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BIOLOGY CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS

Fourth Edition

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Neil A. Campbell • Jane B. Reece • Lawrence G. Mitchell • Martha R. Taylor

From PowerPoint® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections

CHAPTER 20Unifying Concepts of Animal

Structure and Function

Modules 20.1 – 20.7

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• The function of any part of

an animal results from itsunique structure

• Consider the gecko, a smalllizard commonlyfound in the tropics

– A gecko can walk up a walland across ceilings

– How does it do that?

Climbing the Walls 

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• The explanation relates tohairs, called setae, on the

gecko’s toes

– They are arrangedin rows

– Each seta ends inmany split endscalled spatulae,

 which haverounded tips

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– The ability to “stick” to surfaces results fromattractions between molecules on the spatulae

and molecules on the surface

– The structure of the gecko’s feet leads to aunique function

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• The correlation between structure and functionis one of biology’s most fundamental concepts

20.1 Structure fits function in the animal body

THE HIERARCHY OF STRUCTURALORGANIZATION IN AN ANIMAL

Figure 20.1

ForearmWrist

Finger 1

Palm

Finger 3

Shaft

Barb

Hook

BarbuleFeather structure

WING

Shaft

Vane

Finger 2Bone structure

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• Structure and

function arecorrelated ateach level in

the structuralhierarchy of ananimal’s body 

20.2 Animal structure has a hierarchy

Figure 20.2

A. CELLULAR LEVEL:Muscle cell

B. TISSUE LEVEL:Muscle tissue

C. ORGAN LEVEL:Heart

D. ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL:Circulatory system

E. ORGANISM LEVEL:Many organ systemsfunctioning together 

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•  A tissue is a cooperative of many similar cellsthat perform a specific function

•  Animals have four major categories of tissue

– Epithelial tissue

– Connective tissue

– Muscle tissue

– Nervous tissue

20.3 Tissues are groups of cells with a commonstructure and function

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• Epithelial tissue occurs as sheets of closelypacked cells

– It covers surfaces and lines internal organs and

cavities

– Examples: epidermis, stomach lining

• The structure of each type of epithelium fits itsfunction

20.4 Epithelial tissue covers and lines the body andits parts

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Figure 20.4

Free surface of epithelium

BasementMembrane(extracellular matrix)

Underlyingtissue Cellnuclei

A. SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM(lining the air sacs of the lung)

B. SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM(forming a tube in the kidney)

C. SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

(lining the intestine)

D. STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM(lining the esophagus)

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• Connective tissue is characterized by sparsecells

– The cells manufacture and secrete an

extracellular matrix

– The matrix is composed of fibers embedded in aliquid, solid, or gel

20.5 Connective tissue binds and supports othertissues

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• There are six major types of connective tissue

Figure 20.5

Cell

A. LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE(under the skin)

Collagenfiber 

Other fibers

B. ADIPOSE TISSUE

Fatdroplets

Cellnucleus

C. BLOOD

White bloodcells

Red bloodcells

Plasma

D. FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE(forming a ligament)

Cellnucleus

Collagenfibers

E. CARTILAGE(at the end of a bone)

Cells

Matrix

F. BONE

Centralcanal

Matrix

Cells

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• Skeletal muscle is responsible for voluntary body movements

• Cardiac muscle pumps blood

• Smooth muscle moves the walls of internalorgans such as the stomach

20.6 Muscle tissue functions in movement

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Figure 20.6

Unit of musclecontraction

A. SKELETAL MUSCLE

Musclefiber 

Nucleus

B. CARDIAC MUSCLE

Musclefiber 

Nucleus

Junction betweentwo cells

C. SMOOTH MUSCLE

Muscle fiber 

Nucleus

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• The branching neurons of nervous tissuetransmit nerve signals that help control bodyactivities

20.7 Nervous tissue forms a communicationnetwork 

Figure 20.7

Cell body

Nucleus

Cellextensions