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International Relations
By Ms. Nighat Noureen
SSHUniversity of Management and
Technology
Topic of Discussion
Why did 17th century mark the beginning of International Relations?
Why the scope of International Relations has been enhanced in 20th Century?
What is the scope of International Relations?
What is the significance of International Relations in contemporary age?
Task assigned
Critical reading of newspaper articles of Sunday “DAWN”
Nature of International Relations
International Relations is dynamic and complex in nature as one can observe that what one has studied few years ago with keen interest becomes hackneyed and obsolete today. Therefore, these new developments at international level bring new actors at global actors.
Scope of International RelationsIt is comparatively a young discipline when compare to other social sciences such as Political Science, History Economics, Law and so on. Therefore, its scope was not much clear. It was just after 1990’s when its scope was cleared to a great extend.
State System
An analysis of state system Individuals identity is recognized
by the name of its state Inter-state relations still the most
dominant actor in I.R despite the increasing influence of non-state actors
Relations in conflict & cooperation
I.R is a same coin with two sides, one have conflict and the other side has cooperation
Broadly speaking prime focus of I.R is a study of both conflictual and cooperative inter-state relations
General & Diplomatic History
The importance of History particularly diplomatic history can not be ignored for better understanding of inter-state relations
Power & Balance of Power
Morgenthau stated that “ international politics is nothing but power politics.”
“one states security leads to another states insecurity”
World public opinion, collective security, determinants of power etc important related concepts
International Law
Meaning of Int. Law It is a set of rules and regulations
which regulate the inter-state relations both in times of war and peace
Therefore, it determines the behavior patters of states in both time of conflict and cooperation
Int. & Regional Organizations
Provides a plate forum in time of war, peace and for conflict resolution and cooperation among states
International System
Uni-polar system? Bi-polar system? Multi-polar system?
Conflict management & conflict resolution
Why conflict arise? Techniques to resolve conflict?
War & Peace
Why wars do occur? How wars can be avoided? War and peace theories etc
Foreign Policy
The diplomatic policy of a nation in its interactions with other nations is known as foreign policy.
Though foreign policies are not the be-all and end-all of international relations yet they constitute a significant part of I.R
National Interest
National Interests are the goal of state which a state pursue with the help of power and foreign policy
Hartmann stated that international relations as a field of study focus upon the processes by which states adjust their national interest to those of other states
Military & Strategic Factors
Problems of national security, defense, bi-lateral and multi-lateral security arrangements, alliance etc
Economic Factors
Imperialism, neo-imperialism It is widely shared that today there
is no need of military wars but to capture the economy of other states
New World Order, WTO, IMF, , free trade, string attached aid and so on
Arms Control & Disarmament
Gained much importance particularly after 2nd World War
During Cold war intense armament between the U.S.A and the U.S.S.R was evident
Coercive and Preventive Diplomacy
A different kind of diplomacy in recent years one can observe in case of the U.S particularly after 9/11
Geo-politics
Palmer & Perkins stated that “undoubtedly the struggle for space & power over the vast land and sea region of the world and perhaps in outer space as well will be a central theme in the international relations of the future.”