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Caesar to Claudius: Britain Becomes Roman Britain
You must know, till the injurious Romans did extort this tribute from us, we were free.
Cymbeline Act III, Scene 1
Roman Britain Before Claudius?
• Did Rome appoint Commius and another king?
• Changes in coins
– Improvements in minting technique: Gold coins more uniform
– Inscribed with names; new image style
– Lack of mixed early and later coins in hoards
Roman Britain Before Claudius?
• Obsides – hostages?
– Creation of Kings in Roman territories (Judea)
• Burials
• Construction at Fishbourne, Gosbecks, Silchester
Kingdoms
Burial: Roman Influence
Welwyn, 1st Cent BCE
Celtic Burial with Imported Amphorae, Welwyn
Pottery Imports from Gaul
c. 15 BCE – 30 CE
Inscriptions on Coins
Catuvellauni
TogodumnisN. of Thames
CaratacusS. of Thames
Adminius
Cunobelinus(Cymbeline)d. 40-43 CE
Epaticcus
Tasciovanusd. c.10 CE
Cassivellaunusd. c. 20 BCE
Cunobelin(us)
Foreign Policy Augustus (27 BCE- 14 CE)
– Trade
–Hostages(?) educated in Rome
– Threats (26/7 BCE)
–Diplomacy
“Is there too little of Roman blood
spilled upon land and sea? [And
this,] not that the Romans might
burn the proud towers of envious
Carthage, or that the Britons,
hitherto unassailed, might go down
the sacred way bound in chains: but
that, agreeably to the wishes of the
Parthians, this city may fall by its
own might.”
Horace, c. 29 BCE
Augustus Res gestae
• “To me were sent supplications by kings: … of the Britons, Dumnobellaunus and Tincommius”
Strabo“there was nothing to fear from the Britons, since they are not powerful enough to cross over and attack us, nor was there much advantage to be gained if the Romans were to occupy it”
Dio Cassius 34 BC“Augustus had set out to lead an expedition into Britain in emulation of his father (Julius Caesar – by adoption)… when some newly conquered tribes together with the Dalmatians rose in revolt.”
Dio Cassius 27-26 BC“He also set out with the intention of leading an expedition into Britain, but on his arrival in Gaul he stayed there. For it seemed likely that the Britons would come to terms with him, and affairs in Gaul were still unsettled since the civil wars had broken out immediately after their subjugation.”
Cunobelin Coins
Cunobelin Augustus
Homage to the Emperor
Lexden
Tumulus
Roman Foreign Policy Tiberius (14 – 37 CE)
• Augustus’ counsel: “the empire should be confined to its present limits”
• Britons tolerate import/export taxes
• Return of shipwrecked sailors
Homage to Tiberius
Roman Foreign Policy - Caligula
• Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus = Caligula
• Spectacle and emulation
• Surrender of Adminius
• ‘Conquest of Ocean’
Atrebates
Tincommius20 BCE- 7 CE
perhaps joint ruleNoviomogus
Eppilius7-15 CECalleva
(Silchester)
Verica15-25 CECalleva(Berikos?)
Commius the Younger35-20 BCE
Commius-c. 35 BCE
CoinageTincommius
Cunobelin
Early Fishbourne
Roman-style Military HardwareFishbourne, pre 43 CE?
Internal Conflict
• 25 Verica, ruler at Calleva replaced by Eppilius
• 35 Eppilius dies, Verica regains territory
• 40 Caraticus defeats Verica
Reasons for Invasion
Solicitation by Britons
Desire by Claudius to demonstrate military success
Risk of revolt by legions in Germany to “restore” the Republic
Economic Motives – Depletion of Spanish silver mines
Verica
Planning
Intelligence• British Collaborators
• Experience of Caesar
• Season
Selection of troops• Amphibious experience
Transport• Coordination of landing
Roman Invasion Forces
Aulus Plautius
• II Augusta (Vespasian)
• IX Hispania
• XIV Gemina
• XX Valeria
(Geta)
20,000 auxiliaries
Opposing Forces
TRIBE STRENGTH
Catuvellauni 70,000
Trinovantes 40,000
Atrebates 10,000
Dobunni 7,000
Kentish Tribe 23,000
Opposing Forces
• Caratacus
–Emerges as leader of anti-Roman forces
Kelvedon (Essex) horseman (25 BCE-25CE?)
Battersea Shield 350-50 BC
Kirkborn sword and scabbard 300-200 BC
Invasion Route
Kent
Richborough
Fishbourne
• Later site of “Palace”
• Two military buildings
–Granary with raised floor
– Supply depot with cart turn around area
• Possible camp at Chichester
Invasion Route-Medway
Invasion Route-Thames
Phase II - Claudius
Claudius-16 Days
• Brings members of Senate
• Arrives with elephants.
• Reviews troops at Thames
• Receives allies
• Marches on Camulodunum
Celebrating Victory
Victory Relief at
Aphrodisias
Celebrating Victory
Silver didrachm of Caesarea, c.
AD 46 Obverse
Ti(berius) Claud(ius) Caesar
Aug(ustus) Germ(anicus)
P(ontifex) M(aximus) (High
Priest)
Tr(ibunicia) P(otestas)
(Tribunician Power)
Reverse
De Britannis (From Britain)
Claudius-Triumphal Arch
Claudius-Triumphal Arch
Text? -Triumphal Arch
The Roman Senate and People to Tiberius
Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, son of
Drusus, Pontifex Maximus, Tribunician power
eleven times, Consul five times, Imperator 22
times, Censor, Father of the Fatherland, because
he received the surrender of eleven kings of the
Britons defeated without any loss, and first
brought barbarian peoples across the Ocean into
the dominion of the Roman people.
Another eulogy
Britain – what sort of a place it is and what sort of inhabitants it produces – will soon be described more precisely and on the basis of greater exploration.
…the greatest of emperors is opening it up after it has been closed so long, the conqueror of people not only unconquered but unknown to the boot!
Pomponius Mela
Caratacus
• Defeated in the East but regroups in the West
• Druids
–Use threat to their religion as a means of unifying people
–Unconscionable to Romans
Aftermath
• Rome in control of Thames valley and Kent
• Client kingdoms of Regni in Sussex and Iceni in Suffolk
• Face continued opposition from Caratacus, based in Wales
Aftermath-Client Kingdoms
Map With Legionary Forts
Exeter Legio II
Wroxeter
Legio XIV
Gloucester
Legio XX
Out of the Fire Into the Frying Pan
• Caratacus escapes
• Allies with Ordovicians in Wales
• Defeated
• Seeks aid from Roman client, Cartimandua
• Is turned over to Romans (51 CE)
• Brought to Rome – vanishes from historical record
Caratacus before Claudius
Roman Legions Client Kingdoms
Roman Britain~47 CE
Tribes
Tribes of
Wales
The Next Steps
• Wales will succumb
• Meanwhile back at the ranch the natives are restless