History of MexicoHistory of Mexico

Chapter 3-3Chapter 3-3

Section ObjectivesSection Objectives

Describe the cultural achievements of the Maya and the Describe the cultural achievements of the Maya and the AztecAztec

Evaluate the success of the Spanish army over the Evaluate the success of the Spanish army over the Aztec EmpireAztec Empire

Understand the relationship between social class Understand the relationship between social class structure and the movement for Mexican independence structure and the movement for Mexican independence from Spainfrom Spain

Describe the conflict with the United States that led to Describe the conflict with the United States that led to Mexico’s current borders.Mexico’s current borders.

Synthesize information about the goals and results of the Synthesize information about the goals and results of the Mexican Revolution from primary sources.Mexican Revolution from primary sources.

The Maya and the AztecsThe Maya and the AztecsNative Americans came Native Americans came

to Mexico thousands of to Mexico thousands of years ago. years ago.

These people built a These people built a series of brilliant, highly series of brilliant, highly advanced advanced civilizationscivilizations, , or societies with a or societies with a highly developed highly developed culture, politics, and culture, politics, and technologytechnology

The OlmecThe Olmec The The OlmecOlmec built the first civilization built the first civilization

in the Americas, around 1200 B.C. in the Americas, around 1200 B.C. It lasted longer (800 years) than any It lasted longer (800 years) than any

other Native American civilization.other Native American civilization.

The Olmec, cont.The Olmec, cont.

The Olmec carved The Olmec carved large stone statues large stone statues and made jewelry out and made jewelry out of of jadejade, a local shiny , a local shiny stone. They carved stone. They carved these items with these items with obsidian, a hard, black obsidian, a hard, black glass created by glass created by volcanoes. volcanoes.

The Olmec were the The Olmec were the first to grow first to grow maizemaize, or , or corn.corn.

The Olmecs, cont.The Olmecs, cont.

The MayaThe Maya Around 100 B.C., the Maya began to develop Around 100 B.C., the Maya began to develop

a new civilizationa new civilization They built huge stone temples on the They built huge stone temples on the

YucatanYucatan Peninsula, in the shape of pyramids Peninsula, in the shape of pyramids with steps.with steps.

The Mayans, cont.The Mayans, cont. The Maya The Maya

developed developed hieroglyphicshieroglyphics, , a form of writing a form of writing that uses signs that uses signs and symbols, and and symbols, and a calendar of a calendar of 365365 daysdays

They were very They were very good at good at autonomy,autonomy, or or self-governmentself-government

The Mayans, cont.The Mayans, cont. Artists decorated Artists decorated

temples and tombs temples and tombs with elaborate murals, with elaborate murals, or wall paintingsor wall paintings

No one is sure why the No one is sure why the Mayan civilization Mayan civilization declineddeclined

Possibilities include Possibilities include warfare, disease, and warfare, disease, and over-farming over-farming

The Mayans, cont.The Mayans, cont.

Visit Chichen Itza! (3:30)

The Mayans TodayThe Mayans Today

The Mayan People (2:54)

The AztecsThe Aztecs Around A.D. 1200, Around A.D. 1200,

a people called the a people called the Aztecs (Mexica) Aztecs (Mexica) moved into central moved into central Mexico from the Mexico from the north. north.

The Aztec built The Aztec built

their capital at their capital at TenochtitlánTenochtitlán (present–day (present–day Mexico City).Mexico City).

The AztecsThe Aztecs They also constructed They also constructed

human-made islands called human-made islands called chinampaschinampas, or floating , or floating gardens, on the lake to gardens, on the lake to grow more foodgrow more food Tenochtitlan: The Impossible City (5:21)Tenochtitlan: The Impossible City (5:21)

The Aztecs build a broad The Aztecs build a broad empireempire – an extensive – an extensive group of people governed group of people governed by one ruler – through by one ruler – through military conquest.military conquest.

The Aztecs, cont.The Aztecs, cont. They collected They collected tributetribute, ,

or fees, from the or fees, from the people they ruledpeople they ruled

Some tribute was paid Some tribute was paid in the form of in the form of humanhuman sacrifices to satisfy sacrifices to satisfy their godstheir gods Aztec Sacrifices: A Aztec Sacrifices: A

Coroner's Report (3:42)Coroner's Report (3:42)

Teotihuacan: Influence on the AztecsTeotihuacan: Influence on the Aztecs

Sun Pyramid: 3rd largest in

the world!

(233 feet high, base is 1466

sq.feet!)

Pyramid of the Moon

The Aztecs, cont.The Aztecs, cont.

Many of their traditions survive today in Many of their traditions survive today in Mexico, including food, crafts, and Mexico, including food, crafts, and language.language.

The The ConquistadorsConquistadors

In the early 1500s, a In the early 1500s, a conquistadorconquistador,, or or Spanish soldier-explorer, Spanish soldier-explorer, named Hernán Cortez named Hernán Cortez landed in Mexicolanded in Mexico

The Aztec ruler, The Aztec ruler, MontezumaMontezuma, welcomed , welcomed himhim

Within 3 years, Cortez Within 3 years, Cortez captured the city, burned captured the city, burned it down, and built it down, and built Mexico Mexico CityCity on top of the ruins on top of the ruins

Hernan Cortez (2:56)Hernan Cortez (2:56)

The ConquistadorsThe Conquistadors

Some of the early Spanish Some of the early Spanish settlers raised cattle on large settlers raised cattle on large ranches called ranches called haciendashaciendas. .

Others started gold and silver Others started gold and silver mines.mines.

During this time, thousands of During this time, thousands of Native Americans died from Native Americans died from mistreatment and disease mistreatment and disease while forced to work on while forced to work on ranches and in mines.ranches and in mines.

Illnesses like measles and Illnesses like measles and smallpox became smallpox became epidemicsepidemics, , or disease outbreaksor disease outbreaks

The ConquistadorsThe Conquistadors

Spanish priests came Spanish priests came to Mexico to convert to Mexico to convert Native Americans to Native Americans to Christianity. Christianity.

Today about 90 percent Today about 90 percent of Mexicans are of Mexicans are Roman CatholicRoman Catholic

The Cathedrals of MexicoThe Cathedrals of Mexico

Mexican IndependenceMexican Independence In 1810, In 1810, Miguel Hildalgo Miguel Hildalgo rebelled against rebelled against

Spain. He was captured and executed in Spain. He was captured and executed in 18111811

In 1813, José Morelos declared In 1813, José Morelos declared independence and formed a independence and formed a republicrepublic, or a , or a government of elected officialsgovernment of elected officials

Mexicans won their independence from Mexicans won their independence from Spain in Spain in 18211821, under the leadership of , under the leadership of Colonel Augustín de Iturbide.Colonel Augustín de Iturbide.

His reign was cut short when General His reign was cut short when General Santa Anna rebelled against him.Santa Anna rebelled against him.

He was He was exiledexiled, or forced to leave the , or forced to leave the country.country.

In 1824 Mexicans set up a republic with In 1824 Mexicans set up a republic with General Antonio Lopez de General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna Santa Anna as as president.president. Mexican Independence (5:00)Mexican Independence (5:00)

The U.S.-Mexican WarThe U.S.-Mexican War

In 1836, In 1836, TexasTexas declared declared itself independent from itself independent from Mexico. Mexico. ““Remember the Remember the AlamoAlamo””!!

In 1845, Texas joined the In 1845, Texas joined the United States through United States through annexationannexation, or adding , or adding territoryterritory

In 1846, the U.S. went to In 1846, the U.S. went to war with Mexico over war with Mexico over border disputes about border disputes about TexasTexas’s southern ’s southern boundary. boundary.

The U.S.-Mexican WarThe U.S.-Mexican War By 1848, American soldiers By 1848, American soldiers

occupied occupied Mexico City.Mexico City.

Eventually the Treaty of Eventually the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo Guadalupe-Hidalgo gave gave the U.S. the territories of the U.S. the territories of California, Utah, Nevada, California, Utah, Nevada, and the Rio Grande as the and the Rio Grande as the southern boundary for southern boundary for TexasTexas Treaty of G-H, Punk Rock Version Treaty of G-H, Punk Rock Version

(1:38)(1:38) In Mexico, many people In Mexico, many people

opposedopposed, or objected to, this , or objected to, this decisiondecision

La Reforma – The ReformLa Reforma – The Reform

In 1857, Benito Juárez, the first In 1857, Benito Juárez, the first Native AmericanNative American president of president of Mexico, promoted social equalityMexico, promoted social equality

He was opposed by the military He was opposed by the military and religious leadersand religious leaders

He spent his life fighting for He spent his life fighting for democracy, and also expelling democracy, and also expelling FranceFrance from Mexico when they from Mexico when they took over in 1864.took over in 1864.

He is remembered as a great He is remembered as a great leader every year on Benito leader every year on Benito Juárez day, the third Monday of Juárez day, the third Monday of each March.each March.

The Mexican RevolutionThe Mexican Revolution In 1910 In 1910 Emiliano Zapata Emiliano Zapata and and

Pancho Villa Pancho Villa led a revolution led a revolution with the goals of giving the with the goals of giving the poor poor “the lands, woods, and “the lands, woods, and water that the landlords or water that the landlords or bosses have taken from us.”bosses have taken from us.”

ZapataZapata’s forces swooped ’s forces swooped down and seized many large down and seized many large haciendas from the richhaciendas from the rich

One of their goals was One of their goals was land land reformreform, or dividing the land , or dividing the land among the pooramong the poor Mexican Revolution (5:00)Mexican Revolution (5:00) Pancho Villa & Emiliano Zapata

Any Questions?Any Questions?

¿Hay Preguntas?¿Hay Preguntas?