3 4 U Master Document

8/20/2019 3 4 U Master Document

1/21

Tuition Notes for 3.4U CoursePreface

PREFACE.......................................................................................................................11

THE CERTIFICATION SCHEME FOR WELDMENT I NSPECTION PERSONNEL –

ORGANISATION AND EXAMINATION.............................................................................11

1. The Certification Scheme for Weldment Inspection Personnel (CSWIP)............111.1. TWI..........................................................................................................11

1.1.1. Company Profi!....................................................................................11

1.1.". Sin#! So$r%! of E&p!r'i(!....................................................................11

1.1.). Non*profi' Company..............................................................................11

1.1.+. Go,a -!n!fi'(......................................................................................1"

1.1.. Confi/!n'ia Con($'an%y......................................................................1"

1.1.0. TWI C!r'ifi%a'ion L'/............................................................................1"

1.1.. C!r'ifi%a'ion Mana#!m!n' -oar/..........................................................1"

1.1.2. R!(pon(i,ii'i!( of '3! -oar/.................................................................1)

1.1.4. T3! Mana#!m!n' Commi''!!(5..............................................................1)

1.1.16. CSWIP C!r'ifi%a'ion for 7n/!r8a'!r In(p!%'or(.................................11.1.11. In(p!%'or Ca'!#ori!(............................................................................1

1.". T3! CSWIP ).+7 E&amina'ion.....................................................................1

1.".1. T3! T3!ory E&amina'ion.......................................................................1

1.".1.1. T3! 9$!('ion Pap!r(5......................................................................1

1.".". Pra%'i%a E&amina'ion............................................................................10

INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................17

THE OFFSHORE I ND7STR:...........................................................................................1

1. Historical and Financial Backgrond to !il Prodction...................................1"

1.). Finan%ia R!('rain'(......................................................................................1

1.+. Profi'( From Oi............................................................................................11.. Co($r! Of T3! S$!; Cana..........................................................................12

1..1. T3! Forma'ion of OPEC........................................................................12

1..". Ta&a'ion.................................................................................................12

1.0. Ca(3 Fo8.....................................................................................................12

1.. Ori#in( of Oi an/ Ga(..................................................................................14

1..1. T3! G!oo#y In1.2. Di(%o

1.1+. Go

%. &esign Specifications..........................................................................................$$

Issue 1.0Rev 0Issue date: 1 April 200

Pa!e 1 of 21


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Tuition Notes for 3.4U CourseTa"le of Contents

".1. Ma'!ria(.......................................................................................................))

".". Wor=in# Lif!.................................................................................................))

".). Loa/in#.........................................................................................................)+

".+. En R!#$a'ion(.............................................................)

+.".1. Sp!%ifi% G$i/an%!..................................................................................)0

+.".". En


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".16. Pip!in!(.....................................................................................................4)

CHAPTER 3.................................................................................................................101

LOADING O N OFFSHORE STR7CT7RES E NGINEERING CONCEPTS.............................161

1. #eneral Introdction.....................................................................................1/11.1. S'r!((......................................................................................................161

1.". Typ!( Of S'r!((......................................................................................16"

%. Properties !f *aterials....................................................................................1/,

".11. :i!/ S'r!((...............................................................................................160

".1". 7'ima'! T!n(i! S'r!n#'3 @7TS..............................................................160

".1). S'r!(( Con%!n'ra'ion.................................................................................16

".1).1. S'r!(( In'!n(i'y Fa%'or.......................................................................164

$. Crack Stopping !r Blnting..............................................................................111

+. 0esidal Stresses................................................................................................111

,. Forces !n ' Strctre.......................................................................................111

.1. T3! S'!a/y For%! On A S'r$%'$r! In A F$i/ Fo8.....................................111.1.1. Dra# Co!ffi%i!n'..................................................................................11"

.". Bi,ra'iona For%!( On A S'r$%'$r! In A F$i/ Fo8...................................11)

.). Wa

.).1. S'r$%'$ra D!(i#n For Wa

.).1.1. S'a'i% Loa/(..................................................................................11

.).1.". Dynami% Loa/in#.........................................................................110

.+. S'r$%'$ra R!(pon(! To Wa

CHAPTER 4.................................................................................................................119

DETERIORATION OF OFFSHORE STEEL STR7CT7RES.................................................114

1. #eneral Comments............................................................................................11%. 'ccidental &amage...........................................................................................11

$. Corrosion...........................................................................................................11

+. Fatige..............................................................................................................1%/

,. Wear..................................................................................................................1%1

-. 2m3rittlement....................................................................................................1%%

". Strctral &eterioration...................................................................................1%$

.1. S'a#! On! – Pro/$%'ion Of T3! Ra8 Ma'!ria(.........................................1")

.1.1. S'!!.....................................................................................................1")

.". S'a#! T8o * Fa,ri%a'ion..............................................................................1"

.".1. S'!! S'r$%'$r!( Fa,ri%a'ion D!f!%'(...................................................1"

.). S'a#! T3r!! In('aa'ion..............................................................................1"

.+. S'a#! Fo$r In*S!r


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%. Strctral &eterioration...................................................................................1$$

".1. S'a#! On! – Pro/$%'ion Of T3! Ra8 Ma'!ria(.........................................1))

".1.1. Con%r!'!...............................................................................................1))

".1.1.1. Por'an/ C!m!n'...........................................................................1))

".1.1.". Mi&in#..........................................................................................1)+".1.1.".1. S!''in#.................................................................................1)+

".1.1.".". Har/!nin#...........................................................................1)

".1.1.). T3! Impor'an%! Of Wa'!r.............................................................1)

".1.1.+. Con%r!'!........................................................................................1)

".1.1.+.1. A##r!#a'!(..........................................................................1)

".1.1.+.". Wa'!r Con'!n'.....................................................................1)2

".1.1.+.). Con%r!'! A( A Ma'!ria......................................................1)2

".1.". R!infor%!/ Con%r!'!............................................................................1)2

".1.). R!infor%!m!n' D!(i#n P3io(op3y......................................................1)4

".1.).1. Pr!*('r!((in#.................................................................................1+6

".1.+. Pro/$%'ion Pro,!m(...........................................................................1+1".". S'a#! T8o * Fa,ri%a'ion..............................................................................1+"

".".1. Con%r!'! S'r$%'$r! Fa,ri%a'ion D!f!%'(...............................................1+"

".). S'a#! T3r!! In('aa'ion..............................................................................1+"

".+. S'a#! Fo$r In*S!r


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".". T3! Ca'3o/i% R!a%'ion...............................................................................16

".). S!a8a'!r Corro(ion....................................................................................1"

".+. E!%'ro%3!mi%a A(p!%'( Of Corro(ion......................................................1"

$. 2lectrical Theor...............................................................................................1"$

CHAPTER 8.................................................................................................................177

T:PES OF CORROSION...............................................................................................1

1. Corrosion Cells.................................................................................................1""

1.1. Di((imiar M!'a Corro(ion C!................................................................1

1.1.1. T3! E!%'ro%3!mi%a For%! S!ri!(.......................................................1

1.1.1.1. Con%!n'ra'ion C! Corro(ion.......................................................126

1.1.1.". Pi''in#...........................................................................................121

1.1.1.). In'!r*#ran$ar Corro(ion...............................................................120

1.1.1.+. Grain -o$n/ary Corro(ion...........................................................12

1.1.1.. S'r!(( Corro(ion Cra%=in#............................................................122

1.1.1.0. Fr!''in# Corro(ion........................................................................1241.1.1.. Ero(ion Corro(ion.........................................................................141

1.1.1.2. Corro(ion Fa'i#$!.........................................................................14)

1.1.1.4. -ioo#i%a Corro(ion....................................................................14+

CHAPTER 9.................................................................................................................197

FACTORS AFFECTING CORROSION R ATES..................................................................14

1. Polarisation 'nd Corrosion 0ate......................................................................1"

%. 2nironmental Factors 'ffecting Corrosion 0ates...........................................%//

".1. T!mp!ra'$r!................................................................................................"66

".". Wa'!r Fo8 Ra'!........................................................................................."61

".). T3! pH Ba$! Of T3! Wa'!r......................................................................."6"

CHAPTER 10...............................................................................................................206

CORROSION PROTECTION..........................................................................................."60

1. Corrosion Protection.........................................................................................%/-

%. Cathodic Protection..........................................................................................%/"

".1. Ca'3o/i% Pro'!%'ion5 T3! Sa%rifi%ia Ano/! M!'3o/.................................."62

".1.1. A/


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1.1. In(p!%'ion R!$ir!m!n'(............................................................................""

%. Cathode Potential *easrement.......................................................................%%-

".1. Hi#3 P$ri'y in% E!%'ro/!( @RE............................................................""0

".". CP R!a/in#( 7'ii(in# Si

+.1.1. Pro%!/$r!.............................................................................................")6

+.1.1.1. Pro

$. Tpes of Welded 7oint........................................................................................%++

).1. T3! -$'' ?oin'............................................................................................."+

).". T ?oin'......................................................................................................"+

).). Lap ?oin'....................................................................................................."+

+. Tpes of Weld.....................................................................................................%+"

,. Welding *etallrg...........................................................................................%+"

.1. F$r'3!r Con(i/!ra'ion( for W!/ Con'ro..................................................."+4

-. Welding Terms...................................................................................................%,/

0.1. Pa'! Pr!para'ion T!rm(.............................................................................."6

0.". T!rm( D!finin# W!/ F!a'$r!(..................................................................."1

0.".1. W!/in# Pro%!(( T!rminoo#y.............................................................""

0.). W!/!/ No/!( an/ No;;!(........................................................................")

". Weld &efect Terminolog..................................................................................%,+

.1. Cra%=(........................................................................................................."

.". Ca


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2.1. R!por'in# D!f!%'( in W!/(........................................................................"0"

2.". Dim!n(iona C3!%=in# W!/ Param!'!r(..................................................."0"

2.".1. T3! W!/in# In('i'$'! M!a($rin# Ga$#!............................................."0"

2.".". W!/in# In('i'$'! L!# L!n#'3 Ga$#!..................................................."0)

CHAPTER 13...............................................................................................................265

7LTRASONIC I NSPECTION..........................................................................................."0

1. 5ltrasonic Inspection........................................................................................%-,

%. Prodcing 5ltrasond.......................................................................................%-,

".1. W3a' I( 7'ra(oni%...................................................................................."0

".". Fr!$!n%y of '3! Wa

.+. T3! Dir!%'ion of Propa#a'ion of an 7'ra(oni% Wa

.+.". La8 of R!fra%'ion................................................................................"26.+.".1. T3! R!f!%'!/ Compr!((ion Wa


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1".1. Cai,ra'ion an/ R!f!r!n%! -o%=(............................................................"44

1".1.1. R!f!r!n%! -o%=................................................................................"44

1".1.". Cai,ra'ion -o%=..............................................................................."44

1".". Pr!*%ai,ra'ion C3!%=(..............................................................................)66

1".".1. CRT Di(pay......................................................................................)661".".". Tim! -a(! Lin!ari'y..........................................................................)66

1".".). Lin!ari'y of Ampifi%a'ion.................................................................)66

1".). Cai,ra'ion Pro%!/$r! for 166 mm T3i%=n!((..........................................)61

1".).1. S!''in# S!n(i'i

).". Ma#n!'i% Fi!/............................................................................................)10+. Fl< &ensit (B)................................................................................................$1

+.1. R!man!n%! or R!(i/$a Ma#n!'i(m...........................................................)")

+.". R!'!n'i

+.. R!$%'an%!..................................................................................................)"+

+.0. D!ma#n!'i(in#............................................................................................)"

+.0.1. M!a($rin# '3! R!(i/$a Fi!/..............................................................)"

+.. AC Ap!r'$r! Coi........................................................................................)"

+.2. R!

.1.).". Di(a/


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.".). Di(a/

.+.".1. T3! Ri#3' Han/ R$!....................................................................)+6

.+.). A/

4.).1. 7'ra


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10.+. Fi!/ S'r!n#'3 @+......................................................................................)01

10.. In= Con/i'ion @......................................................................................)01

10.0. G!om!'ry of '3! Wor= Pi!%! @0...............................................................)01

10.. Effi%i!n%y of '3! Ma#n!'i% Fi!/ Con/i'ion( @......................................)01

1". #lossar of Terms and ;ist of Standards 'pplica3le to *PI..........................$-11.1. Go((ary....................................................................................................)01

1.". MPI S'an/ar/(..........................................................................................)0)

CHAPTER 15...............................................................................................................365

PHOTOGRAPH:...........................................................................................................)0

1. Introdction to Photograph.............................................................................$-,

1.1. Li#3' an/ P3o'o#rap3y...............................................................................)00

%. The Camera.......................................................................................................$-"

".1. L!n( Ap!r'$r!.............................................................................................)0

".". S3$''!r Sp!!/..............................................................................................)02

".). R!a'ion(3ip -!'8!!n Ap!r'$r! an/ S3$''!r Sp!!/....................................)04".+. Ho8 Di#i%am( Compar! 'o Con

$. Focsing the Camera........................................................................................$"/

).1. T3! L!n( Fo%a L!n#'3...............................................................................)1

).". D!p'3 of Fi!/.............................................................................................)"

).). Framin# '3! S$,!%'....................................................................................)+

+. ;ight and 5nder4ater Photograph.................................................................$",

+.1. Coo$r A,(orp'ion......................................................................................)0

+.". Lo(( of Li#3' In'!n(i'y................................................................................)0

,. 'rtificial ;ight for 5nder4ater Photograph...................................................$""

.1. E!%'roni% S'ro,! Li#3'in#.........................................................................)2.1.1. S'ro,! Pa%!m!n'.................................................................................)2

-. Close6p Weld *osaic Photograph.................................................................$"

". Specific 'pplications for !ffshore Photograph..............................................$1

.1. MPI P3o'o#rap3y.......................................................................................)21

.". S'!r!o*p3o'o#rap3y an/ P3o'o#ramm!'ry..................................................)2"

. Specific 0e:irements for Inspection Photographs..........................................$+

. 0!8 *onted Cameras....................................................................................$,

1/. 0ecording Photographs and Care of 2:ipment............................................$,

16.1. Car! of E$ipm!n'....................................................................................)20

Issue 1.0Rev 0

Issue date: 1 April 200

Pa!e 10 of 21


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PREFACE

The Certification Scheme For WeldmentInspection Personnel – Organisation andExamination

1 The Certification Scheme for Weldment Inspection Personnel !CSWIP"

C'(IP is an accreditation "od) approved ") t*e U+ ,overn-ents /oard ofTrade and Industr). C'(IP is a su"sidiar) of T(I Certification *ic* isincorporated into T*e (eldin! Institute T(I.

11TWI

Is a orld centre for -aterials oinin! tec*nolo!) and is t*e parentor!anisation for T(I Certification.

111 Compan# Profile

T(I 5td t*e operatin! ar- of T*e (eldin! Institute is one of t*e orld6sfore-ost independent researc* and tec*nolo!) or!anisations. /ased at,reat A"in!ton near Ca-"rid!e since 1&4 T(I provides industr) it*en!ineerin! solutions in structures incorporatin! eldin! and associatedtec*nolo!ies surfacin! coatin! cuttin! etc. t*rou!* 7

Infor-ation

Advice and tec*nolo!) transfer

Consultanc) and proect support

Contract R89

Trainin! and ualification

Personal -e-"ers*ip

11$ Single So%rce of Expertise

T(I 5td is t*e onl) sin!le source of e;pertise in ever) aspect of oinin!

tec*nolo!) for en!ineerin! -aterials 7 -etals plastics cera-ics andco-posites.

11& 'on(profit Compan#

T(I is a non7profit distri"utin! co-pan) li-ited ") !uarantee and oned") its


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Tuition Notes for 3.4U CourseT*e C'(IP 'c*e-e

11) *lo+al ,enefits

>ver 4#0 s?illed staff are dedicated to *elpin! industr) appl) all for-s of oinin! tec*nolo!) safel) and efficientl). 'o-e 3200 co-panies andor!anisations 7 representin! virtuall) all sectors of -anufacturin! industr)fro- over 0 countries around t*e !lo"e 7 "enefit fro- T(I services.

11- Confidential Cons%ltanc#

T(I underta?es contract R 8 9 in confidence for "ot* industr) and!overn-ents. As a consultant it can offer individual e;perts or tea-s a"leto *elp solve pro"le-s of all ?inds related to -aterials oinin!. It ill sendits specialists an)*ere in t*e orld at s*ort notice on trou"les*ootin!-issions.

11. TWI Certification /td

T*is is a T(I ,roup co-pan) for-ed in 1&&3.

110 Certification anagement ,oard

T*e "od) it* overall responsi"ilit) for t*e activities of T(I Certification5td is t*e Certification


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Acts as t*e ,overnin! /oard for Certification in ?eepin! it*

t*e reuire-ents of t*e industries served ") t*e sc*e-e

In turn appoints specialist


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Issue 1.0Rev 0


Pa!e 14 of 21


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1115 CSWIP Certification for 6nder7ater Inspectors

Reuire-ent docu-ents: all C'(IP e;a-ination reuire-entsdocu-ents are availa"le free of c*ar!e and -a) "e donloaded fro- t*ee"site .csip.co-.

1111 Inspector Categories

T*ere are four cate!ories of certification in t*e Underater Inspectorsc*e-e:

3.1U 9iver Inspector

3.2U 9iver Inspector

3.3U R> Inspector

3.4U Underater Inspection Controller

1$ The CSWIP &)6 ExaminationT*is is an approved course for preparation for t*e e;a-ination. T*ee;a-ination itself consists of to -ain ele-ents a t*eoretical e;a-inationand a practical assess-ent.

1$1 The Theor# Examination

T*e t*eor) e;a-ination is in 3 parts A / and C. Parts A and / ill "eone t*ree *our lon! paper and part C ill consist of one paper for *ic*3 *ours is alloed.

1$11 The 8%estion Papers4

Part A 7 #0 -ulti7c*oice uestions

Part / 7 ,eneral inspection principles and applications D si;ritten anser uestions fro- five sections. Eou -ust anser oneuestion fro- eac* section and one additional uestion fro- an)of t*e five sections. T*e sections contain uestions a"out:


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Non7destructive testin! !eneral ?noled!e

Part C 7 Application aspects of inspection: ei!*t ritten anseruestions fro- seven sections. Eou -ust anser one uestionfro- eac* section and one additional uestion fro- an) of t*e fivesections. T*e sections contain uestions a"out:

Re-otel) applied inspection s)ste-s

Recordin! and processin! data

Fualit) assurance

Inspection plannin! and "riefin!

Capa"ilities and li-itations of R>s and

su"-ersi"les

Care and deplo)-ent of euip-ent1$$ Practical Examination

T*e Practical e;a-ination is in $ parts:

9ata recordin!

Co--entin! on t*e video inspection of a co-ponent

(ritten reports

(ritten description of a co-ponent

Tec*nical drain! evaluation

Tele; prGcis

(or? sc*edulin!

Issue 1.0Rev 0


Pa!e 1 of 21


17/21

Tuition Notes for 3.4U CourseC*apter 4

T*is pa!e is "lan?


Pa!e 1$ of 21


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Tuition Notes for 3.4U CourseT)pes of Corrosion

Issue 1.0Rev 0


Pa!e 1% of 21


19/21

Tuition Notes for 3.4U CourseC*apter %

T*is pa!e is "lan?


Pa!e 1& of 21


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Tuition Notes for 3.4U CourseC*apter %

T*is pa!e is "lan?

Issue 1.0Rev 0


Pa!e 20 of 21


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