2DBIOL - PP15 (Animal & Plant Tissues)panchbhaya.weebly.com/uploads/1/3/7/0/13701351/5a._3.1... ·...

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SNC2DBIOLOGY

TISSUES, ORGANS & SYSTEMS OF …

L Animal & Plant Tissues

(P.42-45)

Animal Tissues

As you already know,groups of cells thatwork together toperform a task arecalled tissues. Forexample, muscle tissueis made up of cells thatcontract to help thebody move. Nervetissue is made up ofcells that carry signalsto and from the brain.Animal tissues can beclassified into fourmajor types.

April 1, 2013 2DBIOL - Animal & Plant Tissues 1

Animal Tissues

ANIMAL TISSUES

� four types:

• epithelial

• connective

• muscle

• nerve


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Animal Tissue – Epithelial

Epithelial tissue (epithelium) is made up of tightly packed cells thatcover body surfaces and line the body’s internal organs and cavities.Epithelium can be (a) a single layer of cells, or it can be (b) many layers ofcells.



Epithelial tissue is made up of a single layer of cells that allows materials topass through the layer. For example, it forms the air sacs of the lungs.



Epithelium, with many layers, covers parts of the body that need greaterprotection from injury. Human skin contains layers of epithelial tissue.These cells help protect areas beneath the skin.


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EPITHELIAL TISSUE

� thin sheets of tightly packed cells the cover/line parts of the body

� single layer L allows materials to pass through (lungs)

� many layers L protects body from injury/dehydration (skin)


Animal Tissue – Connective

Connective tissue supports,protects, and connects the body’sorgans. Connective tissue ismade up of both specialized cellsand non-living substances.

NOTE!

Blood is a type of connectivetissue – it connects body systemsby bringing oxygen and nutrientsand removing wastes.



Bones, ligaments, cartilage, andtendons are some other types ofconnective tissues. Tendonsconnect muscles to bones, andligaments connect bones to bones.Between the ends of the bones ata joint, cartilage forms acushioning pad. Cartilage is alsofound in other parts of your body– your ears, nose, …


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CONNECTIVE TISSUE

� supports, protects, and connects the body’s organs

� includes:

• blood (brings nutrients/removes wastes)

• bone

• cartilage

• tendons

• …

RECALL!

Blood is a connective tissue because it connects body systems by bringingoxygen and nutrients and removing wastes.


Animal Tissue – Muscle

Muscle tissue is made up of cellsthat contract, or get shorter. Thereare three kinds of muscle tissue:skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Whenyou move your arm or leg, you areusing skeletal muscle. Smoothmuscle occurs in blood vessels, thestomach, and other organs. Cardiacmuscle is only found in the heart.



NOTE!

Skeletal muscle is voluntary, whichmeans that it is controlled by will.Smooth muscle and cardiac muscleare involuntary, which means theymove without conscious control. Thisis important because if they were notinvoluntary, we would spend all ourtime thinking about things likebreathing, digesting food, andpumping blood.


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MUSCLE TISSUE

� cells that can shorten or contract

� 3 types:

• skeletal (movement)

• smooth (arteries, veins, and organs)

• cardiac (heart)

NOTE!

Skeletal muscle is voluntary (i.e. you control) while the other two areinvoluntary (i.e. they move without conscious thought).


Animal Tissue – Nerve

If your hand gets close to something too hot, youpull your hand away. Your body can feel becauseyour skin contains millions of nerve cells that makeup nerve tissue. Nerve cells receive informationfrom inside and outside the body. Nerve tissue isthe most complex tissue in the body.



NOTE!

Nerve cells are capable of creating messages,called impulses, and transmitting them throughoutyour body. These electrical signals between yourbody and brain can travel very fast – some atmore than 100 m/s!


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NERVE TISSUE

� sends signals between the body and brain

� responds to stimuli and coordinates body functions

� consists of the:

• brain

• spinal cord

• nerves


Animal Tissue Micrographs

Epithelial Tissue

Connective Tissue

Muscle Tissue

Nerve Tissue


Plant Tissues

Just like animal cells,groups of plant cellsform tissues thatwork together toperform similar tasks.And just like animaltissues, plant tissuescan be classified intofour major types.


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Plant Tissues

PLANT TISSUES

� four types:

• epidermal

• vascular

• ground

• meristematic


Plant Tissue – Meristematic

RECALL!

All plant tissues are formed fromgroups of meristematic cellsknown as meristematic tissue.Meristematic cells can differentiateinto specialized tissue types.


Plant Tissue – Meristematic

MERISTEMATIC TISSUE

� tips of roots and stems

� responsible for plant growth


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Plant Tissue – Epidermal

The epidermal tissue on both the top and underside of the leaf is clearand very thin. It forms a protective outer covering that allows theexchange of materials and gases into and out of the plant.



NOTE!

Guard cells form a tiny opening, called a stomate, that allows carbondioxide, water vapour, and oxygen to move into or out of the leaf easily.



EPIDERMAL TISSUE

� the protective outer covering

� allows materials and gases in and out of the plant


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Plant Tissue – Vascular

Vascular tissue plays an important role intransporting water and nutrients throughoutthe plant. There are two types of vasculartissue in the plant:

• xylem is responsible for the movement ofwater and minerals from the roots up thestem to the leaves, where thesesubstances are used in photosynthesis



Vascular tissue plays an important role intransporting water and nutrients throughoutthe plant. There are two types of vasculartissue in the plant:

• phloem transports the sugar producedduring photosynthesis from the leaves toother parts of the plant, where it is usedto provide energy for all cellularprocesses.



VASCULAR TISSUE

� transports water and nutrients throughout the plant

� 2 types:

• xylem (roots to leaves)

• phloem (leaves to plant)


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Plant Tissue – Ground

Most of the plant is madeof ground tissue. Thefunction of the groundtissue depends on where itis found in the plant. Forexample, in the roots,ground tissue is involved infood and water storage. Inthe leaves, photosynthesisand gas exchange occursin specialized groundtissues called mesophyll.



NOTE!

During photosynthesis,carbon dioxide and waterare converted into sugarand oxygen.



GROUND TISSUE

� majority of the plant

� function depends on location:

• strength and support (stem)

• store food and water (roots)

• photosynthesis and gas exchange (leaf)


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Plant Tissue Micrographs

Meristematic Tissue

Epidermal Tissue

Ground Tissue

Vascular Tissue


U Check Your Learning

1. List the four types of animal and plant tissue and their function.

ANIMAL

• epithelial – covers/lines parts of the body (skin)

• connective – supports, protects, and connects (blood)

• muscle – enables movement (skeletal)

• nerve – sends signals between body and brain (spinal cord)



1. List the four types of animal and plant tissue and their function.

PLANT

• epidermal – forms a protective outer covering

• vascular – transports water & nutrients throughout the plant

• ground – strength, storage, photosynthesis, … (depends)

• meristematic – responsible for plant growth


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2. Compare the following animal and plant tissues. How are they similar?

(a) connective and vascular tissue

(b) epithelial and epidermal tissue

(a) both are concerned with transferring water, nutrients, …throughout the organism

(b) both are concerned with protecting the organism



3. Why is it important that some types of muscles can contract and relaxwithout our having to think about it?

if they didn’t, we would spend all our time thinking about things likebreathing, digesting food, pumping blood, …



4. Plants are often called “nature’s air purifiers.” Explain the meaning ofthis term (think carbon dioxide).

plants use carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and produce oxygenas a by-product


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TEXTBOOK

P.45 Q.1-5


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