Date post: | 28-Jul-2015 |
Category: |
Education |
Upload: | irfan-hussain |
View: | 28 times |
Download: | 0 times |
Anxiety in children
Infant Mortality
Foreign Exchange
Anxiety
Anxiety is a general feeling of apprehension or worry and is a normal reaction to stressful situation
Anxiety disorders are among the most common mental, emotional and behavioral problem to occur
Normal Fear Age Normal Fear
Birth-6 month Loud noises, loss of physical support
7 – 12 month Strangers, unexpected objects
1-5 Year Dark, Animals, The Toilet
6-12 Year Supernatural, Disease, Punishment
12-18 year Performance in school, Appearance
Guidelines to decrease AnxietyChildren should be encouraged to talk
about their fearsThe Fears object should be
neutralized by associating it with something positive
Situations that could cause fear, such as starting nursery school, could become less fearful when the school is visited beforehand
Parents should provide a secure heaven by dealing with their children’s fears in a patient and comforting manner
In the event of divorce and separation, the reason should be explained to the child
Infant Mortality Infant mortality is the death of a child less than
one year of age. Infant mortality is the death of a child before the child’s first birthday.
Globally, ten million infants and children die each year before their fifth birthday. Out of which 99% belong to developing countries.
This rate is often used as an indicator for the level of health in a country.
Causes of infant mortalityNinety-nine percent of infant death occur in
developing countries, and eighty – six percent of these death are due to infection , premature birth, complication during delivery.
Environmental and social barriers prevent access to basic medical resources and thus contribute to an increasing infant mortality rate.
Common causes are preventable with low- cost measure.
Infant mortality rate in PakistanTotal: 57.48 deaths/1,000 live births
Male: 60.67 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 54.13 deaths/1,000 live births (2014 est.)
Foreign Exchange
What is Foreign ExchangeForeign Exchange is the mechanism by which the
currency of one country gets converted into the currency of another country
The conversion of currency is done by the banks who deal in Foreign Exchange. These bank maintain stocks of one currencies in the form of balances with banks
Determination of foreign Exchange
Interest RateInflation RateGovernment budget deficit or surplusPolitical condition
Foreign Exchange RiskExposure to exchange rate movement.Any sales or purchase of foreign currency
entails foreign exchange risk.Foreign exchange transaction affected the
net asset or net liability position of the buyer/seller.
Carrying net assets or net liability position in any currency gives rise to exchange risk.