Date post: | 14-Apr-2018 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | shashank-patil |
View: | 217 times |
Download: | 0 times |
of 28
7/29/2019 2.Evolution of Sociology
1/28
Lecture 2Evolution of Sociology
7/29/2019 2.Evolution of Sociology
2/28
The discipline of sociology :
Has its roots in the period
after the French Revolution
when political conflict,rapid urbanization and
social turmoil convulsed
European societies
7/29/2019 2.Evolution of Sociology
3/28
society - a group of people
that form a semi-closed
social system, in which
most interactions are withother individuals belonging
to the group.
7/29/2019 2.Evolution of Sociology
4/28
ELEMENTS OF SOCIETY
Family
Religion
Government
Education
Work Trends
Social Norms
Mass Media
7/29/2019 2.Evolution of Sociology
5/28
Evolution of societies
hunters and gatherers
simple agricultural
advanced agricultural
industrial
7/29/2019 2.Evolution of Sociology
6/28
Over time, some cultures haveprogressed toward more-complex forms of organizationand control. This cultural
evolution has a profound effecton patterns of community.Hunter-gatherer tribes settledaround seasonal foodstocks to
become agrarian villages.Villages grew to become townsand cities. Cities turned intocity-states and nation-states.
7/29/2019 2.Evolution of Sociology
7/28
BIO CULTURAL SYSTEMS
7/29/2019 2.Evolution of Sociology
8/28
Characteristics of society
The following threecomponents are common to alldefinitions of society:
Social networks
Criteria for membership, and
Characteristic patterns oforganization
Society: an extended socialgroup having a distinctivecultural and economicorganization
7/29/2019 2.Evolution of Sociology
9/28
7/29/2019 2.Evolution of Sociology
10/28
MAN IS A SOCIAL ANIMAL
One common theme forsocieties in general is that theyserve to aid individuals in a timeof crisis. Traditionally, when an
individual requires aid, forexample at birth, death,sickness, or disaster, membersof that society will rally others to
render aid, in some formsymbolic, linguistic, physical,mental, emotional, financial,medical, or religious.
7/29/2019 2.Evolution of Sociology
11/28
AFRICAN KRAAL
7/29/2019 2.Evolution of Sociology
12/28
"community"
a sense of common identityand characteristics
more immediate than society.
A body of direct relationships
from the organizedestablishment of the state.
the sense of immediacy orlocality was strongly developedin the context of larger andmore complex industrialsocieties. I
A commune (French)
7/29/2019 2.Evolution of Sociology
13/28
1. Local groupings based onproximity and sometimes face-to-facerelationships (as in local community,community work);
2. Community of interests (as in
research community, businesscommunity); and characteristics (as inethnic community).
3. Quality of relationships - sharing ofcommon goals, values, identities;participatory decision-making andsymbolic production; and connectedwith these - emotional and moralinvestments.
7/29/2019 2.Evolution of Sociology
14/28
more direct more total
more significant
relationships of community
and the more formalmore abstract more
instrumental
relationships of society
7/29/2019 2.Evolution of Sociology
15/28
Group :
In sociology, a group is usuallydefined as a collectionconsisting of a number ofhumans who share certain
aspects, interact with oneanother, accept rights andobligations as members of thegroup and share a common
identity. Using this definition,society can appear as a largegroup.
7/29/2019 2.Evolution of Sociology
16/28
While an aggregate comprisesmerely a number of individuals,a group in sociology exhibitscohesiveness to a larger
degree. Aspects that membersin the group may share includeinterests, values,ethnic/linguistic backgroundand kinship.A group becomes a
group when communication isinvolved, if there is nocommunication, there is nogroup.
7/29/2019 2.Evolution of Sociology
17/28
Primary groups consist of small groupswith intimate, kin-based relationships:
families, for example. They commonlylast for years. They are small anddisplay face to face interaction.
Secondary groups are large groupswhose relationships are formal and
institutional. Some of them may lastfor years but some may disband aftera short lifetime. The formation ofprimary groups happens withinsecondary groups.
Throughout the world, societies aresplit into distinct, albeit sometimesoverlapping, social groups.
7/29/2019 2.Evolution of Sociology
18/28
Independence
A further characteristic of a
society is that it is not a
subgroup of any othergroup.
7/29/2019 2.Evolution of Sociology
19/28
Social InstitutionsMeans of Social Control
Family- Marriage/ Milestones
of Birth & Death
Economic Organizations ofSociety- Primary or
Agrarian/Secondary or
Manufacture/Tertiary or Trade
Religion
Political Organization -State
7/29/2019 2.Evolution of Sociology
20/28
Social groupsdefined along income and non-income axes
A basic axis of social differentiation is personal income. A
three-category distinction among the poor, the middle classand the rich, can be too rough to capture all theintermediate nuances but still help characterize differentsocieties.
The unit of analysis can be - but not need to be only - theindividual. A second element should be kept into accountwhen judging the individual's position: the size and
composition of the household to which he or she belongs.Larger families pay less per-person for certain sharedexpenditure (like housing) and they can have more than oneincome-bearer. If not, a large family with only one income-bearer would be much poorer than a one-componentfamily.
A third consideration is linked to the stability of income over
time, with people having larger fluctuations in incomebelonging to different social groups than people reachingsystematically. and without renegotiation similar levels ofincome.
7/29/2019 2.Evolution of Sociology
21/28
Another crucial axis of socialdifferentiation is the ownership of assets.Families that own their home - having
already paid back any financialinstruments to buy it - can devote moremoney to active savings andconsumption than families with thesame level of income but that have to
pay the rent. The ownership of durable goods is animportant status element aidingdifferent aspects of life. Financial. assets(as Treasury bonds, shares, controllingmajorities in firms,...) can constituteelements of common material interestsfor certain social groups.
7/29/2019 2.Evolution of Sociology
22/28
Employment is an extremely
important element in defining
identities and common interests
Equally important are culture,common languages and values
and levels of education.
7/29/2019 2.Evolution of Sociology
23/28
Societies may be organized
according to
their POLITICAL structure
their ECONOMIC structure
7/29/2019 2.Evolution of Sociology
24/28
POLITICAL structure
By form of Government-
Monarchy
Capitalism
Communism
Socialism
Fascism
Other isms
7/29/2019 2.Evolution of Sociology
25/28
ECONOMIC structure
By Income/ wealth -
High/ Middle/ Low/
Economically Weaker
Sections By Occupation-
Primary SectorAgriculture
Secondary SectorManufacturing
Tertiary Sector - Services
7/29/2019 2.Evolution of Sociology
26/28
Social consequences of industrialization
Industrialization split the
society into two major
groups- The workers and
the capitalists General Standards of living
improved from social and
economic points of view.
More interest in education
arts and s science
7/29/2019 2.Evolution of Sociology
27/28
Political Awakening
Society democratized
Growth of Capitalism
increased Production
Growth In tradeeconomic crises
Unemployment
Class conflict Decline of rural industry.
7/29/2019 2.Evolution of Sociology
28/28
Modernity and the Evolution ofWorld Society From about the seventeenth century,
the European powers began tooutstrip the rest of the world in thesophistication of their ideas, thedevastating force of their military
technology, the strength of theirnavies and the organization ofeconomic production.
This astonishing transformation inEuropes fortunes eventually enabledit to spread its new institutions all over
the globe and triggered thephenomenon we call modernity, thelogical precursor to the current era ofglobalization.