3 APA 6th Edition Citation and References Guide

8/12/2019 3 APA 6th Edition Citation and References Guide

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American PsychologicalAssociation [APA] Citation

GuideBased on the APA Manual 6thEdition

ISBN-13 : 781433805615

1 2012 Grand Canyon University


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Paper Format

Slides 4-10

In-Text Citations

Slides 11-42

References

Slides 43-85

Table of Contents

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American Psychological Association. (2012).APA style. Retrieved from

http://apastyle.apa.org/

The OWL at Purdue. (2012).APA formatting and style guide. Retrieved

from

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/

The Writing Center @ The University of Wisconsin-Madison. (2011).APA

documentation guide. Retrieved from

http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/DocAPA.html

APA Websites

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http://apastyle.apa.org/http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/DocAPA.htmlhttp://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/DocAPA.htmlhttp://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/DocAPA.htmlhttp://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/http://apastyle.apa.org/


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Formatting a Scholarly

PaperPart 1

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To ensure compliance with APA style requirements,use the current Merriam-Websters CollegiateDictionaryas a default for spelling words. Thedictionary can also be used as a resource forhyphenation, capitalization, etc.

Format: Spelling and Word Usage

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Include authors name (byline) and institutional

affiliation. Authors name should include full first name, middle

initial, and last name.

Affiliation identifies the location where the author, orauthors, conducted the investigation. If there is noinstitutional affiliation, list the city and state of theauthors residency below the authors name.

For GCU students the affiliation should be Grand CanyonUniversity followed by the course prefix and number.

Format: Title Page

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Page numbers start with title page by settingheader feature in your software. Page number isflush right.

Running heads should include several words from

title. For specific guidelines on formatting runningheads, refer to the APA Manual (2010), pp. 229-230.

See example of a title page in APA Manual (2010), p.41.

Format: Title Page

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Series in a sentence

To identify elements of a series within a paragraph, uselowercase letters in parentheses, for example:

The participant's three choices were (a) working with

another participant, (b) working with a team, and (c)working alone. (APA, 2010, p. 64)

Format: Elements in Series

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Use figuresfor numbers 10 and above (12 of the

subjects); for numbers above and below 10 grouped forcomparison (2 of 16 responses); for numbersrepresenting time, dates, and age (3 years ago, 2 hours15 minutes); for numbers denoting a specific place in aseries, book, or table (Table 3, Group 3, page 32).

Use wordsfor numbers below 10 that do not represent

precise measurements (eight items, nine pages); fornumbers beginning a sentence, title, or heading (Forty-eight percent responded; Ten subjects improved, and 4subjects did not).

Format: Numbers

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In-Text Citations

Part 2

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When you use material from a source, you need to

document that source. All quotations, paraphrases,and summaries must be cited in text.

Using material from a source without citing thatsource is considered plagiarism; please reference

GCUs policy on plagiarism in the University PolicyHandbook.

In-Text Citations

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Two things to remember above all:

If an entry appears in text, it must have a correspondingentry in the Reference list unless it is a personalcommunication or a major classical work. Similarly, ifan item appears in the References, then it must be citedsomewhere in text.

Enough information must be given in text for the readerto locate the item on the Reference list withoutdifficulty.

In-Text Citations

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In-Text Citations

AARCTICAuthorityAccountabilityReasonablenessCredibility

Trustworthiness IntegrityConfidence

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Purpose: In-text citations give the author

the AARCTICwithout the frostbite ofplagiarism.

Consequently, any borrowed information,

whether quoted directly, summarized, orparaphrased must exhibit a clear indicationof its origin.

In-Text Citations

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Include as much of the following informationin a citation within the body of a paper as possible:

Author Absence of an author allows the use of a truncated version of the

source documents title.

Copyright Year

Location within the source document (e.g., page, paragraph,or section number).

Summaries and paraphrases do not necessarily require thelocation element, but it is not wrong to include it.

Standard in-text citation: (Authors last name, year, p. #)

In-Text Citations

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General Rules:

An author mentioned within the body of a sentence caninclude a first name, if desired.

Only surnames are represented in a parenthetical citation.

If two or more authors share the surname, then use first andmiddle initials to differentiate them. For example:

Sentence body: A. B. Smith (2004) contradicted C. D. Smith(2006) when she said

Parenthetical: (Smith, A. B., 2004) (Smith, C. D., 2006).

(Note: inverted name order and the space between theinitials.)

In-Text Citations: Authors

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One or two authors:

Always use the surnames of both authors throughoutthe paper.

Always cite authors in the order they appear on thesource material.

Multiple author punctuation: Authors of a source mentioned within a sentence use the

word and.

Authors represented in the parenthetical use theampersand (&) (APA, 2010, p. 175).


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Three to five authors:

Cite all authors the first time a reference occurs withinan entire paper; subsequent citations require only thesurname of the first author followed by et al.

(Note: there is no period following the et but there is

a period after the al.)


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Six or more authors:

Cite only the surname of the first author followed by etal.(Note: There is no period following the et but there is aperiod after the al.)

No author Use a few words of the items title or the entire title (if it

is short) in place of the author.

Use quotation marks (for article) or italics (for book)around the title identifier.


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Groups as authors.

Corporations, associations, government agencies, studygroups, etc.

Usually spelled out each time they are used in-text.

Remember: The key is to be absolutely sure that the readercan match an in-text citation to its entry in the referencelist.


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Anonymous vs. Unknown: Authors are only ever referred to as anonymous when

they have chosen to be so. In-text citation will list the author in the parenthetical as

Anonymous. Reference list will list the author as Anonymous.

An author is unknown when there is no identifyinginformation at all. In-text citation will replace the author designation with one

or two words from the title of the work. Reference list will promote the title of the work to the

location of the author.


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Four-digit year is standard.

Add alphabetical designation for works by the sameauthor published in the same year.

Example: (Johnson, 1991a, 1991b, 1991c).

Use n.d. for no date. This is only acceptable if no date is represented

anywhere on a work, website, etc.

Use periods after the nand the d, and do not put aspace between the two.

In-Text Citations: Dates

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In-Text Citations: Page Numbers

Provide a location reference (e.g., page numbers, or

part references) for all direct quotations.

There is a space between the location referencedesignation and its number or title.

Notations and Abbreviations:

Page: p.

Pages: pp.

Paragraph: para.

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(Sadler, Fine, & Grace, 1999)

(Cheek & Hoa, 1981, p. 332)* (Cheek & Hoa, 1981, pp. 332-333)*

(Bow, 2000, para. 1)

In-Text Citations: Examples

* Note: There is no comma between the first author andthe ampersand when there are only two authors in thecitation.

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Includes anything from letters, memos, e-mail,

telephone conversations, personal interviews, etc. Because it is nonretrievable data, personal

communications do not appear in the References list.They appear in-text only.

(Note: Personal communications can be called intoquestion for validity and credibility. Use this type of sourcesparingly.)

In-Text Citations: PersonalCommunication

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Provide the initials, the surname, and provide as exact

a date as possible. J. Burnitz (personal communication, September 20,

2007) indicated

A recent interview (J. Burnitz, personal communication,

September 20, 2007) revealed the reluctance

In-Text Citations: PersonalCommunication

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Applies to Titles and Headings.

Capitalize major words. Conjunctions, articles, and prepositions are not

considered major.

Capitalize all words of four letters or more.

Capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound. Capitalize the first word after a colon or dash. (APA,

2010, p. 101).

In-Text Citations: Capitalization

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Signal phrases may require an in-text citation to be

broken apart Standard citation: (Authors last name, year, p. #).

Author in signal phrase:

Schwartz (2003) contended, (p. 3).

Research (Cummings, 2002) suggested that (para. 2),but there are still conclusions yet to be reached.

(Note: A comma is not needed before a quote when a quotationfalls seamlessly into the flow of the sentence.)

In-Text Citations: Signal Phrases

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Short quotes with fewer than 40 words are

incorporated into text and enclosed by doublequotation marks. Parenthetical citations appear after the end quotation

marks, but before the final punctuation, such as aperiod or a comma.

Citation information not contained within a signalphrase immediatelyfollows the quote after the enddouble quotation marks, no matter where it appearsin the sentence.

In-Text Citations: Short Quotes

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Used for 40 words or more (APA, 2010, pp. 92, 171).

Indent the entire quotation one tab, or the same as anindentation at the beginning of a regular paragraph (halfinch).

If the block quote incorporates more than one paragraph,indent the first line of the subsequent paragraphs an

additional tab (equal to one half inch). Do not use quotation marks at the beginning and end of a

block quote. Parenthetical citation appears afterthe final punctuation mark

within the block quote.

In-Text Citations: Block Quote

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Miele (1993) found the following:

The placebo effect, which had been verified inprevious studies disappeared when behaviors werestudied in this manner. The behaviors were notexhibited again even when real drugs were given. (p.

40)(Note: The use of double quotes within the block quote ispermissible, and the comma appears within the doublequotation marks.

In-Text Citations: Block Quote

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Altering the appearance of quotations is permissible

with the appropriate notation. Errors in the Original text.

Because quotations must be an exactduplication oforiginal material, sometimes it is necessary to indicate

the legitimacy of the reproduction, such as a specialspelling or an error that appears in the original.

Insert [sic] immediately after the error appears withinthe quote.

In-Text Citations: Quotes

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Omission: For an omission of a word or words, use the ellipses

(. . .), not 3 periods in a row. If the omission appears in the middle of a sentence, use

only the three period ellipses.

If the omission appears at the end of a sentence in the

quote, use a four-period ellipses to indicate that the finalpoint is the end of the sentence.

Do not use ellipses at the very beginning or at the very endof a quotation.


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Alterations to quotations that do not require a

notation: Making the first letter of the first word in a quotation

uppercase or lower case depending on the context.

Change ending punctuation to fit the syntax.


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Borrowed information that is not reproduced

verbatim must be changed significantly in wordingand structure when used in-text.

It muststill be cited using the rules previouslymentioned, though a location reference (e.g., page or

paragraph number) is not mandatory. Signal phrases are not mandatory for all paraphrases

and summaries, but it is still wise to use them.

In-Text Citations:Summaries and Paraphrases

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Tables vs. Figures

Tables typically display exact values or comparisonsandfigures display qualitative data like pictures, graphs anddrawings. They are labeled differently. Table labels aredisplayed above the table and labels for the figures aredisplayed below the figure. For examples, see APA, 2010,

pp. 52-53.

In-Text Citations: Visuals

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Elements represented in Reference entries in order of importance: Author

Editor Copyright date Title of work directly ascribed to the author

Edition Title of harboring entity (e.g., magazine, journal name,

newspaper, website, etc.) Publication information

Publisher information Volume and issue number Page numbers Retrieval address or location (e.g., DOI number, website URL,

or housing database)

References: Must-Haves

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Remember the Cardinal Rule: References cited in text

must appear in the References list; conversely, eachentry in the References list must be cited in text.

References: Cardinal Rule

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Begin the reference list on a new page. Using References as the title or Reference if there is

only a single source: Title is center aligned. If the references take up more than one page, do not re-type

References on sequential pages, simply continue the list.

For each entry, use a hanging indent: The first line is flushleft with remaining lines of the reference note indented ahalf inch.

Alphabetize entries by authors last name. Double space. Use one space after all punctuation.

References: Format

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References

Elkind, D. (1978).The child's reality: Three developmental

themes.New York, NY: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Issac, G. (1995). Is solar disorder timed?Adolescents, 30(118),273-276.

Sample References Page

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Single Author

Use only a complete surname and the first and middle initialsof any author.

Surname appears first followed by a comma.

First initial period space middle initial period space.

Multiple Authors

Invert the order of the surnames and the initials of all authors.

Separate authors from one another with a comma.

Use an ampersand (&) before the last author.

References: Authors

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Editor with no author. Place and represent the editors name as if it were the author.

Immediately follow the name with (Ed.).for a single editor and(Eds.).when there is more than one editor.(Note: The E is capitalized, there is a period after the abbreviationand a period after the closing parentheses.)

No author or editor:

Promote the title of the piece to main importance. Alphabetize by the first word of the title that is not an article

(e.g., the, a, an).

References: Authors

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Same Author Variables

Same author, same year Apply an alphabetized designation immediately after the

year. Use this identifier in-text, as well. Arrange alphabetically by title.

ReferencesJones, J. R. (2001a). Control.Jones, J. R. (2001b). Roles of .

References: Authors

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Give (in parentheses) the year the work was

published immediately after the author information. A period belongs after the end parentheses. Standard.

(1995).

Monthly items. (1995, January).

(Note: All months must be completely spelled out. Do notabbreviate.)

References: Publication Dates

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Daily and weekly items.

(1995, June 5). Any work accepted for publication, but not yet

printed.

(in press).

Work with no available date. (n.d.).

References: Publication Dates

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Initial Capitalization

Capitalize only the first word, the first word after acolon, and proper nouns in titles of books and articles.

Agony and you: How to survive really long, dry presentations.

Do not capitalize the second word of a hyphenated

compound. (APA, 2010, p. 185)

References: Titles

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Do not use quotation marks or underlining as title

designators. Use italicsfor titles of books, newspapers, magazines, andjournals. Note: For articles in periodicals, the rules of capitalization and

italicizing are split between the title of the article and the titleof the periodical:

Use special capitalization rules for the actual article, but donot italicize.

Italicize the name of the periodical, but use the standardHeading capitalization rules.

References: Titles

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Title components within a reference listing requireending punctuation.

Use a period unless there is a specific endingpunctuation in the title.

References: Titles

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Book Edition.

Edition information appears in parentheses immediatelyfollowing the title before the period. Use the designation of ed. with a lower-case e and a

period.

Example:American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of

the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington,DC: Author.

References: Editions

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Books

City of publication comma space state abbreviation colon space name of publisher period.

Example: Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

References:Publication Information

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Periodicals (Journals, Magazines, Newspapers, etc.)

Immediately following the title of the periodical, providea volume number.

Include the issue number for journals if, and only if, eachissue begins on page 1.

Include the range of page numbers of the specific articlewithin the periodical.

References: Publication Information

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Periodical Title(italicized) comma space volumenumber(italicized) open parentheses issue number

close parentheses comma space page range period.(Note: Do not include any designations or abbreviations, suchas vol. for volume number or p. or pp. for page numbers,except where indicated in the APA manual.)

Example:

Borman, W. C. (2001). Role of supervisor.Journal ofApplied Psychology, 78(2), 443-449.

References: Publication Information

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Direct readers as closely as possible to the

information being cited whenever possible,reference specific documents rather than home or

menu pages.

Reasons why it may not be possible to direct the

reader to the precise document: The parent website or organization archives its articles

after a period of time.

The item exists behind a firewall.

References: Publication

Information

Electronic Sources

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R f P bli ti I f ti


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If the an electronic reference has not been assigned a

DOI number: Include retrieval information at the end of a reference

note in the form of the URL.

At the end of the reference note, use Retrieved

from followed by the URL. Do not put a period afterthe URL. Do not hyperlink the URL.

A date is not required as part of the retrievalinformation.

References: Publication Information Internet URL

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Examples

Herbst-Damm, K. L., & Kulik, J. A. (2005). Volunteer support,

marital status, and the survival times of terminally ill

patients. Health Psychology, 24, 225-229. doi:10.1037/0278-

6133.24.2.225

Jones, G. (2001). Role of reference elements. Retrieved from

http://jbr.org/article.html

References: DOI vs. URL

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S l R f N


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Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work. Location: Publisher.

Daresh, J. C. (2004). Beginning the assistant principalship:A practical guide for new school administrators.

Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin.

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Sample Reference Note:Authored Book


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Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (Year). Title of work. Location:Publisher.

Feldman, P. R. (Ed.). (1997). British women poets of the

romantic era. Baltimore, MD: Johns HopkinsUniversity.

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Sample Reference Note:Edited Book

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Electronic Book with DOI:

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work. doi:xxxxxxxxxx

Schiraldi, G. R. (2001). The post-traumatic stress disorder

sourcebook: A guide to healing, recovery, andgrowth[Adobe Digital Editions version].doi:10.1036/0071393722

Sample Reference Note:Electronic Version of a Print Book

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Electronic Book with URL:

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of work.Retrieved from http://www.xxxxx

Shotton, M.A. (1989). Computer addiction?A study ofcomputer dependency[DX Reader version].Retrieved from http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/html/index.asp

Sample Reference Note:Electronic Version of a Print Book

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Sample Reference Note:


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Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work. Retrieved from

http://www.xxxxx

OKeefe, E. (n.d.). Egoism and the crisis in Western values.Retrieved from http://www.onlineoriginals.com/

showitem.asp?itemID=135

Sample Reference Note:Electronic-Only Book

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Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of chapter or entry.

In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book(pp.xxx-xxx). Location: Publisher.

Haybron, D. M. (2008). Philosophy and the science of

subjective well-being. In M. Eid & R. J. Larsen (Eds.),The science of subjective well-being(pp. 17-43). New

York, NY: Guilford Press.

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Sample Reference Note:Selection from an Edited Book

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Entry title. (Year). In A. Editor (Ed.), Title of referencework(xx ed., Vol. xx, pp. xxx-xxx). Location:Publisher.

Heuristic. (2007). In J. Smith (Ed.), The book of words (7thed., Vol. 3, pp. 65-66). New York, NY: Jones and Lawrence.

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Sample Reference Note:Entry in Reference Work

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Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article.Journal Title,

Volume(Issue), xxx-xxx. doi:xxxxxxxxxxx

Herbst-Damm, K. L., & Kulik, J. A. (2005). Volunteersupport, marital status, and the survival times of

terminally ill patients. Health Psychology, 24, 225-229. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225

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Sample Reference Note:Journal Article With DOI



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Volume(Issue), xxx-xxx.

Light, M. A., & Light, I. H. (2008). The geographicexpansion of Mexican immigration in the United

States and its implications for local lawenforcement. Law Enforcement Executive ForumJournal, 8(1), 73-82.

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Sample Reference Note:Journal Article Without DOI (Print)



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Volume(Issue), xxx-xxx. Retrieved fromhttp://www.xxxxxxxx

Sillick, T. J., & Schutte, N. S. (2006). Emotional intelligenceand self-esteem mediate between perceived early

parental love and adult happiness. E-Journal ofApplied Psychology, 2(2), 38-48. Retrieved fromhttp://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap

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Sample Reference Note:Journal Article Without DOI (Internet)



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Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of work.Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxxxxx

Black, C. (2011). Women and addiction: From Betty Fordto Amy Winehouse. Retrieved fromhttp://www.psychologytoday. com/blog/the-many-faces-addiction/201107/women-

and-addiction-betty-ford-amy-winehouse

Note: This is the basic format for stand-alone articles on theInternet. If there is no author, move the title to the authorposition.

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Sample Reference Note:Informally Published WorkWebsite


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Article in a Magazine PrintAuthor, A. A. (Year, Month). Article title. Magazine Title,

Volume(Issue), xxx-xxx.

Mehta, P. B. (1998, June). Exploding myths. New Republic,290(25), 17-19.

Article in a Magazine OnlineAuthor, A. A. (Year, Month). Article title. Magazine Title,

Volume(Issue). Retrieved from http://www.homepageClay, R. (2008, June). Science vs. ideology: Psychologists fight back

about the misuse of research. Monitor on Psychology,39(6). Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/monitor

Sample Reference Note: Magazine

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Article in a Newspaper PrintAuthor, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Newspaper Title,

pp. xx, xx.Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic,

social status. The Washington Post,pp. A1, A4.

Article in Newspaper OnlineAuthor, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Newspaper Title.

Retrieved from http://www.homepage.com

Brody, J. E. (2007, December 11). Mental reserves keep brain agile.The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com

Sample Reference Note: Newspaper

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See the 6thedition of the APA Manual, Chapter 7, for

additional examples and more specific information onpreparing reference notes for a wider variety ofsources, especially for electronic sources such aseBooks and online sources including data sets,software, and discussion forums.

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For Further Examples


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American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the

American Psychological Association(6thed.). Washington, DC: Author.

American Psychological Association. (2012).APA style. Retrieved from

http://apastyle.apa.org/

Cornell University Library. (2012).APA citation style. Retrieved from

http://www.library.cornell.edu/newhelp/res_strategy/citing/apa.html

Hacker, D. (2006). APA research paper. Retrieved from

http://dianahacker.com/pdfs/Hacker-Mira-APA.pdf

Resources

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http://apastyle.apa.org/http://www.library.cornell.edu/newhelp/res_strategy/citing/apa.htmlhttp://dianahacker.com/pdfs/Hacker-Mira-APA.pdfhttp://dianahacker.com/pdfs/Hacker-Mira-APA.pdfhttp://dianahacker.com/pdfs/Hacker-Mira-APA.pdfhttp://dianahacker.com/pdfs/Hacker-Mira-APA.pdfhttp://dianahacker.com/pdfs/Hacker-Mira-APA.pdfhttp://dianahacker.com/pdfs/Hacker-Mira-APA.pdfhttp://www.library.cornell.edu/newhelp/res_strategy/citing/apa.htmlhttp://apastyle.apa.org/


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Hacker, D. (2007a).A writers reference(6th ed.). Boston: Bedford/St.

Martins.

Hacker, D. (2007b).A writers reference(6thed.). Retrieved from

http://bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/writersref6e/Player/Pages/Main.aspx

Indiana University Bloomington. (2011). Help with citing (APA, Chicago,

MLA). Retrieved from

http://www.libraries.iub.edu/index.php?pageId=337

Resources

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http://bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/writersref6e/Player/Pages/Main.aspxhttp://www.libraries.iub.edu/index.php?pageId=337http://www.libraries.iub.edu/index.php?pageId=337http://bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/writersref6e/Player/Pages/Main.aspx


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The OWL at Purdue. (2012).APA formatting and style guide. Retrieved from

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/University of Maryland University College. (2011).APA citation examples.

Retrieved from

http://www.umuc.edu/library/libhow/apa_examples.cfm

The Writing Center @ The University of Wisconsin-Madison. (2011).APAdocumentation guide. Retrieved from

http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocAPA.html

Resources

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http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/http://www.umuc.edu/library/libhow/apa_examples.cfmhttp://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocAPA.htmlhttp://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocAPA.htmlhttp://www.umuc.edu/library/libhow/apa_examples.cfmhttp://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/


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American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the

American Psychological Association(6thed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Reference

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