29/01/2009 CA&O Lecture 01 by Engr. Umbreen Sabir

Computer Architecture & Organization

Course Introduction

Engr. Umbreen SabirComputer Engineering Department,

University of Engg. & Technology Taxila.

Course Information

Welcome to CA&O Course. Course Web Page:

http://web.uettaxila.edu.pk/CMS/coeCAObsSp09/index.asp Course schedule is available from this web page.

– You are responsible for checking this page regularly.– IMPORTANT: Schedule is tentative. Dates won’t change.

Instructor:– Engr. Umbreen Sabir- umbreen@uettaxila.edu.pk– Office hrs: Mon, Tues 11:30AM - 1:30PM

Course Information

Book: Computer Organization and Design by Patterson and Hennessy, 3rd Ed.

Slides: – Available on the course web page before lecture.

Grade Distribution:– Assignments: 10%– Quizzes: 7%– Attendance: 3%– Mid Exam: 20%– Final Exam: 60%

Quizzes will be unannounced.

Course Policies

Collaboration:– Not permitted in written or programming

assignment.

When in doubt, ask the instructor.

Result of Cheating.– Null grades for that particular assignment or quiz.

Late Assignments & Regrading

Late assignments:– Only with approved excuse, with written documentation.– Events (sports etc.) need prior approval for late submission.– Completed within one week of original date.

You may ask to have an assignment regraded.– By next class after receiving back assignment.– Entire assignment is regraded.– Grade may go up or down.

Laptops, Cell Phones, Etc.

Laptops not permitted in the class during lecture. Note taking only.

Turn off cell phones prior to start of lecture.– If your phone rings (& it’s a good phone . ), it’s

mine!! .

Course Objective

Describe the principles of computer architecture and organization.

To focus on the concepts that provides the basis for current computers.

Describe the techniques and principles for the development of high performance computer systems.

Course Contents

Principles of computer architecture. Instruction set architecture. CPU performance measurement. CPU- Datapath and control unit design. Single-issue pipelined processor. Superscalar, VLIW. Memory hierarchies and design. I/O organization and design.

What you should know?

Basic logic design & machine organization.– logical minimization, FSMs, component design– processor, memory, I/O

Create, assemble, run, debug programs in an assembly language.

– MIPS preferred Create, simulate, and debug hardware structures

in a hardware description language.– VHDL or Verilog

Create, compile, and run C (C++, Java) programs.

Course Structure

Design focused class– Various homework assignments throughout the semester.– Simulation of architecture.

Lectures:– 1 week for introduction and Basics.– 2 weeks review of the MIPS ISA.– 2 weeks for arithmetic in computers.– I week for performance measurement. – 3 weeks for Basic Architecture Design.– 3 weeks pipelined Datapath design issues.– 3 week memory hierarchies and memory design issues.– 1 weeks I/O design issues.

Classes of Computing Applications

Desktop Computers.– Best known form of computing.– One of the largest market of computers.– Delivering good performance to a single user at

low cost.– Used to execute third party software - Shrink-

wrap software

Classes of Computing Applications

Servers.– Run large programs for multiple users often

simultaneously.– Typically accessed through a network.– Span the widest range in cost and capability.

Classes of Computing Applications

Embedded Computers.– Computer inside another device used for one

predetermined application or collection of software.

– In mobile phones, PDAs, video games, digital television etc

Where is the Market?

290

933

488

1143

892

135

4

862

1294

1122

1315

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Embedded

Desktop

Servers

By the architecture of a system, I mean the complete and detailed specification of the user interface. … As Blaauw has said, “Where architecture tells what happens, implementation tells how it is made to happen.”

The Mythical Man-Month, Brooks, pg 45

ISA Type Sales

PowerPoint “comic” bar chart with approximate values (see text for correct values)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Other

SPARC

Hitachi SH

PowerPC

Motorola 68K

MIPS

IA-32

ARM

A Simplified View of Hardware and Software

Hardware in computer can only execute extremely simple low-level instructions.

Complex application->Simple instruction.– Several layers of software.

Organized in hierarchical fashion. System software

– Provides commonly useful services.– Operating system, Compiler.

A Simplified View of Hardware and Software

A Simplified View of Hardware and Software

Operating System.– Interfaces b/w a user’s program and hardware.– Handle basic I/O operations.– Allocate storage & memory.– Sharing computer among multiple applications.

Compiler.– Translate from high-level to low-level language,

From High-Level Language to Hardware Language

Binary digit/Bit.– Basic unit of hardware language.

Assembly Language.– Symbolic language of hardware.

Assembler.– Translates symbolic version into binary version.

High-Level programming language.– Language composed of words and algebraic

notations.

From High-Level Language to Hardware Language

High-Level Language Advantages

Allow programmer to think in more natural language.

Allow design according to the intended use.– Fortran designed for scientific computation, Cobol

for business data processing etc. Improved programmer productivity.

– It takes less time to develop program. Portable.

– Machine independent.

Basic Functions of Computer.

Inputting Data. Outputting Data. Processing Data. Storing Data.

The Organization of a Computer

Input Output Memory Datapath Control

The Organization of a Computer

A Desktop Computer

Input Device- MOUSE

Original- Electromechanical. Used a large ball- when rolled cause x and y

counter to increment, which tell cursor movement.

Optical mouse including– LED- illuminate surface under the mouse– A tiny black-n-white camera- takes 1500 sample

pictures/second.– Optical processor- compares images and

determine position.

Output Device- Monitor

CRT– 30-75 times/sec refresh rate.– Image is matrix of pixels.– 1 bit-> black-n-white.8-bit-> gray-scale.24-bit->

Colored

LCD– LCD includes rod-shaped molecules in a liquid that

form twisting helix- bends light entering the display.– Charge is applied to transmit or block light.

Output Device- Monitor (cont)

Active matrix-> A LCD which uses transistor to control the transmission of light at each individual pixel.

Raster refresh buffer/frame buffer– Stores the bit map.– Image to be represented on the screen is stored

in frame buffer.

Raster Scan CRT

Inside the Box

CPU

Computer

Control

Datapath

Memory Devices

Input

Output

Inside the Box

Motherboard. Integrated circuit/ chip. Memory. CPU. Datapath. Control. DRAM. Cache memory.

PC Motherboard Closeup

How Do the Pieces Fit Together?

Coordination of many levels of abstraction

Under a rapidly changing set of forces

Design, measurement, and evaluation

Instruction Set

Architecture

I/O systemInstr. Set Proc.

Compiler

OperatingSystem

Application

Digital Design

Circuit Design

Firmware

Memory system

Datapath & Control

How Do the Pieces Fit Together?

Abstraction.– A model that renders lower level details of

computer system temporarily invisible in order to facilitate design of sophisticated systems.

– One of the most important abstraction is ISA.

Difference b/w architecture and implementation.

Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)

ISA: An abstract interface between the hardware and the lowest level software of a machine that encompasses all the information necessary to write a machine language program that will run correctly, including instructions, registers, memory access, I/O, and so on.

– Enables implementations of varying cost and performance to run identical software

ABI (application binary interface): The user portion of the instruction set plus the operating system interfaces used by application programmers. Defines a standard for binary portability across computers.

Safe Place for Data

Memory Volatile memory. Non-volatile memory. Primary memory. Secondary memory. Magnetic disk. CD/ DVD

A Disk showing 10 disk Platters

Communicating With Other Computers

Communication Resource Sharing. Non-local access. LAN

– Ethernet

WAN

The Chip Manufacturing Process

The Chip Manufacturing Process

Defect.– Microscopic flaw in a wafer or in patterning steps

that can result in the failure of the die containing that defect.

Die.– The individual rectangular section that are cut from

a wafer, also knows as chips. Yield.

– The %age of good dies from the total no. of dies on the wafer.

The 8 inch Diameter Wafer

Next Lecture and Reminders

Next lecture– MIPS ISA Review

Reading assignment – Chapter 2