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Events leading to creation of Pakistan (1857-1947)
Chapter # 3
1857 War of Independence
• Anti-British uprising• Final collapse of Mughal Empire• Causes of revolt– Exploitation of Britain– Laws and regulations against traditions of people– Arabic and Persian language were abolished from
schools and offices– Laws allow remarriage of hindu widow– English officers’ racial superiority over indian
• Why revolt failed– People were temporarily
united – No organization and
central leadership– Fought war without
planning
Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan
• Born in Delhi on 17th October 1817• Took service with East India Company• He wanted Muslims to accept the dominancy
of Britain and Get education and update themselves
• Muslims must be active in political activities
1877 Pan-Islamization
• War between Russia and Ottoman Empire• Syed Jamludin Afghani founder of movement• Muslim should free themselves from foreign
domination and establish commonwealth of Muslims.
1885 Formation of Indian National Congress
• Liberal Indian organization founded by A.W. Hume
• Consolidate union between British government and Indian people
• More Indian representation in provincial and central legislations
1905 Partition of Bengal
• By Lord Curzon• Primary purpose was administratvie• Divided into two parts of east and west Bengal• Muslim majority in east Bengal and Hindus in
West • British government gave some provision to
Muslims• Hindus stood against it
1906 Simla Deputation
• Led by Agha Khan to Viceroy of India• Muslims should have representation in
electoral system
1906 Foundation of All-India Muslim League
• Founded in Dhaka December 1906• To safeguard Muslims’ interests• Major aim: to promote loyalty to British
Government• Party played big role in independence of
Pakistan
1911 Bengal partition annulled
• Bengal Partition was annulled• Muslims’ distance from government increased
1916-17 Laknow Pact
• World war – I (British against Germany)• Congress agreed muslims’ demand for seprate
electorates• Extra seats for muslims in muslim minority
provinces
1919 Jallianwalla Bah Massacre
• 13th April• British ordered to ban public assemblies• Sikhs gathered for their annual celebration in
Amritsar• General Dyer ordered to fire on crowd
1919 Khilafat Movement
• Aim to save Caliphate• Led by Ali broters• Gandhi supported and suggested
for non-corporations
1924 Khilaft Movement
• Lose momentum • Turkish government abolished
1928 Nehru report
• Moti lal Nehru• Anti muslim document1. A declaration of Human rights
should be inserted2. NWFP be given full provincial
status3. Sindh be separated from
Bombay4. Muslim representation in
central assembly be reduced
1929 fourteen point
• Against Nehru report• Quaid-e-Azam gave 14
points
Round table conferences
• Simon commision• December 1930 to February 1931 first round
table conference• September 1931 to January 1932 second
round table• 1932 third round table conference
1940 Pakistan Resolution
• March 1940 at Muslim league session at Lahore
• President ship of Quaid-e-Azam
• Muslim Majority areas be grouped to constitute independent state
World War - II
• 1939 to 45• Between two alliance force• Britain, Russia, France and America on one
side and Japan, Germany and Italy
1942 Cripps Mission
• To get support form Indian• Sir Stafford Crisp arrived in New Delhi• Met with Indian leaders
1944 Gandhi Jinnah Talk
• In bombay• Resolve difference between Congress and
Muslim League• Gandhi opposed two nations theory
1945 Simla Conference
• Held by Viceroy• Congress insisted to represent muslims of
india but Muslim league claimed for it.
1946 Cabinet Mission
• Proposed center will deal with defense, foreign affairs and communication and three autonomous groups of provience
• Congress opposed
1946 Action day
• Muslim league declared direct action day
• Calling for strikes• Aim to press Pakistan
1946 Interim Government Installed in office
• A provisional government is an emergency or interim government set up called Interim Government
• Initially congress and Muslim league reject but finally both became part for coalition
1947 June 3 Partition Plan
• Prepared by Lord Mountbatten (last viceroy)• Division of Subcontinent into two
independent states
1947 Pakistan Achieved
• 14th August• Formally transferred
the power of constituent assembly of Paksitan
• 15th August Quaid-i-Azam became Governor General of Paksitan