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2nd Partial Study Guide. Art & Culture
ROMAN ART
Influenced by: Greek art, Etruscans (key stone) .
Architecture & Construction: concrete, high arches, domes,
mural paintings.
Etruscan Art
Apollo of Veii: Hollow, made piece by piece,
of terracotta.
Etruscan Order:Four rows of two columns
Not surrounded by columns, only oneentrance, empty pediment, no motope,
sculptures on the top.
Etruscan Death: Sarcophagi, visual
epigraph. It was not grief, it was a
celeb
ration
of life.
Roman Origin
-Having peace among their people was their main priority, not worshiping their gods.
-Their Buildings were focused on peoples development and enjoyment.
Ilustracin1. Apollo
of Veii.
Tabla1Entruscan Temple
Tabla2. Etruscan Sarcophagus
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Architecture: Government Buildings, Community & Entertainment, Roads, culture.
Greek influence in Art, religion, moral & ethics legal system and politics.
-The Roman government was first a Kingdom, then, it was governed by a senate.
-Early Rome: conquest of lands, civil wars.
Temples were in the center of the cities, because Gods lived AMONG the people.
Augustus (Octavian)
The AraPacis told his story, how great he was POLITICAL
PROPAGANDA IN ARCHITECTURE
Made to show how powerful the state was, invite people to trust them
because they were great.
Ilustracin3. AraPacisIlustracin4. Augustus (Octavian)
GEMMA AUGUSTEA
The contrapart of a death mask,
Mural PAintings
Intuitive
Perspective: Based
on size, if it was
further away, it was
blurrier, etc.
Atmospheric
Perspective: Based
on light and color,
Ilustracin2. Perspective
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*TrompeLoeil (To trick the eye) Effects made to make people believe there was
something there, like the drawing of a fish on the floor.
What did Roman architecture take from Etruscans and Greeks?
Etruscan: Number of Columns. (2 rows of 4)
Greek: Temple surrounded by columns. It wasnt always visible, for example:
The Pantheon
It was surrounded by columns but the columns were on the inside.
Ilustracin5. Arch of Titus. Made
to celebrate the victory over
Judea and Palestine. (Political
Propaganda)
Hadrians Wall.Division between the
Briotns and the Romans, 10m tall, to
Roman Mosaic
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Patronage in Art (Craft for Money)
The Rich paid for art to be done in their homes, as decoration.
Marcus Aurelius:
Was against political propaganda,
he was a philosopher. Believed
that to be humble was the source
of power. The governments duty
was to help people, not to
manipulate them.
His son was
Commodu
s.
He
contradict
ed his
dads
beliefs, he
had
himself
represent
ed as
Hercules.
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MIDDLE AGE ART
Jesus LifeIncarnation Cycle:-Annunciation (when Mary new she was going to be mother of God)-Visitation: When Mary went to talk to her sisterThe Nativity: Jesus birth-Adoration of the Sheppard-Adoration of the Magi (Three Wise Men)-Presentation on the Temple (Baby Jesus is taken to Simeon )-Massacre of the innocents and flight to Egypt (Herode has all babies killed because he
finds out about Jesus)-Jesus among the Doctors (When he is 12, he goes to the temple and teaches his fathers
wisdom to the doctors of the temple)
Arch of Constantine: He had it
made to tell his story, next tothe coliseum, largest triumphal
arch in rome.
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PUBLIC MINISTRY
-Marriage at Canaan (He turns the water into wine)-Cleansing of the temple (He kicks the merchants out of the temple)-The Baptism (John the Baptist baptizes him)-Miracles of Healing-Miraculous draft of fished-Walk on water-Raising of Lazarus (He brings him back to life)
Early Christian art
-Started as a secret sect. (It was forbidden, there were lots of mini-groups with their own symbols)
-Edict of Milan: All religions were allowed. Christianity became public. They had to reach an
agreement on their symbols. So:
Realistic perspective, proportions, light & color were ignored geometric simplification,
standardized conventions.
BYZANTINEPREICONOCLASM ART.
Ilustracin6. Defined elements to know it's
Jesus
Iconoclasm: Destructionof symbols. Almos all
symbols were"cancelled".
Abstract Aesthetics:Certain defined symbols
for everyone tounderstand.
NEW PURPOSE: Convey(unify) religious
meaning, technique waleft aside, what
mattered was themessage.
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Migration Period Art (Viking)
Not for decoration, to show braveness and achievements.
Monetary independence
Pagan symbols in coins. They werent concerned about realism
Insular (island) Art
British islands (southern Wales)
Shoulderpad
Hidden Cross
Represented
Manhood-> right
side (Christian
mithology)
Animal themed art: the snake
protected the god.
Gospel of Lindisfarne.
Religious iconography (cross) +
animal representation (snake)
Used latin alphabet
Colors, shapes, to enhance
representations
Chalice (Goblet)
Hidden cross
Only understandable by those w
cared.
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Charlemagne: Carolingian RenaissanceTried to apply roman knowledge, to civilize his kingdom.
Art too.
Roman Heritage + Christian Culture = ROMANESQUE ART.
Architecture: Thick walls, massive
structure. A building was a single organic
form like its alive.
Capitals of Columns inspired
in western Roman
Architecture.
Portals inspired in
Byzantine Buildings
*This was in the time of
the crusades so the
buildings needed to be
resistant.
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Tympanum (Like a Pediment) at
the entrance of the temples.The
face of the building.
Didactic Art: Emphasis on
suffering, it was made to frighten
people, to teach them what would
happen to them if they were bad.
GOTHIC ART
St. Denis. First Gothic Churc Ever.
Gothic means UGLY. It was a combination of lots of
different elements and styles, for them, it looked like a
mess.
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ST. Reims (France)
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Monumental Sculpture
Early Gothic. Long figures, not very
detailed. Still Abstract aesthetic
Late Gothic. Carolingian style. More detailed, more
realistic.
GOTHIC PAINTING
Fresco. Painted on canvas.
Reddish and Brownish colors
Dont pay much attention to
perspective
Still Abstract aesthetic
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Panel Painting. Painted on
wood,
Purer Colors, more vivid.
Much more detailed, still not
much perspective
No shaeds/shadows not
defined distance (intuitive
perspective)
Manuscript Illumination
Paper.
Golden: sacred colors, with
metallic components.
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Stained Glass. In the oculus (and
sometimes the windows) of the
church.
When the sun touched it, it was
projected on the altar.
Various Saints. Christianity,
based in more than one
individual, jesus needs the help
of saints to do what he does.
Remember to bring colors and ruler. Good luck! :D
Fer Nava