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Professor Haig Gulvanessian

EN 1991: Eurocode 1: Actions onStructures

Professor Haig Gulvanessian CBECivil Engineering Consultant,

Visiting Professor, Imperial CollegeLondon




LINKS BETWEEN THE EUROCODES

EN 1990

EN 1991

EN 1992 EN 1993 EN 1994

EN 1995 EN 1996 EN 1999

EN 1998EN 1997

Structural safety,serviceability anddurability

Actions onstructures

Design and detailing

Geotechnicaland Seismicdesign




Eurocode Programme for EN 1990 & EN 1991

March 2010June 09June 06Feb 06Actions in silos and tanksEN 1991-4

March 2010June 09June 06May 06Actions induced by cranes andmachinery

EN 1991-3

March 2010May 08October 03Sept 03Traffic loads on bridgesEN 1991-2

March 2010Dec08June 06May 06Accidental actionsEN 1991-1-7

March 2010May 08Nov 05July 05Actions during executionEN 1991-1-6

March 2010April 07March 04October 03Thermal actionsEN 1991-1-5

March 2010Oct 08May 05May 05Wind actionsEN 1991-1-4

March 2010Dec 05July 03July 03Snow LoadsEN 1991-1-3

Dec 2009April 07Nov 02Nov 02Actions on structures exposed to fireEN 1991-1-2March 2010Jan 06July 02April 02Densities, self-weight and imposed loadsEN 1991-1-1

Withdrl ofNS

Pub of NAPub byBSI

Date of AvailTitleEurocode

Eurocode 1: Actions on structures

March 2010Dec 08Dec 05Dec 05Basis of Structural Design with Annex A2for bridges

Annex A2of EN 1990

March 2010Dec 04July 02April 02Basis of Structural Design with Annex A1for buidings

EN 1990

Withdrl ofNS

Pub of NAPub byBSI

Date of AvailTitleEurocode

Eurocode: Basis of Structural Design




EN 1991-1-1: Eurocode 1: Part 1-1:Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for

buildings

Professor Haig Gulvanessian CBE

Civil Engineering and Eurocodes Consultant,

Visiting Professor, Imperial College London




Scope of Presentation

EN 1991-1-1:2002 – Eurocode 1: Actions on Structures – Part

1-1: General actions – Densit ies, self-weight, imposed

loads for buildings

l Outline content

l Compare with BS 6399 Parts 1 and 3 and BS 648

l Outline UK National Annex to EN 1991-1-1

l Identify topics covered in BS6399 but not in EN 1991-1-1

and vice versa




EN 1991-1-1: Contentsl Foreword

l Section 1 Generall Section 2 Classification Of Actionsl Section 3 Design Situationsl Section 4 Densities Of Construction And Stored

Materialsl Section 5 Self-weight Of Construction Worksl

Section 6 Imposed Loads On Buildingsl Annex A (Informative) Tables For Nominal Density OfConstruction Materials, And Nominal Density AndAngles Of Repose For Stored Materials

l Annex B (Informative) Vehicle Barriers And Parapets ForCar Parks

N.B. imposed loads due to occupancy and maintenance aregiven only in EN 1991-1-1 (unlike BS6399 Part 3). SnowLoads on roofs are given in BS EN 1991-1-3




EN 1991-1-1: Classification of Actions

l Variation in time: Permanent, Variable or Accidental

l Origin: Direct or Indirect

l Spatial Variation: Fixed or Free

l Nature and/or structural response: Static or Dynamic





Self-weight of construction works:

l generally a Permanent Fixed action,

l If Free (e.g. moveable partitions) then treat as an

additional imposed load.

l Ballast and earth loads on roofs/terraces: Permanent with

variations in properties (moisture content, depth) duringthe design l ife being taken into account.

l If Variable with time then represented by upper and lower

characteristic values, and

Imposed loads on buildings :

l generally Variable Fixed or Variable Free actions




σG

1.64σG 1.64σG

G k,inf G k,supµG

σG

Mean (small variability)

Largevariability

Largevariability

PERMANENT ACTIONS





Imposed loads on buildings :l generally Variable Fixed or Variable Free actions

l Imposed loads generally quasi-static and allow for smalldynamic effects in static structures. When dynamicresponse possible, a dynamic analysis is recommendedas per the National Annex

l Actions causing significant acceleration of structuralmembers are classified as dynamic and need to beconsidered via a dynamic analysis

l For fork-lift trucks and helicopters additional inertial

loads from hoisting and take-off/landing are accountedfor through a dynamic magnification factor applied toappropriate static load values




EN 1991-1-1: Design Situations –

Permanent Loads

l The total self-weight of s tructural and non-structural

members may be taken as a single action when

combinations of actions are being considered

l Where it is in tended to add or remove structural or non-

structural members after construction critical load cases

need to be identif ied and taken into account.




EN 1991-1-1: Design Situations – Imposed

loads

l For roofs of buildings, imposed loads should not be

considered to act simul taneously with snow loads or wind

actions.




EN 1991-1-1: Densities of construction and

stored materials

l Characteristic values of densities of construction andstored materials should generally be used in theexpressions for combination of actions.

l Where only mean values available , they should be takenas characteristic values in the design. Mean values for alarge number of different materials are given in EN 1991-1-1 Annex A.

l For materials not in Annex A either:- the characteristic value of density needs to bedetermined as per EN 1990, where a normal distribut ionmay be assumed or,

- a reliable direct assessment carried out perhaps uti lisingEN 1990 Annex D.




EN 1991-1-1: Self-weight of construction

works

l Generally represented by a single characteristic value calculated from nominal dimensions, characteristic

values of densities and inc luding, where appropriate,

ancillary elements, e.g. non-structural elements and fixed

services, weight of earth and ballast.




EN 1991-1-1: Treatment of movable partitions

As in BS6399 Part 1, loads due to moveable partit ions are treated as

imposed loads but in a slightly different way as follows.

Provided that a floor allows a lateral distr ibut ion of loads, the self-weight

of movable partitions may be taken into account by a uniformly

distributed load q k which should be added to the imposed loads of

floors. This defined uniformly distributed load is dependent on the

self-weight of the partitions as follows:l for movable partitions with a self-weight ≤ 1,0 kN/m wall

length: q k =0,5 kN/m2;

l for movable partitions with a self-weight ≤ 2,0 kN/m walllength: q k =0,8 kN/m2;

l for movable partitions with a self-weight ≤ 3,0 kN/m wall

length: q k =1,2 kN/m2.




EN 1991-1-1: Imposed loads on buildings

Characteristic values of loads for floors and roofs for the

following types of occupancy and use:

l residential, social, commercial and administration areas

l garage and vehicle traffic

l areas for storage and industr ial activ ities

l roofs

l helicopter landing areas

l barriers and walls having the function of barriers.





Loads arise due to occupancy and the values given in EN 1991-1-1account for

l normal use by persons

l furniture and moveable objects,

l vehicles

l rare events such as concentrations of people and furniture dur ingtimes of re-organisation and refurbishment

l Floor and roof areas in buildings are sub-divided into 11 categories according to use; loads specified are represented by uniformly distributed loads (UDL), concentrated loads , line loads or combinations thereof.

l

Heavy equipment such as may be found in communal kitchens or boiler rooms are specifically excluded from EN 1991-1-1. Need to beagreed with the Client and the relevant Authori ty for specific projects.




EN 1991-1-1:: Load values associated with variousintensities of people loading





Main Categories of Use

l Residential, social, commercial andadministration areas

- 4 categories (A, B, C and D)l Areas for storage and industr ial activ ities

- 2 categories (E1 and E2)

l Garages and vehicle traffic (excluding bridges)- 2 categories (F and G)

l Roofs- 3 categories (H, I and K)




EN 1991-1-1: Imposed loads on buildings – Categories

of use – residential, social, commercial and

administrative

Table 6.1 – Categories of useCategory Specific use Example

A Areas for domestic andresidential activities

Rooms in residential buildings and houses;bedrooms and wards in hospitals;bedrooms in hotels and hostels kitchens and toilets.

B Office areas

C Areas where people maycongregate (with theexception of areas definedunder category A, B andD

1))

C1: Areas with tables, etce.g. areas in schools, cafes, restaurants, dining halls, readingrooms, receptions

C2: Areas with fixed seats,e.g. areas in churches, theatres or cinemas, conference rooms,lecture halls, assembly halls, waiting rooms, railway waiting rooms.

C3: Areas without obstacles for moving people, e.g. areas inmuseums, exhibition rooms, etc. and access areas in public andadministration buildings, hotels, hospitals, railway station forecourts

C4:Areas with possible physical activities,e.g. dance halls, gymnastic rooms, stages .

C5:Areas susceptible to large crowds, e.g. in buildings for publicevents like concert halls, sports halls including stands, terraces andaccess areas and railway platforms.

D Shopping areas D1: Areas in general retail shops

D2: Areas in department stores.

1)Attention is drawn to 6.3.1.1(2), in particular for C4 and C5. See EN 1990 when dynamic effects need to be

considered. For Category E, see Table 6.3

NOTE 1. Depending on their anticipated uses, areas likely to be categorised as C2, C3, C4 may becategorised as C5 by decision of the client and/or National annex.

NOTE 2. The National annex may provide sub categories to A, B, C1 to C5, D1 and D2

NOTE 3. See 6.3.2 for storage or industrial activity

Table 6.1 – Categories of useCategory Specific use Exam ple

A Areas for domestic andresidential activities

Rooms in residential buildings and houses;bedrooms and wards in hospitals;bedrooms in hotels and hostels kitchens and toilets.

B Office areas

C Areas where people maycongregate (with theexception of areas definedunder category A, B andD

1))

C1 : Areas with tables, etce.g. areas in schools, cafes, restaurants, dining halls, readingrooms, receptions

C2 : Areas with fixed seats,e.g. areas in churches, theatres or cinemas, conference rooms,lecture halls, assem bly halls, waiting rooms, railway waiting rooms .

C3 : Areas without obstacles for moving people, e.g. areas in

museums , exhibition rooms, etc. and access areas in publ ic andadministration buildings, hotels, hospitals, railway station forecourts

C4 :Areas with possible physical activities,e.g. dance hal ls, gymnastic rooms, stages .

C5 :Areas susceptible to large crowds, e.g. in buildings for publicevents like concert halls, sports halls including stands, terraces andaccess areas and rai lway platforms.

D Shopping areas D1: Areas in general retail shops

D2 : Areas in department stores.

1)

Attention is drawn to 6.3.1.1(2), in particular for C4 and C5. See EN 1990 when dynamic effects need to beconsidered. For Category E, see Table 6.3

NOTE 1. Depending on their anticipated uses, areas likely to be categorised as C2, C3, C4 may becategorised as C5 by decision of the client and/or National annex.

NOTE 2. The National annex may provide sub categories to A, B, C1 to C5, D1 and D2

NO TE 3. See 6.3.2 for storage or industrial activity




Imposed loads on buildings – Loads for floors,

balconies and stairs for residential, social,

commercial and administrative useTable 6.2 – Imposed loads on floors, balconies and stairs in buildings

Categories of loaded areas qk [kN/m

2]

Qk [kN]

Category A- Floors- Stairs- Balconies

Category B

Category C- C1- C2- C3- C4- C5

Category D

-D1-D2

1,5 to 2,02,0 to 4,02,5 to 4,0

2,0 to 3,0

2,0 to 3,03,0 to 4,03,0 to 5,04,5 to 5,05,0 to 7,5

4,0 to 5,04,0 to 5,0

2,0 to 3,02,0 to 4,02,0 to 3,0

1, 5 to 4,5

3,0 to 4,02,5 to 7,0 (4,0)

4,0 to 7,03,5 to 7,03,5 to 4,5

3,5 to 7,0 (4,0)3,5 to 7,0

NOTE: Where a range is given in this table, the value may be set by the National annex. Therecommended values, intended for separate application, are underline d. qk is intended for thedetermination of general effects and Qk for local effects. The National annex may define differentconditions of use of this Table.




EN 1991-1-1 - Reduction factor α A for floors

α ψ A AA

A m= + =57

1000

02

Clause NA 2.5 - Clause 6.3.1.2(10) (BSI National Annex)Reduction factors for imposed loads – floors and accessible

roofs Equation NA 2.1 should be used instead of expression 6.1recommended in EN 1991-1-1:2002 for evaluating the reductionfactor a A,a A = 1.0 – A/1000 ≥ 0.75 (NA 2.1)where A is the area (m2) supported (see NOTE) .

NOTE: Loads that have been specifically determined from knowledge of the

proposed use of the structure do not qualify for reduction.

Exp (6.1) - Clause 6.3.1.2(10)




EN 1991-1-1 - Reduction factor α A for floors.

EN 1991-1-1 vs. BS 6399

0,760,760,542400,840,780,56160

0,880,800,59120

0,920,840,6380

0,960,960,7540

α A(BSI NA forEN 1991-1-1)

α A (EN 1991-1-1 with ψ o =

1,0)

α A (EN 1991-1-1 with ψ o =

0,7)

A (sq.m.)




EN 1991-1-1 - Reduction factor α n for imposed

loads from several storeys (Clause 6.3.1.2 (11))

2nn

)2n(2 0n >−+= ψ α

Clause NA 2.6 - Clause 6.2.1.2 (11) (BSI National Annex)

‘Reduction factors for imposed loads from several storeys’

Equation NA 2.2 should be used instead of expression 6.2 recommended in EN 1991-1-1

for evaluating the reduction factor α

n,

{1.1 - n/10 (1≤ n≤ 5)

α n = {0.6 (5 < n≤10) (NA 2.2)

{0.5 (n > 10)

where n is the number of storeys with loads qualifying for reduction (see NOTE).

Alternatively, load reductions based on area in NA 2.5 may be applied (i.e. if α A <α n.)

However, the reductions given by equation NA 2.1 cannot be used in combination with

those determined from equation NA 2.2.NOTE: Loads that have been specifically determined from knowledge of the proposed use

of the structure do not qualify for reduction.

Exp (6.2) Clause 6.2.1.2






EN 1991-1-1: Reduction factors αn and αA

2 4 6 8 100.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

)

n( )

2 n( )

)

n1)

n( )

αn

2 4 1086

0,8

0,7

0,6

0,5

0,9

ČR (A, B)

UK

CEN, DE

FR (A, B)

n

ČR (C, D)

FR (C, D)

20 30 40 50 600.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

)

A( )

1 A( )

)

A)

A( )

A( )

A

0,9

0,7

0,5

30 40 50 6020

ČR (A, B)

UK

FI

CENDE (A, B)

FR

DE (C, D)

A [m2]

α A

ČR (C, D)

0,8

0,6

αn

α A

A

A

ψ αn

ψ n

α An

00

0

7

5

,

)2(2

+=

−+

=




EN 1991-1-1: Remarks on imposed load

• Effect of actions that cannot exist simultaneously

should not be considered together (EN 1990).

• For local verification concentrated load Q k actingalone should be considered.

•• Reduction factorsReduction factors ψ ψ andand ααnn should not be considered

together..

• For the design of a column loaded from severalstoreys, load distributed uniformly.

• For the design of a floor structure within one storey,

the imposed load shall be considered at the mostunfavourable part of the influence area.




Load arrangements EN 1990 & EN 1991-1-1

Chess board arrangement Simpli ficat ion in EN 1991-1-1

Mid span bending moment of a floor structure






l Residential, social, commercial and administration areas- 4 categories (A, B, C and D)

l Areas for storage and industrialactivities- 2 categories (E1 and E2)

l Garages and vehicle traffic (excluding bridges)- 2 categories (F and G)

l Roofs- 3 categories (H, I and K)





Categories and imposed loads on f loors for

storage and industrial use

Table 6.3 – Categories of storage and industrial useCategory Specific Use Example

E1 Areas susceptible toaccumulation of goods, includingaccess areas

Areas for storage use includingstorage of books and otherdocuments

E2 Industrial use

Table 6.4 – Imposed loads on floors due to storageCategories of loaded areas qk

[kN/m2]

Qk [kN]

Category E1 7,5 7,0

NOTE The values may be changed if necessary according to the usage (see Table 6.3 and Annex A)for the particular project or by the National annex. qk is intended for the determination of general effectsand Qk for local effects. The National annex may define different conditions of use of Table 6.4.




EN 1991-1-1: Imposed loads on bui ldings: Fork

lift and transport vehiclesFork lifts and transpor t vehicles

l Forklifts are classified into 6 classes via their hoisting capacity, whichis reflected in other characteristics such as weight and plandimensions.

l

For each class, a static axle load is defined which is then increasedby a dynamic multiplication factor dependent on whether the forklifthas solid (2,0 ) or pneumatic tyres (1,4 ). That factor is intended toaccount for the inertial effects caused by acceleration anddeceleration of the hoisted load.

l Where transport vehicles move on floors, either freely or guided byrails, the actions need to be determined from the pattern of the

vehicle’s wheel loads. The static value of those wheel loads isdetermined from permanent weights and pay loads and the spectraof loads should be used to define appropr iate combination factorsand fatigue loads.




Actions induced by forklifts






l Residential, social, commercial and administration areas- 4 categories (A, B, C and D)

l

Areas for storage and industr ial activ ities- 2 categories (E1 and E2)

l Garages and vehicle traffic (excludingbridges)- 2 categories (F and G)

l

Roofs- 3 categories (H, I and K)





Garage and traffic areas

Garage and vehicle traffic areas (excluding bridges)

NOTE 1 For category F qk may be selected within the range 1,5 to 2,5 kN/m2 and Qk

may be selected within the range 10 to 20kN.

NOTE 2 For category G, Qk may be selected within the range 40 to 90kN

NOTE 3 Where a range of values are given in Notes 1 & 2, the value may be set by

the National annex.The recommended values are underlined.

Qk

Qk

qk

5,0Category F Gross vehicle weight: ≤ 30kNCategory G 30kN < gross vehicle weight ≤ 160 kN

Qk

[kN]

qk

[kN/m2]

Categories of traff ic areas

Table 6.8 – Imposed loads on garages and vehicle traffic areas






l Residential, social, commercial and administration areas

- 4 categories (A, B, C and D)

l Areas for storage and industr ial activ ities- 2 categories (E1 and E2)

l Garages and vehicle traffic (excluding bridges)

- 2 categories (F and G)

l

Roofs- 3 categories (H, I and K)





Roofs

l Category H – Accessible for normal maintenance and

repair only

l Category I – Accessible with occupancy according tocategories A to G

l Category K – Accessible for special services e.g.

helicopter landing areas




EN 1991-1-1: Imposed loads on buildings:

Imposed loads on roofs

NOTE 1 For category H qk may be selected within the range 0,0 to 1,0 kN/m2 and Qk may be

selected within the range 0,9 to 1,5 kN. Where a range is given the values may be set by theNational Annex. The recommended values are: qk = 0,4 kN/m2, Qk = 1,0kN

NOTE 2 qk may be varied by the National Annex dependent upon the roof slope

NOTE 3 qkmay be assumed to act on an area A which may be set by the National Annex. The

recommended value for A is 10m2, within the range of zero to the whole area of the roof.

NOTE 4 See also 3.3.2 (1)

QkqkCategory H

Qk

[kN]

qk

[kN/m2]

Roof

Table 6.10 – Imposed loads on roofs o f category H




EN 1991-1-1: Imposed loads on buildings:

Imposed loads on roofs - helicopters

0,2 x 0,2

0,3 x 0,3

Qk = 20 kN

Qk = 60 kN

Q≤ 20 kN

20 kN< Q≤60 kN

HC1

HC2

Dimension of the

loaded area (m x m)

Take-off load QkTake-off load Q of

helicopter

Class of Helicopter

Table 6.11 – Imposed loads on roofs o f category K for helicopters





Horizontal loads on parapets and partit ion walls acting as

barriers

Table 6.12 – Horizontal loads on partition walls and parapetsLoaded areas qk

[kN/m] Category A

Category B and C1

Categories C2 to C4 and D

Category C5

Category E

Category F

Category G

qk

qk

qk

qk

qk

See Annex B

See Annex BNOTE 1 For categories A,B and C1, qk may be selected within the range 0,2 to 1,0 (0,5)

NOTE 2 For categories C2 to C4 and D q k may be selected within the range 0,8 kN/m to -1,0 kN/m

NOTE 3 For category C5, qk may be selected within the range 3,0 kN/m to 5,0 kN/m

NOTE 4 For category E q k may be selected within the range 0,8 kN/m to 2,0 kN/m. For areas ofcategory E the horizontal loads depend on the occupancy. Therefore the value of qk is defined as aminimum value and should be checked for the specific occupancy.

NOTE 5 Where a range of values is given in Notes 1, 2, 3 and 4, the value may be set by the NationalAnnex. The recommended value is underlined.

NOTE 6 The National Annex may prescribe additional point loads Qk and/or hard or soft body impactspecification for analytical or experimental verification.

EN 1991-1-1: Annex A (informative) Tables for nominal




( )

density of construct ion materials, and nominal density and

angles of repose for stored materials

l Table A.1 - Construction materials-concrete and mortar

l Table A.2 - Construction materials-masonry

l Table A.3 - Construction materials-wood

l Table A.4 - Construction materials-metals

l Table A.5 - Construction materials- other materials

l Table A.6 - Bridge materials

l Table A.7 - Stored materials - building and construction

l Table A.8 - Stored products – agricultural

l Table A.9 - Stored products - foodstuffs

l Table A.10 - Stored products - liquidsl Table A.11 - Stored products - solid fuels

l Table A.12 - Stored products - industrial and general




EN 1991-1-1: ANNEX A: Table A.1 - Construction

materials-concrete and mortar

NOTE See Section 4

1) Increase by 1kN/m3 for normal percentage of reinforcing and pre-stressing steel2) Increase by 1kN/m3 for unhardened concrete

9,0 to 10,0 1)2)

10,0 to 12,0 1)2)

12,0 to 14,0 1)2)

14,0 to 16,0 1)2)

16,0 to 18,0 1)2)

18,0 to 20,0 1)2)

24,01)2)

>1)2)

19,0 to 23,012,0 to 18,018,0 to 20,012,0 to 18,0

concrete (see EN 206)lightweightdensity class LC 1,0density class LC 1,2density class LC 1,4

density class LC 1,6density class LC 1,8density class LC 2,0normal weightheavy weightmortarcement mortargypsum mortarlime-cement mortarlime mortar

Densityγ

[kN/m 3 ]

Materials




EN 1991-1-1: ANNEX A: Table A.4 - Construction

materials-metals

27,083,0 to 85,083,0 to 85,087,0 to 89,071,0 to 72,5

76,0112,0 to 114,077,0 to 78,571,0 to 72,0

metals

aluminiumbrassbronzecopperiron, castiron, wroughtleadsteelzinc

Densityγ

[kN/m 3 ]

Materials

EN 1991 1 1 ANNEX A T bl A 12 St d




EN 1991-1-1: ANNEX A: Table A.12 - Stored

products - industrial and general

NOTE See Section 4.

-----

--

---

4540

-4545-

6,08,56,0

11,0

8,510,0

15,011,0

10,0 to 17,022,012,0

3,02,55,0

14,0

books and documentsbooks and documents,densely storedfiling racks and cabinetsgarments and rags, bundled

ice, lumpsleather, piledpaperin rollspiledrubberrock saltsaltsawdust

dry, baggeddry, loosewet, loosetar, bitumen

Angleof repose

φ[°]

Densityγ

[kN/m 3 ]

Products




EN 1991-1-1: Annex B - Vehicle barriers and

parapets for car parksl Designated as an Informative Annex

l Identical to Clause 11 of BS 6399 Part 1.

Impact force determined from:- the mass of the vehicle,- the velocity of the vehicle orthogonal to the barrier, and- the deformations of both the vehicle and the barrier.

l Values are given for two cases dependent upon gross mass of thevehicle, the dividing l ine being a vehicle of gross mass 2500kg.

l Includes the forces that barriers on access ramps are required to

resist.

l The National Annex requires this Annex to be used in the UK

EN 1991 1 1: Annex B Vehicle barriers and




EN 1991-1-1: Annex B - Vehicle barriers and

parapets for car parksThe horizontalcharacteristic force F (inkN), normal to anduniformly distributedover any length of 1,5 mof a barrier for a car park, required towithstand the impact of a vehicle is given by theexpression below:

(Clause B(2) of BS EN 1991-1-1:2002)

F = 0,5mv 2 / (δc + δb)

Where :

lm is the gross mass of the vehicle in (kg)

lv is the velocity of thevehicle (in m/s) normal

to the barrier lδc is the deformationsof the vehicle (in mm)

lδb is the deformationsof the barrier (in mm)

Example The graph below shows the variation of F for various deformations for

the vehicle and the barrier for a car of mass 1500kg.

Thus for δb = 0 and δc = 100, F = 150kN

Thus for δb = 100 and δc = 50, F = 100kN

0.0

100.0

200.0

300.0

400.0

500.0

600.0

0 50 100 150 200δ b [mm]

F

[ k N ]

δc = 50

m=1500 kg

δc = 100

m=1500 kg

δc = 200

m=1500 kg

δc = 50m=2500 kg

δc = 100

m=2500 kg

δc = 200

m=2500 kg




UK National Annex for EN 1991-1-1

l Gives NDPs for 10 clauses

l Many NDPs are to either:

- to conf irm that the recommended values in the specified

ranges are to be used, or if those values are not to be

used,- to select alternative values

l Gives decisions on using Informative Annexes A and B




UK National Annex for EN 1991-1-1 (cont)

Comment

l Ranges generally permit the insertion of values from

current practice i.e. insertion of appropriate values from

BS 6399 Parts 1 and 3.

l

BS EN 1990 recommends partial factors for loads of - self-weight 1,35 (c.f. UK 1,4), and

- imposed 1,5 (c.f. UK 1,6)

l Thus direct insertion of UK values with EN 1990 factors

will produce smaller ultimate limit state design loads.

UK N ti l A f EN 1991 1 NDP




UK National Annex for EN 1991-1 NDPs

l Clause 2.2(3) ‘Dynamically Susceptible Structures’

The NA essentially g ives the design gu idance from BS6399 Part 1.

l Clause 5.2.3 Additional Provisions Specific for Bridges

The NA gives values for the upper and lower characteristic values of the

nominal depth and density of ballast taking into account consolidation (if

appropr iate), self-weight of surface coatings and cables, pipes and service

ducts and other non-structural elements such as bridge furniture.

l Clauses 6.3.1.1 Categories and 6.3.1.2 Values of Actions for residential, social, commercial and administrative areas

The NA sub-categories and gives corresponding load values for the

categories in Table 6.1 of EN 1991-1-1. Sub-categories - essentially as Table 1of BS6399 Part 1. Clause 6.3.1.2 gives methods for determining reduction

factors for loaded areas of floors and imposed loads in columns from several

storeys. The NA insists that the BS6399 Part 1 reduction factors should e

used.






UK National Annex for EN 1991-1-1: NDPs

l Clauses 6.3.2.1 Categories and 6.3.2.2 Values of Actions for storage

and industrial use The NA gives the sub-categories and corresponding loads for category E1

(loads for storage) from Table 6.4 of EN 1991-1-1.

l Clause 6.3.3.2 Values of Actions for garages and traffic areas

The NA replaces entries in Table 6.8 of EN 1991-1-1.

l Clause 6.3.4.2 Values of Actions (imposed loads on roofs)

In the NA appropr iate values replace the entries in Table 6.10 of EN 1991-1-1.

The replacement values take account of the slope of the roof and are similar

to the values for roofs accessible only for maintenance and repair given in

BS6399 Part 3.

l Clause 6.4 Horizontal loads on parapets and partition walls acting as barriers

In the NA, the entries in Table 6.12 of EN 1991-1-1 are replaced by those from

Table 4 in BS6399 Part 1.

UK NA: Categories and Values of Actions for storage and industrial




use

Table 6.4 (BS) - Imposed floor loads due to storageCategory of loadedareas

qk [kN/m2]

Qk [kN]

Category E1. 2.0 1.8

- E11 4.0 4.5

- E12 2.4 per metre of storage height 7.0

- E13 5.0 4.5

- E14 2.4 per metre of storage height but with aminimum of 6.5

7.0

- E15 4.0 per metre of storage height 9.0

- E16 4.8 per metre of storage height but with a

minimum of 9.6

7.0


7.0


9.0

Table 6.3 (BS) – Categories of storage and industrial use Category Specific use Examples (Sub-categories)

E1: General areas for static equipment not specified elsewhere

(institutional and public buildings)E11: Reading rooms with book storage, e.g. libraries

E12: General storage other than those specified

E13: File rooms, filing and storage space (offices)

E14: Stack rooms (books)

E15: Paper storage for printing plants and stationery stores

E16: Dense mobile stacking (books) on mobile trolleys, in publicand institutional buildings

E17: Dense mobile stacking (books) on mobile trucks, inwarehouses

E1 Areas susceptible to

accumulation of goods,including accessareas.

E18: Cold storage

E2 Industrial use

UK NA (via PD): Categories and Values of Actions for




UK NA (via PD): Categories and Values of Actions for storage and industrial use Category E2

Table 1 – Imposed loads on floors for areas of industrial use

Category

of loaded

area

Examples of specific use qk

kN/m2

Qk

kN

Communal kitchens except thosecovered by occupancy class A in

Table NA.3

3,0 4,5

Operating theatres, X-ray rooms,

utility rooms

2,0 4,5

Work rooms (light industrial)

without storage

2,5 1,8

Kitchens, laundries, laboratories 3,0 4,5

Rooms with mainframe computers

or similar equipment

3,5 4,5

Machinery halls, circulation spaces

therein

4,0 4,5

Cinematographic projection rooms 5,0 To be determined

for specific use

Factories, workshops and similar

buildings (general industrial)

5,0 4,5

Foundries 20,0 To be determined

for specific use

Catwalks – 1,0 at 1 m centres

Fly galleries (i.e. access structuresused in theatres to hang scenery,

curtains, etc.)

4,5 kN/m rundistributed

uniformly over

width

–

E2(industrial

use)

Ladders – 1,5 rung load

UK NA: Categories and Values of Actions




g

1 Imposed loads on garages and vehicle traffic area 2 Imposed loads on roofs (Category H)

Table 6.8 (BS) – Imposed loads on garages and vehicle traffic areas

Categories of traffic areas qk

[kN/m2]

Qk

[kN]Category FGross vehicle weight: ? 30 kN

2.5 10.0

Category G

30 kN < gross vehicle weight ?160 kNTo be determined for specific use

NOTE: qk and Qk should not be applied simultaneously

Table 6.10 (BS) - Imposed loads on roofs of category HRoof Slope (Degrees) qk [kN/m

2] Qk [kN]

α < 30o 0.6

30o ≤ α < 60

o0.6 [(60 - α)/30]

α ≥ 60o 0

0.9

1

2

UK NA: Categories and Values of Actions for minimum horizontal




imposed loads for parapets, barriers and partit ion walls

Table 6.12(BS) - Minimum horizontal imposed loads for parapets, barriers, andpartition wallsLoaded Areas Examples (sub-categories) qk [kN/m]

(i) All areas within or serving exclusively one

dwelling including stairs, landings etc butexcluding external balconies and edges ofroofs (see viii)

0.4Category A

(ii) Other residential 0.7(iii) Areas not susceptible to overcrowding inoffice and institutional buildings

0.7Categories B and C1

(iv) Restaurants and bars 1.0(v) Areas having fixed seating within 530mmof the barrier, balustrade or parapet

1.0

(vi) Stairs, landings, corridors and ramps 0.8(vii) External balconies and edges of roofs.Footways within building curtilage andadjacent to basement/sunken areas.

0.8

Categories C2 - C4 and D

(viii) All retail areas including public areas ofbanks/building societies or betting shops.For areas where overcrowding may occur,see C5

1.0

(ix) Footways less than 3m wide adjacent tosunken areas

3.0

(x) Theatres, cinemas, discotheques, bars,auditoria, shopping malls, assembly areas,studios. Footways greater than 3m wideadjacent to sunken areas

3.0

Category C5

(xi) Grandstands and stadia See requirements ofthe appropriate UKcertifying authority

(xii) industrial; and storage buildings exceptas given below

0.8

(xiii) Light pedestrian traffic routes inindustrial and storage buildings exceptdesignated escape routes

0.8

Category E

(xiv) Light access stairs and gangways notmore than 600mm wide 0.8

(xv) Pedestrian areas in car parks includingstairs, landings, ramps, edges or internalfloors, footways , edges of roofs

1.5 Category F/G

(xvi) Horizontal loads imposed by vehicles See Annex B of BS EN1991-1-1:2002




Differences in scope between EN 1991-1-1 and

BS 6399: Part 1

l The scope of EN 1991-1-1 is more comprehensive than

that of BS6399 Part 1. EN 1991-1-1 provides values for

more types of imposed loads, and also covers imposed

loads on roofs (covered by BS6399 Part 3), and the

information g iven in BS 648.

l Two areas which are in BS6399 but not in EN 1991-1-1:

- accidental loads on key or protected elements which are

given in EN 1991-1-7, and

- vertical loads on parapets, barriers and balustrades.




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