2Petroleum.ppt

7/29/2019 2Petroleum.ppt

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BAESI workshop 6 December

2008

2. Petroleum


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plus invisible GHGsL.A. smog

Chief source: combustion of petroleum products


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Petroleum has been used by humans

for millennia, originally for fires and

warfare. In the Middle East, oil fields

were exploited for naptha, tar, andkerosene in the 8th to 12th centuries.

These early users depended on seeps

(like this modern one), where petroleum

rises naturally because of subsurface

pressure.

Beverly

Hillbillies

theme


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Hydrocarbons: organic compounds consisting of H and C

Petroleum: a thick, flammable, yellow-to-black mixture ofsolid, liquid, and gaseous hydrocarbons that occurs

naturally beneath the Earth's surface.

Liquids Gases

Solids (e.g. paraffin) are not abundant, but have many uses

Crude oilmethane

Natural Gas

propane

pentane

butane

Condensate

Natural Gas Liquids

(NGLs)


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Crude oil* Liquid mixture of naturally occurring hydrocarbons

(aka oil)

* After refining: the chief source of transportation fuels

Natural gas

* After processing: used for power generation,

residential,

fertilizers, manufacturing, transportation (still verylimited)

* Gaseous mixture of naturally occurring hydrocarbons


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Combustion (burning) of hydrocarbons releases

carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere

Fuel + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water + Heat

In words:

CxHy + (x + y/4)O2 xCO2 + (y/2)H2O

The general equation:

C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O

E.g., for propane:


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residue

fuel oil

lubricants

diesel

kerosene

gasoline

naptha

gases

Fractional

distillationin a refinery

very schematic cartoon

L.A. oil refinery


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Natural gas

Almost always a mixture of gases;

to be used as a fuel, extensiveprocessing is required to produce

pure methane.


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Petrochemicals Chemicals produced from petroleum


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The Graduate 1967

Plastics.

ALL PLASTICS are petrochemicals.


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polystyrene epoxies


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polycarbonate, etc.


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PVC

solvents


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Other synthetic fibers, such as acrylics & dacron:

clothing, yarn, rugs, rope, sails, grafts, containers,

resins, etc.

Polyester: The most widely used artificial

fiber in the U.S. apparel & home

furnishings, plus bottles, fiberglass, LCDs,holograms, filters, insulators, auto body

parts, and more.


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Apparel, carpets, musical strings, fishing line,

racket strings, rope, auto parts, machine parts,

sutures

Nylon


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More uses

sterilizers (food & medical supplies

rubbing alcohol

synthetic rubber

MTBE

detergents

vinyl

dyes

phenols (antiseptics)

TNT

drugs

packaging

riot shields

eyeglass lenses

auto parts


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The inescapable fact: Modern developed

societies depend on petroleum ininnumerable ways. We are a petroleum-

dependent society.

No civilization can survive the

destruction of its resource base.Bruce Sterling

Also see Jared Diamonds Collapse andJoseph Tainters Collapse of Complex Societies


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The Prize

20th century = The Oil Century

The lifeblood of modern civilization

The foundation of modern society

Petroleum is a non-renewable resource

that took millions of years to form.

Our use of it has been unsustainable.


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Petrolia, Ontario

1858 North Americas first oil wells

1860 Worlds first integrated oil company

18601900 Oil boom trained drillers who later

dispersed around the planet: U.S., Middle East, South

America, etc.

Titusville, PA1859 First U.S. drilling rig


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Make lists of the top 5 countries:

Oil production

to date (since ~1860)

Current (2007) rate of

oil production

Remaining

oil reserves

KSAFSU

USA

IranChina

USA

FSU

KSAIran

Venezuela

FSU = former Soviet Union

KSA = Kingdom of Saudi

Arabia

KSA

IraqIran

Kuwait

UAE/Venez

UAE = United Arab Emirates


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U.S. strategy after WWII: U.S. production supported the Allied

effort throughout WWII, but dwindling reserves encouraged

administrations (starting w/FDR) to look internationally.chiefly to

the Middle East.

Iran 1953: The U.S. (via CIA) and U.K. organized the overthrow of

Irans elected prime minister, who had recently nationalized the

Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (which became British Petroleum (BP)

in 1954).

1991 Gulf War: After Iraq invaded oil-rich Kuwait, the U.S.

spearheaded the liberation of Kuwait and the defense of oil-richer

KSA.

The 2003 invasion of Iraq: Purportedly to eliminate weapons of mass

destruction etc. Recommended book: Michael Klare, Blood and Oil

(2004).


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A

B

C

D

E

KSA

Iran

Iraq

C i


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MediterraneanSea

Caspian

Sea

RedSea

Persian

Gulf


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UAE

Qatar

Kuwait

Kingdom ofSaudi Arabia

Iraq Iran


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The Middle East

contains 4560%

of the worldspetroleum reserves.

* 6% of global production to date

* 6% of modern production

* Worlds largest oil field* 60-65% of KSA production to date

Ghawar Ghawar: perhaps themost important place

youve never heard of


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How to Make Exploitable Petroleum1. Start with lots ofsource rock, such as shale containing

organic material that has not been oxidized(not very

common).

3. Place a reservoir rock above the source rock. The

petroleum will rise because of its low density, so you need

a porous (and preferably permeable) rock to hold it.

4. Ensure that the reservoir has a suitable trapa

subsurface geologic structure that will hold (trap)

petroleum in the reservoir rock, preventing its slow

migration to the surface.

2. Heat the source rock to 60120C (for oil) or 120

220C (for gas). Do not overcook. Will take millions of

years.

Pores are open spaces


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Pores are open spaces

between the particles of a

rock.

The more pore space, the

higher the porosity.

Pores may contain air, gas, or

liquid (water or oil).

The more connected the

pores, the higher the

permeability.Pore fluids will flow more easily

in rocks that are more

permeable.

Cartoon of a vertical slice through the crust showing traps in


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Natural Gas Oil WaterColor code: Rock

Cartoon of a vertical slice through the crust showing traps inreservoir rocks where petroleum and water typically

accumulate.


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Typical E&P (exploration and production) stepsExplore, using dumb luck (Jed); geologic mapping (late 1800s);

standard geophysical tools (1930s); high-tech tools (1990s).

Drill a test well.

If the petroleum is trapped and under pressure, it will rise naturally; no

pumping needed (Jed, early Saudi Arabia).

This is the primary recovery phasefree-flowing

petroleum.

Gas released during extraction isvaluable but must be trapped and

processed; for decades, it was simply

flared off.

T i l E&P t t 2


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Typical E&P steps, part 2Primary recovery lasts for several months or years.

As the pressure drops, flow slows and operators mustuse secondary recovery techniques for to recover

petroleum. The most common technique: injection of

water or gas.

Injectionwell Production

well

water forced

downward

water enters pores, raises pressure;

sweeps petroleum in front of it

petroleum

rises


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Water injection also is used to increase production, but

usually leads to a quicker reservoir decline and less totalproduction.

Injected water produces problems with corrosion, scaling,

treatment prior to disposal; requires costly processing andreplacement of parts.

Typical E&P steps, part 3

Tertiary recovery techniques may be used once the

injection techniques are ineffective. However, theyre

expensive, and thus feasible only if the price of petroleumis high....


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Production history of an oil field

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

M Ki H bb t d P k Oil


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Peak Oil: The maximum sustainable production rate of

petroleum for an area (e.g., a field, a country, or the

world).

M. King Hubbert and Peak Oil

M. King Hubbert (U.S. geologist) predicted that production

rate for any well, field, or region will resemble a bell curve.

The peak of such a curve

is known as Hubberts

Peak.

Peak Oil does NOT mean

running out of oil.


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Hubberts prediction for U.S. peak oil: ~1970

U.S. production

peak in

1970

w/Alaska

lower 48

Actual date of U.S. peak oil: 1970

(curve shape differs from his prediction due to Alaska discoveries)

Hubberts prediction for global peak oil: ~2000

Global peak production2000


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Aug 08

millions

barrels/day

68

But it looks like weve

been on a bumpy

plateau since 2004.

76

72

Arab oil

embargo

Fuel-efficient carsShift to natural gas,

electricity for heat

p phad not peaked by

2004.

2000

1965

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