleadings

Thecourtwillresolveacasebasedsolelyontheallegationsinthepleadingswillassumefacttobetrue.

Note:Testsonlylegalframework.3.

Motionforsummaryjudgment

Cancomeanytimeafterpleadings,usuallyaftersomediscovery

Rule56governs

Rule56(c)Whenthereisnoissueofmaterialfact,movantisentitledtoajudgment

asamatteroflaw

Mustlegalandfactualmeritsofthecase

i. Note:denialcreatesanissuethatwouldallowittogototrial4.

MotionforDirectedVerdict(JudgmentasaMatter

ofLaw)

Happensattrial

aftertrialstartedWhenitisclearfromtheevidencethatonesideshouldprevail,thejudgecouldtakecasefromthejurybyenteringjudgmentasamatteroflaw(JML)

ComplaintAdditional

Pleadings

Discovery Trial

Rule12(b)(6)

Rule12(c)

Earlyenoughnottodelaytrial

Rule56 SummaryJudgment

+20daysaftercomplaint JNOV

Verdic


27/66

CIVILPROCEDURE


MaterialAccompanying

Supportingmaterials o Affidavitso Answerstointerrogatories o Transcriptsofdepositionso AmemorandumexplainingwhySJisappropriate

Timing PartydefendingclaimmayfileforSJatanytime

o Evenbeforeresponsetoclaim ClaimantmaymoveforSJafterdefendingpartymakesitsownmotion

o Orafter20daysfollowingcommencementoftheaction Regardlessofwhofilesmotionmustbeservedatleast10daysbeforehearingonthemotion

StandardforSJ

PuttingtheissueindisputeoftenyouhavetheburdenofproducingandyouhavetoconvincethejurythatXismoreprobablethannot

Evidence:ifthereisconflictingevidencejudgmentshouldntbegranted Credibility:courtdoesntdeterminecredibilitythatsthejobforthejury Favor:allevidenceistobeviewedinafavorablelightforthenonmovingparty Inferences:cantbetooimprobableorfarfetched


28/66

CIVILPROCEDURE


JudicialManagementofLitigation

Biasv.AdvantageInternationalInc. Dmovedforsummaryjudgment Thecourtreasonedthat'sevidencedidnotrebut''claimthatnoinsurerwouldhave

issueda$1milliondollarlifeinsurancepolicybecauseofLeonard'scocaineuse.

appeals,arguingthatthereisagenuineissueoffactastoLeonard'sinsurability.Holding:No.Thepartymovingforsummaryjudgmentbearstheinitialburdenofshowingthatthe

recordbeforethecourtdoesnotrevealanygenuineissuesofmaterialfact.Thenonmovingparty

thenhastheburdenofrebuttingthemovant'sshowingbybringingforthspecificfactsestablishing

thatthereisagenuineissueofmaterialfact

RuleofLaw:Inordertowithstandasummaryjudgmentmotiononcethemovingpartyhasmadea

primafacieshowingtosupportitsclaims,thenonmovingpartymustsetforthspecificfacts

showingthatthereisagenuineissuefortrial.

Celotexshift

InsteadofDhavingtoprovetherewasnoInscothatwouldhavegivenhimapolicy.P'sburdento

findoneanditcould'vegottenpolicy.

IfyouhavetheBurdensofProof,thenyouhave:

A. BurdenofPleading Whohastoallegewhat? AppliestoPandD Whatproceduraldevicesenforcethisburden? Whatdoesademurrer12(b)(6),or12(c)motiondecide? SOLburdenonDtoplead BurdenofProduction WhohastofindandPresentevidence? AppliestoBothParties Burdenofproofinsuithastheburdenofproduction

Celotex Whatproceduraldevicesenforcethisburden? WhatdoesaMforSJorDirectedVerdictdecide?

3. BurdenofPersuasionscaleso Pwouldhavetoprovemorelikelythannot

Youhavethejobofconvincingjudgeorjury Preponderanceofevidencestandard Proceduraldevice Directedverdictor Juryverdict Benchdecision

Preponderanceoftheevidenceevidencethathasmoreconvincingforcethanthatopposedtoit.Iftheevidenceissoevenlybalancedthatyouareunabletosaythattheevidenceoneither

sideofanissuepreponderates,yourfindingonthatissuemustbeagainstthepartywhohadthe

burdenofprovingit.

Evencasesaredecidedagainstthepartywhoseburdenitis

Pleading Demurrer12b6/12c

Production Summaryjudgment(Rule

Production Directedverdict

Persuasion Verdict,judgment


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CIVILPROCEDURE


DividedAuthorityinCivilLitigation

Judgealone,orjudgeandjury?Jurieswillsitif:

Atleastonepartyasksforajury Itisacasewhichpartiesareentitledtoajury

Whydoesitmatter?

7thamendmentpreservesrighttojuryforsomeCIVILproceedings,basedonclaimsandremediessought

PreservessuitsatcommonlawHistoricalReconstructionandtheSeventhAmendment

i.Righttojuryclause2.CourtsofcommonlawContracts,trespass,replevin,ejectment

a. Juryb. Youwillhavearighttojurytrialifthetypeofcaseexistedinthe

courtofcommonlawin1791

1. Righttojuryclause:a. Insuitsatcommonlaw,wherevalueshallexceed$20,rightto

trialbyjuryshallbepreservedb. Whetheranactionwouldhavebeentriabletojuryin1791

EquitableActions

nojury

LegalClaims

jury

Reformation DamagesforK

Rescissiontrick Tort

Injunctionspecific

performance

Ejectment

Accounting Replevin,Trover

SuitforKforDamagesand

Injunction

Jury!

1. ApplyingtheHistoricalTesttonewClaims1. Findtheclosesthistoricalanaloguetotheactionin18thcenturyBritish

practice,anddeterminewhetherthathistoricalanaloguewouldbeheardinlaw

orequity2. Analyzethenatureoftheremedysoughtanddetermineifitislegalorequitableinnature

Chauffers,Teamsters&Helpers,LocalNo.391v.Terry

Facts: Breachofaunion'sdutyoffairreptoworkers.Employeessuingtrucking

companyandunionwhodidnotrepresentthemfairly.Teamsterswantajury!

Issue: Arerespondentsentitledtojurytrial?Dutyoffairrepresentation.

Reasoning:Judgesweretryingtocomparethiscasetoclaimsavailablein1791.

Historicalanalogies.Isitmorelikemalpracticeorbreachofcontract?


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CIVILPROCEDURE


a. Innatureoftheclaimsolosetoanancientlegalorequitableaction,thenyou'redoneo Equitablebreachoffiduciaryduty Ifthatisnotconclusive,looktotheremedysought

Theywereaskingfordamagesthisisequitable

Note:TheSecondsteppredominates

BrennanConcurrence:

TheCourtshouldnolongerneedlesslycomparethesubstantiverightatissuetoEnglishactionsfrom200yearsago,instead,theCourtshouldfocusonthe

natureoftheremedysought.

Stevens

Concurrence:

Thedutyoffairrepresentationmostcloselyresemblesacommonlawaction

againstanattorneyformalpractice.TheCourthasoverstatedthisaction's

similaritytoanactionagainstatrustee.

Kennedy

Dissent:

TheCourtcorrectlydeterminedthatthedutyoffairrepresentationaction

resemblesanequitabletrustactionmorethanasuitformalpractice;however,

theCourtshouldhavefoundthisdeterminationsufficienttoconcludethatthe

actionwasequitableandthattherewasnorighttoajury

Weberv.JacobsMfg.Co. ERISAdidn'texistin1791

Aformeremployeefiledanactionagainsthisformeremployerallegingviolationofthe

EmployeeRetirementIncomeSecurityAct(ERISA)andaclaimfornegligent

misrepresentationunderstatelaw.Onthe'smotiontodismisspendentstatelaw

negligentmisrepresentationclaimandtostrikejurydemand,theDistrictCourt,Clarie,

SeniorDistrictJudge,heldthat:(1)exerciseofpendentjurisdictionovernegligent

misrepresentationclaimwasproper,and(2)employeewasentitledtojurytrialonall

claimsseekingdamagesunderERISA.

AmocoOilv.TorcomianPsuedD,didntwantajury.Dfiledcompulsorycounterclaim,wantedjury

Nojurywouldbeaviolationoftheirconstitutionalrightso Incasecombininglegalandequitableclaims,thetrierwhogoesfirstwillbindthe

secondtrieronthatissue JURYWILLGOFIRSTONCOMMONELEMENTS

RuleofLaw:Thefactthatequitablereliefissoughtinadditiontosubstantiallegalrelief

doesnoteliminatearighttoajurytrial.

7THAMENDMENT&ADMINISTRATIVEAGENCIES

AdministrativeAgencies=NOJURYTRIAL

Agenciescandecidealegalw/ojury:

1. Mustbelitigatedbeforeanagencytribunal2. Theunderlyingclaimmustbecreatedbycongress3. Rightbeinglitigatedmustbeapublicright

AtlasRoofingv.OccupationalSafety&HealthReviewCommission Holding:Administrativeimpositionofpenaltiesforviolatingfederalhealthandsafety

regulationsdidnotviolatethe7thAmendment.

Rationale:Fineforcasesinwhichpublicrightsarebeinglitigated[casesinwhichthe

gov'tsuesinitssovereigncapacitytoenforcepublicrightscreatedbystatutewithinthe

powerofCongresstoenact

Note:Priorcasessupportadministrativefactfindingonlyinthosesituationsinvolving

PUBLICRIGHTSwherethegov'tisinvolvedinitssovereigncapacity


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CIVILPROCEDURE


ChoosingandChallengingJudgesandJuriesa. AssemblingandChallengingaJuryPoolJudgesareappointedintoofficebythepresident,confirmed

1. Onlyremovedbyimpeachment2. Someareappointedbutfacereelectionthroughvoting

ii. Poolofprospectivejurorsissummoned EqualProtectionClause28USC1861p.381

Whogetsintothepool? Cannotbediscriminatedbyrace,color,religion,sex,nationalorigin,oreconomic

status

Selectedfromfaircrosssectionofthecommunity Nogroupofmentallycompetentadultcitizenscanbesystematicallyexcludedfrom

selection

summonjurorsfromvoter'srolls,socialsecurityrecipients,telephonebooks,driver'slicense

lists,welfarelists,collegeregistrationrollsdifferentcharacteristicsineachcase 1867(c)incivilcasesbeforevoirdireexam,orwithinsevendaysafterpartydiscoversmay

movetostayproceedingsongroundofsubstantialfailuretocomplywiththeprovisionsof

thistitleinselectingthepetitjury

JudgesRecusal28USC455(a)Whenimpartiality"mightreasonablybequestioned"28USC455(b)SpecificInstancesRequiringRecusal

a. Wherehehasapersonalbiasorprejudiceconcerningaparty,orpersonalknowledgeofdisputedevidentiaryfactsconcerningtheproceeding;

b. Servedasalawyerinmatterincontroversy c. Wherehehasservedingovernmentalemploymentandinsuchcapacityparticipatedas

counsel,adviserormaterialwitnessconcerningtheproceedingorexpressedanopinion

concerningthemeritsoftheparticularcaseincontroversy;

d.

Heknowsthathe,individuallyorasafiduciary,orhisspouseorminorchildresidinginhishousehold,hasafinancialinterestinthesubjectmatterincontroversyorinapartytothe

proceeding,oranyotherinterestthatcouldbesubstantiallyaffectedbytheoutcomeofthe

proceeding;

Canrecuseajudgeby:

1. Partywillfileamotionwiththejudgerequestingrecusal2. Judgecanrecusethemselvesontheirown3. Youcanfileawritofmandamusforupperjudgetoforcelowerjudgetorecuse

InReBoston'sChildrenFirst

Facts: JudgeGindicatedthatthiscasewas"morecomplex"thanapreviouscase.Was

thisstatementcrossingtheline?J

Rationale: Areasonablepersoncouldinterprethercommentsasdoingmorethancorrecting

misrepresentationsandcreatinganappearanceofpartiality.

Doesn'tneedtoprovethatshewaspartial

Capertonv.A.T.MasseyCoalCo.,Inc.


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CIVILPROCEDURE


Facts: Judgewaselected,CEOofMasseymade$3millioncontributiontohiscampaign.Decision

ofcasewasmadeby1vote.Askedthejudgetorecuse,andherefused.

Holding: SCfoundthattherewasnoACTUALbias,therewasanimpermissiblerisk ofbias

Benjamin'sfailuretorecusehimselfhadcreatedanunconstitutional"probabilityofbias."

Rationale: DecidedonbasisofDueProcess"Blankenship'ssignificantanddisproportionateinfluencecoupledwiththetemporalrelationshipbetweentheelectionandthepending

case'""offerapossibletemptationtotheaverage...judgeto...leadhimnottoholdthe

balancenice,clearandtrue.'""Ontheseextremefactstheprobabilityofactualbiasrises

toanunconstitutionallevel."

Juries1. Challenge

a. Forcauseeachpartyusuallyhasanunlimitednumberofchallengesforcause.b. Peremptorilynoarticulatedgroundsforexcusingthejurorfromservice

Eachpartygets3PreviousStandardyoucouldstrikeajurorforanyreason.Includingrace

28USC1870giveseachside3peremptorychallenges,BUT...

VoirDire"tospeakthetruth"

Challengefor

cause

PeremptoryChallenge 28USC1870

Thompson failstoassureof

impartiality

Batsonv.Kentucky

incriminalcase,cannotstrike

jurorsonabasisofrace.Therehad

betterbeareason.Violationof

criminalD'srighttoequal

protection,nonraciallyskewedjury

McDonough Ifjurorlies.Wasitamaterialquestion.Would

theanswerhavebeen

groundsforamaterial

challenge?

Edmonsonv.LeesvilleconcreteCo.

Incivilcase,can'tstrikejurorsonbasisofrace.ExtendedBatsonto

CivilCases

J.E.Bv.Alabama canstrikeonbasisofsexincivil

court

Purkettv.Elem Struckjurorbecauseoflonghair.

SaidlonghairwasOK.Prosecutor

offeredinadequateexplanations

forpreemptorystrikesofblackjurors[hair,etc.]SCsaidtheseBS

explanationsweresufficient.

[suddenrelaxedstandardfor race

neutralexplanations ]

MillerEl Usingtrickquestionsonlywhen

testingtheblackjurors


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CIVILPROCEDURE


a. Preliminaryexamofprospectivewitnessesorjurorstodeterminetheircompetence.Also,oathadministeredforthispurpose

JuryNOTE:28USC186364,18661867o For800years,juriesconsistedof12personsusedtohavetobeunanimous. o Infederalcourttoday,civiljuriescouldconsistof6jurors,w/2alternates.Still

havetobeunanimouso Inmoststates,legislaturesnowallownonunanimousjuries(6680%)

Thompsonv.AltheimerandGrayFacts: Duringvoirdire,jurorwasbeingquestionedbyjudge.Shesaidshewas

biasedb/cshewasabusinessownerandshefeltthatthiscouldcloud

herjudgment.

Holding: Newtrialb/cjudgefailedtoaskquestionsthatwouldhavegiven

unequivocalassurancesthathedeemedcredible.

Rationale: Aperson'sbeliefsdon'tnecessarilyexcludethemfromjuryduty,but

havetomakesurethattheycouldbefairwhenpresentedevidence.

"CrossSectional"SystemIssues:o Evenafterwomenwerenolongerexcluded,motherswereautomaticallyexempt o Jurieswereusuallyselectedsolelyfromtherollsofregisteredvoters until80s90so Today,nonUScitizensareineligibleforjuryserviceandalljurorsmustbeliterate

andfluentinEnglish.o Notunanimous,maynottryashard.Minorityviewsmaynotspeakup.More

conscientiousiftheyrenderaunanimousverdict.

D.JudgesControllingJuries,JuriesTrumpingJudges

1.InstructionandComment

Jurorsdon'tknowsubstantivelaw Rule51Judgeteachesthelawthroughjuryinstructions

Partiesmustrequestinstructionsbeforeoratthecloseofevidence Mayonlybegivenafterthecloseofevidence,iftheycouldhavenot

reasonablyhavebeenanticipatedtobeneeded.

Mustinformpartiesofproposedinstructions,allowforobjectionsandcaninstructjuryatanypointbeforedischarge

Objectingparty,mustdosoonrecordandjustifyobjection Judgecancommentopenevidencebutcan'ttrespassintojury'sdecision making

space

2.ExcludingImproperInfluences Judgestelljurorstoonlyconsiderinfoscreenedthroughlawofevidence Judgesavoidoutcomesbyinstructingthejurorsnottodiscussthecasew/other

andonlydecideonthebasisofevidencepresentedinthecourtroom

3.SizeandDecisionRulesa. Consensusfulldiscussionofevidence

1. Rule48unanimousverdictsarerequiredunlessthepartiesagreetoacceptanonunanimous

a. Courtcouldpullcertainjurorsbyrequestorownitsownb. Ifpollrevealslackofunanimitycouldasktodeliberatefurtheror

ordernewtrial

4.JudgmentasamatterofLaw


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CIVILPROCEDURE


a. Rule50(a)Ifajuryunanimouslyreachesaninsupportableconclusion,thantheopposingpartymayaskjudgetograntjudgmentasamatteroflaw.

b. Ifcourtgrantsmotionjurywon'treceivecasec. Ifdoesntgrantmotion28daysafterjudgmententrytorenewmotion

1. Preverdictdirectedverdicta. Judgesimplyentersjudgmentb. Rule50(a)(2)MotionforJMLcanbesubmittedbeforethecaseis

submittedtojury2. PostverdictJudgmentnotwithstandingtheverdict

a. Judgeentersajudgmentthatignoresthejuryverdictb. Rule50(b)MforJMLaftertheverdictmustbefiled28daysafter

judgment

PennsylvaniaRailroadv.Chamberlain

Facts: ThesonlywitnesswasonBainbridge,whosawthetwocarsinpassing

andheardaloudcrash,butdidnotactuallyseeacollision.Itwasalso

suggestedtheloudnoisecouldhavebeencausedbysomethingelseonthe

property

Procedural: JuryfoundinfavorofP,believedP'switness.DmovedforJNOV,Judgereversed.ItwasthejudgethatgrantedaJNOV,becausethejuryisentitledtobelievethe

witness.

Holding: Casewhereprovenfactsgiveequalsupporttoeachof2inconsistentinference,

judgmentasamatteroflawmustgoagainstthepartyuponwhomreststhe

necessityofsustainingoneoftheseinferencesagainsttheother,beforeheis

entitledtorecover.

WherethereisaDirectconflictoftestimonyuponamatteroffact,theconflict

mustberesolvedbythejury

Rule: ReinstatedJNOVbecausethere"isnoconflictinthetestimonyastotheFACTS"

Inacasewheretheprovenfactsgiveequalsupporttotwoinconsistentinferences,judgmentmustgoagainstthepartyuponwhomtheburdenofproofrests.

Lindv.SchenleyIndustries

Facts: PwassalesmanagerforD(liquorCo)Dpromisedhimanincreaseinpayandshare

ofcommissions,butbreachedpromise.Promisewasoral.PandP'ssecretary

testifiedtopromises.

Procedural: JuryfoundforP.DmovedforJNOV,alternativelynewtrial.JudgegrantedJNOVand

alt.Newtrial.Pappeals

Issues: 1. Whatstandardthetrialcourtshouldapplyinsettingasideverdictsasbeingagainsttheweightoftheevidence

2. HowtheTCshouldapplythatstandardtocaseathand3. WhatstandardtheAppellantcourtshouldapplyinreviewingnewtrialrulings

Holding: Trialjudgeabusedit'slegaldiscretionb/citsubstituteditsjudgmentforthatofthe

juryonthisissue

Inasituationwhereanewtrialisorderedbecauseevidencewasimproperly

admitted,theproblemattrialwasaresultofsomethingoverwhichthejuryhadno

controlandthecourtdoesnotusurptheprimefunctionofthejurybydirectinga


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CIVILPROCEDURE


verdict.

thetrialcourtabuseditsdiscretionbysubstitutingitsjudgmentforthatofthejury.

Outcome Reversed,reinstatetheverdictinfavorofP

Dissent Believedthattrialjudgeconsideredtheverdictagainsttheweightoftheevidence.

SaidthattherewasavaguepromiseandPdidnotfollowuponthepromise,

consideringtheraisewassolarge.Absenceofanymentionoftime.Judgecould

reasonablyweighevidenceoffacts.

Dgrantsalt.motionfornewtrialbecausejury'sverdictwas

Contrarytoweightofevidence

Contrarytolaw

Resultoferrorinadmissionofevidence

d. StandardforaJMLnorationaljurycouldfindforthepartyopposingthemotion

1. Applyingthestandarda. Court'spowerlimitedcourtmayweighevidence,butitislimited.

Substantialevidence onbothsides,courtmustdenyJMLandlet

juryhearthecaseb. JuryDeterminesCredibilitysimilarlythejudgeshouldleavecredibilitydeterminationstothejury

c. Issuesw/intheprovinceofthejury:NegligencecourtismuchlesslikelytograntJMLonissueofwhetherapartyactedreasonablythan

itisonotherissues.

1.NewTrial

Reidv.SaltLake(Cowthroughfencecase)ifthereisequalforcetotwosides,Ploses

1. JustificationsforNewTrialsRule59courtmaygrantnewtrial"foranyreasonforwhichanewtrial

hasheretoforebeengrantedinanactionatlawinfederalcourt"

JNOV

Rule50

Newtrialorder

Rule59

FocusonadequacyofevidenceassumeprocessisOK

Lookeitheratevidentiaryadequacy(directedverdictstandard)orProcess(whathappenedat

trial)

Replacejury'sverdictw/judge's

judgment

Sendcasetonewjury

Resultsinfinaljudgment Donotresultinfinaljudgmentifgranted

IMMEDIATELYAPPEALABLE UNAPPEALABLE(unlessconditionalaspartofa

JNOVorder)


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CIVILPROCEDURE


1. FlawedProcedures Processleadinguptoverdicthasbeenflawed Judgemayconcludelawyerhasmadeimpermissibleargumenttojury Judgeerredinadmittingpieceofevidence Gavewrongjuryinstructions Jurormisbehavedduringtrial

Judgegetsachancetocorrecthimselftofixprocess Note:JudgecandothisevenifneitherpartysomovesRule59(d)

b. 2.FlawedVerdicts Resultoftrialwasunjustifiable Juryeithermisunderstoodorignoredinstructions JudgmentfornewtrialVerdictisagainstthe"greatweightoftheevidence" Judgmentasamatteroflaw(JNOV)winneroftheverdicthadnosupportforat

leastoneessentialelementofclaimordefense

a. Rule50(b)allowspartiestoaskforbothJMLandnewtrialinasinglemotion.WithNewtrialbeingalternative

Rule50(c)JudgemustruleonJMLandNewTrial,evenifnewtrialismoot

ConditionalNewTrials

1. NewTrialLimitedtoDamagesa. Judgemustbeconvincedthatwhateverinfluencesledthejuryastrayon

damagesdidnotinfectthejudgmentonliabilityaswell

b. Usedwhenthedamagesareagainstthegreatweightoftheevidence2. RemittiturandAdditur

a. Insteadoforderingnewtrialondamages,Judgecouldreduceamountofdamagesundercircumstances

RemittiturjudgeordersnewtrialunlessthePagreestoacceptreducedamages

Additurdamageincreasing(violates7th

Amendment)

StateLaw=somestatesallowbothwhilefederalcourtsdonotallowadditur TheReexaminationClauseandtheJuryasaBlackBox

7thAmendment Preventsajudgefromoverturningajuryverdictb/cshe,asajuror,would

havevoteddifferentlythantheactualjurydid.

Rule50DirectedJudgment/JudgmentasaMatterofLaw/JudgmentNotwithstandingtheVerdict

(JNOV)

DirectedJudgment

Onlydecidedbythecourtbymotionofaparty Afterpartyagainstwhomyouaremovinghaspreventedtheircaseandbeforeithasbeen

submittedtojury JudgmentasaMatterofLaw

IfcourtdeniesmotionforDirectedJudgmentandjuryreturnsverdictagainstyou

RequestJNOV,20daysafterjudgment Basisformotion:

o Ifpartyfailstomeetburdenofproduction

Rule50 Rule59

P'sverdict;Phassubmittedevidenceon

causation,butweak

P'sverdict;Phassubmittedevidenceoncausation,

butweak

DmovesforJNOV Dmovesfornewtrial


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CIVILPROCEDURE


Ruling:Deny Ruling:Grantb/cagainstclearweightofthe

evidence

Atendoftrial,Phaspresentedno

evidenceofcausation:ifnoonefilesa

motion,thenthejudgecanonlyorder

Rule59.

Judgeconcludesthatsheerredinadmitting

evidenceoncausation.NewtrialRule59

Petersonv.Wilson

Facts: Judgespokew/jurors,theybasedtheirdecisiononthewrongfactors,disregarded

courtsinstruction

ProceduralHistory: DrequestedJNOVoralt,newtrial.NewtrialinfavorofD.Pappeals.

Holding: Yes,becausethejudgeshouldnothavespokentojuryabouttheirinternal

deliberations.Jurortestimonycouldnotbeusedtoprovethatthejuryignoredthe

judge'sinstructions

Reasoning: FRERule606BJuror'saffidavitorevidenceofanystatementbyjurorconcerning

matterwhichthejurorwouldbeprecludedfromtestifyingbereceivedforpurposesof

[validatingaverdict].

Exceptionforjurortestimonyrelatingtoextraneousinfluences

ViolatesTannerandRobles

R

ule

50JMLPREVERDICT

(DIRECTEDVERDICT)

noraonaljurycouldfindfortheopposingparty

R

ule

59NewTrialOrder

Couldbegrantedforflawin

1.Procedure

2.Verdictagainstgreatweightofevidence

Rule

50(b)RenewedJML

POSTVERDICT

(JNOV)

Phaspresentednoevidenceofcausaon


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CIVILPROCEDURE

XII.RESPECTFORJUDGMENT

Appeals Thosethatallowappealsonlybypartieswhohavesufferedanadversedecision Mayappealedbyapartytoasuitwhohasnotsettledorwon

o Thelosingpartycouldnothavewonthecaseasawholecouldvewonsomething Thepartywillappealafterafinaljudgment

AetnaCasualtyv.Cunningham

Issue: 1. TermsofInscocontractpermittedrecover2. w/oregardtopolicyterms,contractorhadcommittedfraudinapplyingforthe

policyandAetna'slosswastraceabletothatfraud

Procedural

:

DCruledforAetnaoncount1,not2.PandDappeals

Whichpartycouldraisewhichcontentionsoferroronappeal?

Holding: Woncompensatorybutlostonfraud.Winningonfraudcountwouldnothave

increasedthecompensatoryamount

Rationale: Ifreliefsoughtisthesame,undermultipleclaims,can'tappealiftheywouldgetthesameresult

o AppellateReviewisResultOrientedo Lookatreliefsought

Ex.Tenantsuesfordamagesunder1.lease2.HCV.TCawardsdamagesbyacceptingtheory1Tcan'tappealb/cthereisnomorerelieftobesought!

o Crossappealo Mootnessonemaynotappealfromajudgmentwhencircumstanceshavechanged

insuchawaythatreliefisnolongerpossible Orwhenpartiessettle Exceptionifitisanimportantquestion,thenthecourtcanuseittoansweran

importantpolicyquestion Classactionmembersmayappeal,eventhoughtheyarenotnamed

B. WhoRaised(objectionyourhonor!!)theIssueBelow:OfWaiversandSandbags

oApartymustpresenttothetrialcourtthecontentionsonwhichitwantsruling Failuretodosoresultsina waiverofthecontentions Musthavemadetheobjectionduringtrial

SimilartoDueprocesshavetogivenoticetotrialcourttellthemtodotherightthing.

Giveopportunitytoopposingpartyastowhythat'snottherightthin g Rule46didawayw/needforexceptionsThepartyneedonly

statetheactionthatitwantsthecourttotakeorobjectsto,along

withthegroundsoCourtswanttoavoidparties "sandbagging"thetrialcourt

Byvaguelyexpressinganobjectionthenproceedingthroughtherestofthetrialandhopingtowinonmeritsbutthinkingithasbankedanappellatereversalin

caseofaloss Note:theonlyexceptionissubjectmatterjurisdiction


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CIVILPROCEDURE


oWhowasnotDeterredfromAppealing Changeinlawbtwentryinjudgmentandtimeofappealcansometimes

useitoPlainerrorruleexceptiontogeneralrequirementthatanissuemustberaised

inthetrialcourtasapredicatetohavingitaddressedonappeal

PartymustconsistentlyshowanissueyouwanttoargueoMostjurisdictionsallowonecivilappealoIfappealisfrivolous,singleordoublepayment

TimingofAppealFinalityi. Finaljudgment

ii. Practicallyfinaljudgmentiii. InterlocutoryDecisions

Under28USC1291appealslieonlyfromfinaldecisionofthedistrictcourtso TheFinalJudgmentRuleo FinalDecisiononewhich"endsthelitigationonthemerits"andleaves

nothingforthecourttodobutexecutethejudgment Finaljudgmentsfromdistrictcourt

o Whichdecisionsarefinal? 28USC1291TheFinalJudgmentRulehas2functions:

1. Definesthemomentwhichappealisproper2. Grantsjurisdictionfortheappellatecourtstohearthatappeal

LibertyMutualInsuranceCo.v.Wetzel

Facts: Preceivednoneoftherelieftheyprayedforintheircomplaint.Pcomplainsthatthe

Courtsorderdenyingthemotionforreconsiderationwasmerelyadeclaratory

judgmentontheissueofliability.

Procedural

Posture:

Pmovedforpartialsummaryjudgmenttoissueofliability,DistrictCourtruledthat

therewasnomaterialfactindispute.Dfiledamotionforreconsiderationwhichwas

deniedbytheDistrictCourt.DistrictCourtruledinfavorofPonissueofDsliability

undertheActandDappealedtoCircuitCourtofAppeals.CircuitCourtheldthatit

hadjurisdictionunder28U.S.C.1291andaffirmedthemeritsofthejudgmentof

theDistrictCourt.

WhoraisedQof

appellate

jurisdiction?

TheSCgrantedcertiorarionTitleVII,thentheSCdidsomethingelsetheysaid,we

don'thavejurisdiction!

It'slikethisallneverhappened.Nooneeverarguedjurisdiction.

WhydidSC

decidethatthere

wasnoappellate

jurisdiction

under

28USC1291therewasnofinaljudgment.DChadn'treleasedjudgmentb/cofthe

courthadn'taddressedtheprayersforrelief.

28USC1292interlocutoryreview.PreliminaryInjunction

RuleofLaw:Agrantofpartialsummaryjudgmentontheissueofliabilityaloneis

interlocutoryandisonlyimmediatelyappealablepursuantto28U.S.C.1292(b).

Interlocutory:Temporary,notfinal

AppellateJurisdictionandtheFinalJudgmentRule


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CIVILPROCEDURE


28USC1292(a)(1)InterlocutoryOrders Exceptiontofinaljudgmentrule.Allowsappealsfrominterlocutoryofdistrictcourts "granting,continuing,modifying,refusingordissolvinginjunctions,orrefusingtodissolve

ormodifyinjunctions,exceptwhereadirectreviewmaybehadintheSupremeCourt;" Judgemustassertqoflaw,wherethereisasubstantialjudgment 28USC1292(b)Trialjudgemaycertifythatherorderinvolvesa"controllingquestionoflaw

astowhichthereissubstantialgroundfordifferenceofopinionandthatanimmediateappeal

fromtheordermaymateriallyadvancetheultimateterminationofthelitigation" Rule54(b)acourtmaydirectentryoffinaljudgmenttooneormoreclaims,fewer

thanallclaimsorparties,onlyifcourtfindsnojustreasonfordelay Mayrevisedecisionbeforecaseisover

Rule58(b)(1)Therewasnogeneralverdictand58b1wouldnotapply Rule58Thereneedstobeaseparatedocumentwithjudicialjudgment 150dayruleafter150daysthereisanautomaticjudgment Clerksandjudgeswouldforgettofilethejudgmentandpartiescouldnever

file.

DefiningtheMomentofJudgment Difficultyisthatjudgebelievesthatjudgecouldbesecondguessedbythe

appellatecourt Rule4(a)(1)(A)timelynoticeofappealmustbefiledw/theclerkw/in30days

(60fortheU.S.) Rule4(a)(6)empowerscourttoextendtimeforapartywhodidnotreceive

noticeoftheentryjudgmentinqifnoprejudicetootherparties Rule4(a)(5)alsoallowstheDCtoextendthetimeforfilingtheappealupto30

daysshowingofexcusableneglectorgoodcause.

2. ExceptionstotheFinalJudgmentRulea. PracticalFinality CollateralOrderDoctrine

Doctrineunderwhichanappealisallowedfromaninterlocutoryorder

thatconclusivelydeterminesadisputedissuewheretheissueis

completelyseparatefromthemeritsoftheactionandiseffectively

unreviewableonappealfromafinaljudgment. Questionsofabsoluteorqualifiedimmunity

Youcan'tsuemeb/cIhavearighttonotanswerinthiscourttoyou..

Discoveryordersarenotreviewableonappealexceptwhenyoumeetthefinaljudgmentrule

Admissibilityofevidencesamesituation Youhavetoshowitwouldhavemadeadifference

Recusal Denyingmotionforclasscertification

CohenTest1. Conclusivelydeterminethedisputedquestion


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2. Resolveanimportantissuecompletelyseparatefromthemeritsoftheaction

3. Effectivelyunreviewableuponappealfromfinaljudgment4. Anorderiseffectivelyunreviewableonlyifitinvolvesanassertedright

whichmustbevindicatedbeforetrial

Ex.Bellv.Tsintolashearingtheissueafterfinaljudgmentwouldbepointless

InjunctionsPreliminaryInjunctions(notTROs)areappealable

Receivershipsandadmiraltydecisions

28USC1292(a)(1)doesnotapplytoatemporaryrestrainingorder,

althoughitdoestoapreliminaryinjunction

Thisisbecausetheyareonly14daysseeRule65(b) Mandamuses

Writofmandamusordersapublicofficialtoperformanactrequiredbylaw

Riskymoveandhardstandardbecauseitisanabuseofdiscretion Highlyunlikelytobesuccessful

Judgerefusedtorecuseherself Whatdidthecourtssayaboutthestandard Extraordinaryremedy[usedwhenjudgehasdeniedajurytrialorto

preventthetransferofacaseoutofthecircuit] Traditionallyusedinthefederalcourtsonlytoconfineaninferiorcourtto

alawfulexerciseofitsprescribedjurisdictionortocompelittoexercise

itsauthoritywhenitisitsdutytodoso ScopeofReview

LawandFact HarmlessError

LauroLiness.r.l.v.Chasser

Facts: Stolencruiseshipissueofwhetherticketprovidednoticeofforumwould

benaples

Issue: Isaninterlocutoryorderofafederaldistrictcourtdenyinga'smotiontodismissadamagesactiononthebasisofacontractualforumselectionclauseimmediately

appealableunder28U.S.c.1291asacollateralfinalorder

Holding: Inorderforaninterlocutoryordertobeappealableinaccordancewiththe

collateralorderdoctrine,theordermust(1)conclusivelydeterminethedisputedquestion;(2)resolveanimportantissuecompletelyseparatefrom

themeritsoftheaction;and(3)beeffectivelyunreviewableonappealfrom

afinaljudgment.


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RESJUDICATA

A.ClaimPreclusionistheclaimbarredbyaprioradjudication?

1.SameClaim?Isthecurrentclaimthesameasaclaimraisedintheprioraction?

a.IdenticalClaimsaretheclaimsexactlyidentical?

b.TransactionallyRelatedClaimsdotheclaimsariseoutofthesametransactionor

seriesofconnectedtransactions?

2.SameParties?Doesthecurrentactioninvolvethesamepartiesthatwerepartytoand

adversariesintheoriginalaction?Sameclaimantandsamedefendant?

a.IdenticalPartiesarethepartiesinbothactionsidentical?

b.PartiesinPrivity ifapartyinthecurrentactionwasnotapartytotheoriginal

action,istherearelationshipbetweenthatpartyandapartyintheoriginalactionthat

warrantstreatingthenonpartytotheinitialactionasifitwereaparty?

3.FinalJudgment?Wastheprioractionconcludedbyafinaljudgmentonthemerits?

a.Judgmentsforifthepriorcasewasresolvedinfavorofthe,itisconsideredafinaljudgmentonthemerits.

b.Judgmentsforifthecasewasresolvedinfavorofthe,theresolutionisnot

treatedasafinaljudgmentonthemeritsifitwasdismissedforlackofjurisdiction,

impropervenue,orfailuretojoinapartyunder Rule19.Otherwise,aresolutionfora

isconsideredafinaljudgmentonthemeritsunlessotherwiseindicated.

Frierv.Vandalia

Pfiledactionforreplevin,lost,thentriedtosueinfederalcourtforDueProcess.

Courtsaidnob/cClaimPreclusion

Martinov.McDonaldsSystem,Inc.ConsistencyinClaimPreclusiononSameIssuePshouldhavefiledacompulsoryclaimnowitsclaimpreclusion

B.IssuePreclusionhasanissuealreadybeenconclusivelyresolvedbetweenthepartiesinaprior

action?

1.SameParties?Doesthecurrentactioninvolvethesamepartiesthatwerepartiestoand

adversariesintheoriginalaction?

a.SeePartA.2aboveforthestepsinthisanalysis.

2.SameIssue?Istheissueraisedintheprioractionidenticalinallrespectstotheissueraisedin

thecurrentaction?

3.ActuallyLitigatedandDetermined?Wastheissueactuallylitigatedanddeterminedinthe

prioraction,meaningtheissuewasraisedandarguedbytheparties?

4.NecessarytotheJudgment?Wasresolutionoftheissueinquestionnecessarytothe

judgmentreachedinthecase?

a.OutcomeDeterminativewouldadifferentdecisionregardingtheissuehave

affectedtheoutcomeofthecase?


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b.MultipleGrounds isitunclearonwhichofmultiplegroundsforreliefajudgmentsrelies?

SearleBrothersv.Searle

Brothersdidnthaveanopptytointerveneintheirparentsdivorcetohaveclaimforthehouse

Richardsv.JeffersonCounty

FollowedBedingfieldsamechallengeagainstcountryforpropertytax

Noclaimpreclusioneachpersonhastheirdayincourt

Gargallov.MerrillLynch,Pierce,Fenner&Smith

Mrtg.Broker

OhioCourtsdismissalofPsclaimnopreclusiveeffectb/cstatedidnthaveFed.Qjurisdiction

RuleofLaw:Afederalcourtmaynotgiveclaimpreclusiveeffecttoapriorfinaljudgmentbyastate

courtuponacauseofactionoverwhichthestatecourthadnosubjectmatterjurisdiction.

ParklaneHosieryCo.v.Shore

PandSECsuedcompanyprotectslitigantsfromrelitigatinganidenticalissue

Nonmutualpartiesusedbypartysomeonewhowasnotpartyincase1

StateFarmFire&CasualtyCo.v.CenturyHomeComponents

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281174_Newman - Civil Procedure

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