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NOIDA INSTITUTE OF

ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

REPORT FILE

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3- DIMENSIONALTECHNOLOGY

Certificate

This is to certify that, Ankit Mishra of E.C-VII-A has made a report on

the 3-Dimensional Technology. The report here submitted is true,

genuine, and accurate in its limitations.

Dr. V.K Pandey(H.O.D ECE DEPTT.)

--------------------------------------------Mr. Deepak Bhardwaj(Lecturer)

----------------------------------------------

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Acknowledgement

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AbstractOur left eye and right eye are two separate lenses, registering two

differently-angled images of the mouse, which are then sent to your

brain. The brain then acts as the image processor, putting the two

pictures together to come up with one three-dimensional picture in

your mind. In computers, 3-D (three dimensions or three-dimensional)

describes an image that provides the perception of depth. 3-D

Technology has a vision of the future that is a quantum leap beyond

current display hardware. It is working to integrate a volumetric

display that can satisfy the visualization needs of industries as diverse

as military, medicine, science, engineering, education, and

entertainment. 3-D image creation can be viewed as a three-phase

process of: tessellation , geometry , and rendering 3-D Studio MAX,

Softimage 3D, and Visual Reality. The Virtual Reality Modelling

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Language (VRML ) allows the creator to specify images and the rules

for theirs display and interaction using textual language statements.

Contents

Introduction.. 6

Stereoscopy.. 10

3-D image processing on integral imaging113-D Conformal Radiology. 21

3-D Printing. 23

3-D Television. 26

Digital 3-D. 31

3-D Cameras. 37

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Introduction

In computers, 3-D (three dimensions or three-dimensional)describes an image that provides the perception of depth.When 3-D images are made interactive so that users feelinvolved with the scene, the experience is called virtualreality3-D image creation can be viewed as a three-phase processof: tessellation , geometry , and rendering . In the firstphase, models are created of individual objects using linkedpoints that are made into a number of individual polygons(tiles). In the next stage, the polygons are transformed invarious ways and lighting effects are applied. In the thirdstage, the transformed images are rendered into objects withvery fine detail.

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Tessellation A tessellation or tiling of the plane is a collection ofplane figures

that fills the plane with no overlaps and no gaps

Regular and semi-regular tessellations, Hexagonal tessellation of

a floor

A regular tessellation is a highly symmetric tessellation made up

ofcongruentregular polygons. Only three regular tessellations

exist: those made up ofequilateral triangles, squares, or

hexagons. A semiregular tessellation uses a variety of regular

polygons; there are eight of these. The arrangement of polygons

at every vertex point is identical. Regular and semi-regular

tessellations

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Rendering

Rendering is the process of generating an image from a model, bymeans of computer programs

In the graphics pipeline, it is the last major step, giving the final

appearance to the models and animation.

Rendering has uses in architecture, video games, simulators, movie

or TV special effects, and design visualization, each employing a

different balance of features and techniques.

A rendered image can be understood in terms of a number of visible

features.

shading how the color and brightness of a surface varies with

lighting

texture-mapping a method of applying detail to surfaces

bump-mapping a method of simulating small-scale bumpiness

on surfaces

fogging/participating medium how light dims when passing

through non-clear atmosphere or air

shadows the effect of obstructing light soft shadows varying darkness caused by partially obscured

light sources

reflection mirror-like or highly glossy reflection

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transparency (optics), transparency (graphic) oropacity sharp

transmission of light through solid objects

translucency highly scattered transmission of light through

solid objects

refraction bending of light associated with transparency diffraction bending, spreading and interference of light passing

by an object or aperture that disrupts the ray

indirect illumination surfaces illuminated by light reflected off

other surfaces, rather than directly from a light source (also

known as global illumination)

caustics (a form of indirect illumination) reflection of light off

a shiny object, or focusing of light through a transparent object,

to produce bright highlights on another object

depth of field objects appear blurry or out of focus when toofar in front of or behind the object in focus

motion blur objects appear blurry due to high-speed motion, or

the motion of the camera

non-photorealistic rendering rendering of scenes in an artistic

style, intended to look like a painting or drawing

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3D Rendering modeling and

Animation

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Stereoscopy

Stereoscopy (also called stereoscopic or3-D imaging) is anytechnique capable of recording three-dimensional visual information or

creating the illusion of depth in an image.

Human vision uses several cues to determine relative depths in a

perceived scene[1]. Some of these cues are:

Stereopsis

Accommodation of the eyeball (eyeball focus)

Occlusion of one object by another

Subtended visual angle of an object of known size

Linear perspective (convergence of parallel edges)

Vertical position

Stereoscopy is the enhancement of the illusion of depth in a

photograph, movie, or other two-dimensional image by presenting a

slightly different image to each eye, and thereby adding the first of

these cues (stereopsis) as well.

Traditional stereoscopic photography consists of creating a 3-D

illusion starting from a pair of 2-D images. The easiest way to enhance

depth perception in the brain is to provide the eyes of the viewer with

two different images, representing two perspectives of the same

object, with a minor deviation exactly equal to the perspectives that

both eyes naturally receive in binocular vision.

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3-D Information Processing based on Integral ImagingThree-dimensional (3D) information processing covers entire stages of

the data processing stream, including acquisition, processing, and

display. The techniques that have been developed so far can be listed

according to the amount of data they address. Stereoscopy and

holography are located at the opposite ends of that list. Stereoscopy

accesses the 3D information by using two view images. The required

bandwidth is only two times larger than that of the two-dimensional

(2D) case, and the system requirement is also relatively simpleastereo camera for acquisition and view splitting optical means such as

a parallax barrier and lenticular lens for display. The explicit 3D data

extraction, however, requires massive image processing and generally

is prone to errors since the depth is only implicitly encoded in the

disparity between two view images. The display of 3D images also

results in eye fatigue or discomfort, since only limited depth cues are

provided to the viewer. Holography directly addresses the wavefront

of the light from the object scene. Since the whole data extent of the

object light can be captured and reproduced without loss, the 3Dinformation processing can be achieved in a complete way. However,

the required bandwidth is too huge, and no device is currently

available for handling the holographic data in real time with

satisfactory resolution and viewing angle. Integral imaging is an

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interesting alternative of stereoscopy and holography. Integral

imaging addresses the spatioangular distribution of light rays.

Although it depends on sampling density, it is safe to say that the data

extent of integral imaging is larger than stereoscopy and smaller than

holography.

Principle of Integral ImagingFor the 3D information acquisition, the object is captured by an image

sensor such as a charge coupled device (CCD) through a lens array.

The lens array consists of many identical lenses, i.e., elemental

lenses, and forms an array of the images of the object that are called

elemental images. These elemental images are captured and stored

by

a CCD. For 3D data processing, the captured elemental images are

digitally processed to extract 3D data explicitly or to visualize the 3D

structure of the object for other applications. For the 3D display, the

elemental images are presented by an SLM and observed through the

lens array. The light rays from the elemental images are integrated by

the lens array such that they form a 3D image of the captured object.

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Three-Dimensional Information AcquisitionPickup MethodsThe first stage of integral imaging is the acquisition of the

spatioangular light ray distribution, i.e., elemental images, which is

referred to as the pickup process. The basic configuration where the

recording medium has the same size as the lens array is simple as

shown in the pickup part of Fig. 2. In practice, however, the CCD

sensor, which is used as a recording medium, is much smaller than

the lens array, requiring modification of the basic configuration. The

immediate modification would be addition of one imaging lens for

demagnification of the elemental images as shown in Fig. 4. Usual

issues associated with this pickup system include (1) crosstalk

between neighboring elemental images, (2) nonparallel pickup

directions, and (3) difficulty of simultaneous pickup of real and virtual

objects. The crosstalk means overlapping of the elemental images on

the CCD plane as shown in Fig. 4. The overlapped elemental images

cannot be separated in later steps, and eventually this degrades the

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quality of the reproduced 3D images. The pickup direction means the

direction from which the object is captured by a given elemental lens.

If one draws a trajectory of a chief ray that passes through the

principal points of an elemental lens and the imaging lens as shown in

Fig. 4, all the other rays refracted by the elemental lens will be evenlydistributed with respect to that chief ray. Hence the direction of the

chief ray in the object space can be regarded as the pickup direction

[3]. The pickup directions should be parallel, since the display system

of integral imaging has parallel directions for all elemental lenses.

Nonparallel pickup directions as shown in Fig. 4 cause depth-

dependent distortion of the reconstructed images [3,4]. Moreover the

basic configuration shown in Fig. 4 can capture only real objects, and

the simultaneous pickup of real and virtual objects is not possible..

Recent progress with the pickup system makes it possible to solvethese issues. For the nonparallel pickup directions, adding a large

aperture field lens after the aerial elemental image plane and locating

the imaging lens at the focal length of the field lens as shown in Fig.

5(a) can be one solution [3]. By controlling the size of the imaging lens

aperture, reduction of the crosstalk is also possible to some extent.

However, recent analysis shows the crosstalk cannot be completely

eliminated by the setup of Fig. 5(a). The enhanced system is shown inFig. 5(b) . In this configuration, a telecentric lens system behind the

lens array aligns the pickup directions parallel to each other. The

aperture stop also eliminates the crosstalk. Hence clear and

distortion-free elemental images can be captured. However, only real

objects can be captured, and simultaneous pickup of real and virtual

objects is not possible yet. The configuration shown in Fig. 5(c)

tackles these three issues at the same time . As shown in Fig. 5(c), a

telecentric lens system is used behind the lens array to make the

pickup directions parallel and prevent crosstalk as before. The uniquepoint is the use of the 4-f optics in front of the lens array. The 4-f

optics, which consists of 5 planes, i.e., the critical plane, first lens,

aperture plane, second lens, and rear focal plane, separated from each

other by the focal length, relays the object to the lens array space

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maintaining the parallel pickup directions and no crosstalk condition.

Therefore the objects located around the critical plane are relayed by

the 4-f optics to the space around the lens array, and captured,

spanning real and virtual fields simultaneously without any

geometrical distortion. The dynamic control of the lateral location ofthe aperture at the Fourier plane of the 4-f optics can also change the

angular range captured in each elemental image, making it possible to

increase the viewing angle of the 3D images by time multiplexing

afterwards . Another issue with the pickup system is pseudoscopic

orthoscopic conversion. When objects are captured by a pickup

system and reproduced by a display system, the depth order of the

objects is reversed. To the viewer, the farther object looks like it is

occluding the closer object, which is unnatural. A simple way to

remedy this is to rotate each elemental image by 180 . The real imageis converted to a virtual image with corrected depth order. The

elemental image rotation can be done digitally or optically. For optical

operation, several systems using a gradient-index lens array or

overlaid multiple lens arrays have been proposed as shown in Figs.

6(a) and 6(b). Instead of rotating each elemental

image, it is also possible to invert the depth order of the objects usingan optical depth converter that usually consists of multiple lens arrays

as shown in Fig. 6(c) . A digital second pickup as shown in Fig. 6(d)

has also been proposed, where not only the depth order but also the

depth range can be controlled . For practical applications of the

pickup system, compact implementation of overall system is one of

the major issues. Recently, some progress has been reported. In one

study, a micro lens array was inserted in the main body of the camera

such that the overall system looks like an ordinary hand-held camera .

A direct integration of the multiaperture complimentary metal oxidesemiconductor image sensor has also been reported .

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Viewing Quality EnhancementThere has been intensive research to enhance the viewing quality of

the integral imaging display system. These systems enhance viewing

parameters by increasing the information bandwidth using temporal or

spatial multiplexing or by modifying the configuration such that the

limited information bandwidth contributes more to a specific viewing

parameter while minimally sacrificing others. The depth range is one

of the essential parameters of the integral imaging display since it

characterizes the 3D nature of the integral imaging. One possible

method for depth range enhancement is to combine floating displays

with the integral imaging as shown in Fig. 16(a). The floating display

relays the object or image to the observer space. It is possible to

design the relay optics so that the image is magnified along the

longitudinal direction during the relay. Therefore, combined with

integral imaging, the insufficient depth range of integral imaging

display can be enhanced, giving much improved depth sensation to

the observer . Creating multiple CDPs shown in Fig. 16(b) is another

solution. Since the depth range is formed around a CDP, the available

depth range is widened by creating multiple CDPs. This is achieved by

moving the elemental image plane , using a birefringent plate ,

overlaying multiple liquid crystal display panels , or using multiple

electrically controllable active diffuser screens made of polymer-

dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) . The viewing angle enhancement is

achieved by enlarging the area in the elemental image plane that

corresponds to each elemental lens or by arranging it such that more

elemental images can contribute to the integration of the 3D images.

Elemental lens switching using an orthogonal polarization mask was

an early but very effective method . The curved lens array structure

shown in Fig. 17(a) can further increase the horizontal viewing angle .

A horizontal viewing angle of 66 for real 3D images was achieved

experimentally using curved screen and lens array . The use of the

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multiple axis telecentric relay system shown in Fig. 17(b) can provide

the elemental images to the lens array with proper directions,

increasing the viewing angle . Head tracking, shown in Fig. 17(c), is

another approach . Instead of enlarging the

static viewing angle, the head tracking system can be used to

dynamically adapt the system for the observer, enhancing the

effective viewing angle. Although it is not practical yet, it is also

reported that a lens array made of negative refractive index material

can have a much smaller f-number, and hence the viewing angle can

be enhanced . Resolution enhancement is mainly achieved by

presenting more information using a higher resolution display panel or

using a temporal/spatial multiplexing scheme. Okano et al. usedultrahigh definition video system of over 4000 scan lines for

developing a high-resolution integral imaging system . The use of

multiple projectors, which is shown in Fig. 18(a), has also been

proposed to increase the resolution of the elemental images . The

time multiplexing scheme is usually combined with the movement of

the lens array in an effort to reduce the grid pattern that is visible due

to the lens array structure and to increase the effective resolution of

the display panel as well. The moving lenslet array technique is the

first report of a time multiplexing resolution enhancement method .The lens array, however, should be mechanically scanned along two

directions, which makes actual implementation difficult. A rotating

prism sheet in front of the lens array, which is shown in Fig. 18(b), can

relax this limitation , but mechanical movement is still required. A

recently proposed electrically controllable pinhole array, which is

shown in Fig. , eliminates this requirement completely . Low light

efficiency, however, still remains a problem.

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3-D Conformal Radoilogy

Three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) is a complex

process that begins with the creation of individualized, 3D digital data

sets of patient tumors and normal adjacent anatomy. These data sets

are then used to generate 3D computer images and to develop

complex plans to deliver highly "conformed" (focused) radiation while

sparing normal adjacent tissue. For example, 3DCRT allows radiation

to be delivered to head and neck tumors in a way that minimizes

exposure of the spinal cord, optic nerve, salivary glands and other

important structures.

How does 3DCRT work?3DCRT begins with a "virtual simulation" in which computed

tomography (CT) scans of the region of interest are obtained. The

virtual simulation creates a permanent digital file that can be

accessed by the entire treatment planning group to develop multiple,

individualized courses of therapy.

Scanned images are then linked into treatment planning software that

allows physicians to visualize the treatment area in three dimensions.With this capability, radiation beam direction and intensity can be

selected to more precisely target the tumor while sparing surrounding

tissue. Clinicians input these selections into computer systems that

control treatment delivery.

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What results are possible with 3DCRT?A study presented in October 2003 by PAMF radiation oncologist

Pauling Chang demonstrates how three-dimensional treatment

planning can improve radiation treatment. The study found that 3DCRT

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could improve the delivery of radiation beams to breast cancer tumors

while reducing burns to the surrounding skin.

3-Dimensinal Printing

The system was developed at MIT and is shown schematically inFig. 7. The method is very reminiscent of selective laser sintering,

except that the laser is replaced by an inkjet head.

ProcessThe multi-channel jetting head (A) deposits a liquid adhesive

compound onto the top layer of a bed of powder object material (B).

The particles of the powder become bonded in the areas where the

adhesive is deposited.

Once a layer is completed the piston (C) moves down by the thickness

of a layer. As in selective laser sintering, the powder supply system

(E) is similar in function to the build cylinder In this case the piston

moves upward incrementally to supply powder for the process and the

roller (D) spreads and compresses the powder on the top of the build

cylinder. The process is repeated until the entire object is completed

within the powder bed.

After completion the object is elevated and the extra powder brushedaway leaving a "green" object. Parts must usually be infiltrated with a

hardener before they can be handled without much risk of damage.

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Applications Reconstructing fossils in paleontology.

Replicating ancient and priceless artifacts in archaeology.

Rreconstructing bones and body parts in forensic pathology.

Reconstructing heavily damaged evidence acquired from crime

scene investigations.

Advantages 3D printing improves the iterative design process, enhancing

communication and understanding of design intent among all

stakeholders

On-the-fly modeling enables the creation of prototypes that

closely emulate the mechanical properties of the target design Some technologies allow the combination of black and white

rigid materials in order to create a range of grayscales suitable

for consumer electronics and other applications

Save time and cost by removing the need to design, print and

glue together separate model parts made with different

materials in order to create a complete model.

Online 3D printing services allow for a broad range of materials

to be 3D printed and delivered worldwide with no investmentcost.

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3-D Television

A 3D television (3D-TV) is a television set that employs techniquesof3D presentation, such as stereoscopic capture, multi-view capture,

or2D plus depth, and a 3D displaya special viewing device to project

a television program into a realistic three-dimensional field.

TechnologiesThere are several techniques to produce and display 3D moving

pictures.Common 3D display technology for projecting stereoscopic

image pairs to the viewer include:

With lenses:

Anaglyphic 3D (with passive red-cyan lenses)

Polarization 3D (with passive polarized lenses)

Alternate-frame sequencing (with active shutter lenses)

Without lenses: Autostereoscopic displays, sometimes referred to commercially

as Auto 3D.

Shutter Glasses

These are glasses that alternately shut off the left eye and right eye,

while the TV emits separate images meant for each eye, thus creating

a 3D image in the viewers mind.Heres how it works: The video signal

of the TV stores an image meant for the left eye on its even field, and

an image meant for the right eye on its odd field. The TV itself is

synchronised with the shutter glasses via infra-red or RF technology.

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The shutter glasses contain liquid crystal and a polarising filter. Upon

receiving the appropriately synced signal from the TV, the shutter

glass is automatically applied with a slight current that makes it dark,

as if a shutter was drawn (hence the name). So at a time, only one eye

is seeing one image.

The technology perfectly draws the shutters over either eye to make

the left eye see the image meant for it on the even field, and make the

right eye see the odd field of the video signal. By viewing these two

images from different orientations, a 3D image is built up by the

viewers brain.

While it seems like this would cause a delay for the viewer, theres no

need for such worries. With the high screen refresh rates that thesemodern 3D televisions have, the end users viewing experience is

seamless, smooth and rich.

However, the one down-side of this technology is that due to the rapid

drawing of shutters, lesser light reaches the eye, thus making the

image seem darker than it is.

Polarised Glasses

Polarised glasses are basically your regular sunglasses, and have

been used as a medium for 3D stereoscopic viewing for a long time

now. They are also the most popular mode of 3D glasses, currently

used by large cinema houses and IMAX. Just like the shutter glasses,

polarised glasses use the lenses to show different images to each eye,

making the brain construct a 3D image for the viewer.

Heres how it works: For polarised glasses to work, the movie being

shown has to be shot using either two cameras, or a single camera

with two lenses. Two projectors (left and right), both fitted withpolarizing filters on their lenses, then simultaneously show the movie

on the same screen. The polarizing filter orients images from the left

projector to one plane (for the sake of example, lets say vertical);

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and the filter on the right lens orients its images to the plane that is

perpendicular to the left one (horizontal).

The viewer sits wearing the special glasses, which are equipped with

differently polarised lenses. The left lens of the glasses is aligned withthe same plane (vertical) that the left projector is throwing up images

at; and the right lens is aligned perpendicularly to correspond with the

plane of the right projector (horizontal).

Thus, the viewers left eye sees only the images which the left

projector is screening, while the viewers right eye sees only the

images which the right projector is screening. As both the images are

taken from different angles, the viewers brain combines the two to

come up with a single 3D image.

But again, like the shutter glasses, the amount of light reaching your

eyes with polarised glasses is significantly lesser, making the image

appear darker than it is.

Without GlassesThe less popular of the two autostereoscopic models involves the use

of lenticules, which are tiny cylindrical plastic lenses. Theselenticules are pasted in an array on a transparent sheet, which is then

stuck on the display surface of the LCD screen. So when the viewer

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sees an image, it is magnified by the cylindrical lens

When you are looking at the cylindrical image that the TV is now

showing you, your left and right eye see two different 2D images,

which the brain combines to form one 3D image.

However, lenticular lenses technology is heavily dependant on where

you are sitting. It requires a very specific sweet spot for getting the

3D effect, and straying even a bit to either side will make the TVs

images seem distorted. Depending on the number of lenticules and the

refresh rate of the screen, there can be multiple sweet spots.

The other major method to enable autostereoscopic output is called

the parallax barrier. This is being actively pursued by companies suchas Sharp and LG, since it is one of the most consumer-friendly

technologies and the only one of the lot which allows for regular 2D

viewing.

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The parallax barrier is a fine grating of liquid crystal placed in front of

the screen, with slits in it that correspond to certain columns of pixels

of the TFT screen. These positions are carved so as to transmit

alternating images to each eye of the viewer, who is again sitting inan optimal sweet spot. When a slight voltage is applied to the

parallax barrier, its slits direct light from each image slightly

differently to the left and right eye; again creating an illusion of depth

and thus a 3D image in the brain.

The best part about this, though, is that the parallax barrier can be

switched on and off with ease (one button on the remote is all it would

take, according to Sharp), allowing the TV to be used for 2D or 3D

viewing. So on a computer monitor, you could play video games in full

3D glory and then easily switch to 2D mode for your work

requirements.

While the wide range of content it offers is heartening, again, the need

to sit in the precise sweet spots hampers the usage of this

technology.

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Still, there are quite a few companies finally looking to make 3D TVs a

reality. In the upcoming third part of this series, we will take a look at

some of the brands and products that promise to bring next-gen

content to your living room.

Digital 3D

Digital 3D is a non-specific 3D standard in which films, tv shows, andvideo games are presented and shot in digital 3D technology or later

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processed in digital Post-production to add a 3D effect. One of the first

studios to use digital 3D wasWalt Disney Pictures. In promoting their

first CGI animated film Chicken Little, they trademarked the phrase

Disney Digital 3-D and teamed up with RealD in order to present the

film in 3D in the United States. A total of over 62 theaters in the USwere retro-fitted to use this new system.

Even though some critics and fans were skeptical about digital 3D, it

began to catch on and now there are several more digital 3D formats

such as Dolby 3D, XpanD 3D and MasterImage 3D. In 2008, IMAX

announced that it would be releasing digital versions of its films and

now IMAX 3D can be shown digitally in an IMAX digital venue. The first

home video game console to be capable of 3D was the Sega Master

System in which a limited number of titles where capable of delivering

3D.

HistoryA first peak of 3D film production started in 1952 and continued to

1955, during a time which was known as the golden era of 3D film.

Anaglyph red/blue 3D glasses were used in theaters along with

Polarized 3D glasses, and was among the many gimmicks proposed by

movie studios - like cinerama and cinemascope - to bring audiences tothe theater and in order to compete with television. A later process

that used red/green glasses came in the 1960s, this too lost out. Time

and time again 3D has been used to promote theaters, however the

advent of widescreen formats and widescreen TVs eclipsed these

efforts.

After announcing that Home on the Range would be their last hand

drawn feature in fear that Pixarwould not re-sign for a new

distribution deal, Disney went to work on Chicken Little. Not only did

make it using CGI but also presented it in 3D. Disney heeded a

suggestion by the RealD company to use their system and, after

looking at test footage, decided to proceed. In 2005, Chicken Little

was a success at the box office in both 2D and 3D screenings. Two

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more films followed in their classic feature animation - Meet the

Robinsons and Bolt- along with several others. Since then many film

studios have shot and released many films in several digital 3D

formats. In 2010, Avatarbecame the first feature film shot in Digital

3D to win the Academy Award for Best Cinematography and was alsonominated forBest Picture.

2D to 3D conversionBefore the advent of digital cinema, converting 2D images to 3D was

mainly used for computer graphics because converting for film was

impossible. Following the release of Chicken Little, Walt Disney

Pictures decided to that it would re-release the 1993 film The

Nightmare Before Christmasin digital 3D. The film was rescanned and

then each frame was manipulated to create a left eye and right eyeimage, doubling the number of frames. Disney wanted the film done in

time for a Halloween release and the work was costly but proved

successful. 2D to 3D conversions have become faster and a

convenience to filmmakers who do not like to deal with any kind of 3D

camera system whether it shoots film or digital video. Some critics

state that such things should not be done as it feels fake at times and

would say that if a film has been converted to 3D, they would rather

see its original flat 2D version instead. Some critics and fans do say

that it is a work-in-progress but there is no major standard forconverting 2D to 3D as of this date. CGI animated films can be

converted to 3D by going back to the source models as long as they

are still in existence. A small number of films shot in 2D are set to be

re-released in 3D both in theaters and straight-to-3D Blu-ray. Live-

Action

The standard for shooting live-action films in 3D haven't changed

much due to the standards of how true 3D Film is shot. It involves

using two cameras mounted so that their lenses are about as far apart

from each other as the average pair of human eyes, recording twoseparate images for both the left eye and the right eye. In 2008,

Journey to the Center of the Earth became the first live-action feature

film to be released in Digital 3D. This film was later followed with

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several other films shot in Live-action. The 2009 release ofAvatarwas

shot in a 3D process that is based on how the human eye looks at an

image, it was an improvement to a currently existing 3D camera

system.

AnimationCGI animation is where most Digital 3D features come along, in 2009

the release ofMonsters vs Alienswas the first 3D feature by

Dreamworks animation and used a new digital rendering process

called InTru3D which is a process developed by Intel to create more

realistic 3D images despite the fact that they are animated. InTru3D is

not a way that films are exhibited in theaters in 3D, the films created

in this process are seen in either RealD 3D or IMAX 3D.

Video gamesIn June 1986, Sega released the Sega Master System, part of the third

generation of gaming consoles. The system had a card slot that

provided power to a single pair ofLCD shutter glasses, allowing

certain games to be viewed in 3D; however, only 13 3D-compatible

games were ever released, and when the system was redesigned in

1990 in order to cut down on manufacturing costs, it lost the ability to

support 3D. It was the first known electronic device released in North

America to use LCD shutter glasses.In July 1995, Nintendo released the Virtual Boy, a 3D viewer that

acted like a pair ofgoggles. Both left and right eye images were red,

and put strain on the player's eyes; the system was a failure and was

discontinued the following year. In December 2008, several 3rd party

developers for the PlayStation 3 announced they would work toward

bringing Stereoscopic 3D gaming to major gaming consoles using their

own technology. In the coming months, both the Xbox 360 and the

PlayStation 3 will be capable of 3D imaging via 3DTV and

system/hardware updates. On June 15, 2010 at the E3 Expo, Nintendounveiled the Nintendo 3DS, the successor to the Nintendo DS series of

handheld consoles. It will be the first gaming console to allow 3D

viewing without the need for 3D glasses.

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Home MediaTelevision

After the unexpected box office success ofAvatarand a record

number of 20 3D films released in 2009, TV manufactures saw thedemand for 3DTVs go up dramatically and went in further into

research and development. The first to announce was Panasonic,

followed in April 2010 by an announcement from Sony that their 3DTV

technology would be somewhat loosely based on RealD's technology.

Each TV manufacture would make their own 3D glasses. The same

month, Samsung released a 3D starter kit which included the

purchase of 3 items with a discount a select retailers, the starter kit

would include a Samsung model 3DTV, a samsung brand 3D capable

Blu-ray disk player, and a box with two pairs of Samsung brand 3Dglasses which included an exclusive 3D Blu-ray edition of Monsters vs.

Aliens. Specifications for 3D also include the HDMI 1.4a standards.

Some of these tv's can also convert 2D into 3D, but such features are

limited as to how much depth can be generated. In June 2010

Panasonic announced Coraline and Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaursas

bonus 3D Blu-ray titles with the purchase of any of their 3DTVs. On

June 22, 2010, Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballsbecame the first 3D

Blu-ray title to be released without any requirements to buy any new

electronic hardware but free copies of this title will be included in 3Dentertainment packages by Sony.

Home VideoSeveral DVD and Blu-ray releases have already tried their hands at

releasing the 3D versions of films by using an anaglyph format. One

noted release prior to the advent of digital cinema is the 1982 film

Friday the 13th: Part 3 in 3D, but other such films actually shot

digitally like Coraline released on DVD and Blu-ray. Both included 2D

and 3D versions and both where packaged with pairs of 3D glasses, itis currently being offered as a bonus 3D Blu-ray with the purchase of

any Panasonic 3DTV. The Blu-ray Association ordered a new standard

for presenting 3D content on Blu-ray that would also be Backwards

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Compatible with all 2D displays. In December 2009, it was announced

that they had adopted the Multiview Video Codec, which would be

playable in all Blu-ray disk players even if they could not generate a

3D image. The codec contains information that is readable on a 2D

output plus additional information that can only be read on a 3D outputand display. It is exactly the same when television stations started

broadcasting in color while most TV owners still had black and white

TV sets.

Dolby 3D

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Dolby 3D (formerly known as Dolby 3D Digital Cinema) is a marketingname for a system from Dolby Laboratories, Inc. to show three-

dimensional films in a digital cinema.

[edit] TechnologyDolby 3D uses a Dolby Digital Cinema projector that can show both 2D

and 3D films. For 3D presentations, an alternate color wheel is placed

in the projector. This color wheel contains one more set of red, green,

and blue filters in addition to the red, green, and blue filters found on a

typical color wheel. The additional set of three filters are able to

produce the same color gamut as the original three filters but transmit

light at different wavelengths. Glasses with complementary dichroic

filters in the lenses are worn which filter out either one or the other

set of three light wavelengths. In this way, one projector can displaythe left and right stereoscopic images simultaneously. This method of

stereoscopic projection is called wavelength multiplexvisualization. The dichroic filters in the Dolby 3D glasses are moreexpensive and fragile than the glasses technology used in circular

polarization systems like RealD Cinema and are not considered

disposable. However, an important benefit of Dolby 3D as compared to

RealD is that no special silver screen is needed for it to work.

3-D Cameras

The application of 3D capturers is the process of usingdigital cameras and pre-designed light to capture the

information of shape and appearance of real objects. This

process provides a simple way of acquiring 3D models of

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unparalleled details of objects and realizes 3D image

modeling by scanning them from the real world.

The purpose of a 3D camera is usually to create a point cloud

of points on the surface of the subject. These points can then

be used to extrapolate the shape of the object (a processcalled reconstruction). 3D cameras are very analogous to

cameras. Like cameras, they have a cone-like field of view,

and like cameras, they can only collect information about

surfaces that are not obscured. While a camera collectscolor information about surfaces within its field ofview, 3D cameras collect distance information aboutsurfaces within its field of view. The picture producedby a 3D camera describes the distance to a surface at each

point in the picture.For most situations, a single scan will not produce a

complete 3D image model of the object. Multiple scans from

many different directions are usually required to obtain

information about all sides of the objects. These scans are

merged to create a complete 3D image model.

Technologies of 3D cameras and 3D scanners

There are two types of 3D cameras, which are contact and

non-contact. Non-contact 3D cameras can be further divided

into two main categories, active cameras and passive

cameras. There are a variety of technologies that fall under

each of these categories.

Active 3D cameras emit some kind of radiation or light and

detect its reflection in order to probe an object or

environment. Possible types of radiation used include light,

ultrasound or x-ray.Time of Flight Technique:

The time-of-flight 3D laser camera is an active 3D camera

that uses laser light to probe the object. At the heart of this

type of 3D camera is a time-of-flight laser range finder. The

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laser range finder finds the distance of a surface by timing

the round-trip time of a pulse of light. A laser is used to emit

a pulse of light and the amount of time before the reflected

light is seen by a detector is timed. Since the speed of light

is a known, the round-trip time determines the traveldistance of the light, which is twice the distance between

the 3D camera and the object surface. The laser range finder

only detects the distance of one point in its direction of view.

Thus, the 3D capturer scans its entire field of view one point

at a time by changing the range finders direction of view to

scan different points. The view direction of the laser range

finder can be changed by either rotating the range finder

itself, or by using a system of rotating mirrors. The latter

method is commonly used because mirrors are much lighterand can thus be rotated much faster. Typical time-of-flight 3D

laser capturers can measure the distance of 10,000 points

every second.

Triangulation Technique:

The triangulation 3D laser capturer is also an active 3D laser

capturer that uses laser light to probe the environment. Thistype of 3D laser capturer is identical to the time-of-flight 3D

laser scanner except for the way in which the laser range

finder determines distance. The triangulation laser range

finder used in this 3D capturer shines a laser on the subject

and a camera looks at the location of the laser dot. The laser

and the camera are placed so that the direction of the laser

and the view direction of the camera are not parallel.

Depending on how far away the laser strikes a surface, the

laser dot appears at different places in the cameras field ofview. This technique is called triangulation because the laser

dot, the camera and the laser emitter form a triangle. The

length of one side of the triangle, the distance between the

camera and the laser emitter is known. The angle of the

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laser emitter corner is also known. The angle of the camera

corner can be determined by looking at the location of the

laser dot in the cameras field of view. These three pieces of

information fully determine the shape and size of the triangle

and gives the location of the laser dot corner of the triangle.

Structured Light Technique:

Structured light 3D capturers project a pattern of light on the

subject and look at the deformation of the pattern on the

subject. The pattern maybe be one dimensional or two

dimensional. An example of a one dimensional pattern is a

line. The line is projected onto the subject using either anLCD projector or a sweeping laser. A camera, offset slightly

from the pattern projector, looks at the shape of the line and

uses a technique similar to triangulation to calculate the

distance of every point on the line. In the case of a single-

line pattern, the line is swept across the field of view to

gather distance information one strip at a time. An example

of a two dimensional pattern is a grid or a line strip pattern.

A camera is used to look at the deformation of the pattern

and a fairly complex algorithm is used to calculate thedistance at each point in the pattern. A variety of other

patterns can be used, each with their own advantages and

disadvantages. The advantage of structured light 3D

capturers is speed. Instead of scanning one point at a time,

structured light capturers scan multiple points or the entire

field of view at once. This reduces or eliminates the problem

of distortion from motion. Some existing systems are capable

of scanning moving objects in real-time.

Passive 3D Image Modeling Technologies

Passive 3D capturers do not emit any kind of radiation and

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lights themselves, but instead rely on detecting reflected

ambient radiation. Most 3D capturers of this type detect

visible light because it is a readily available ambient

radiation. Other types of radiation, such as infrared could

also be used.

Stereoscopic Technique:

Stereoscopic 3D scanners usually employ two video cameras

or mirrors, slightly apart, looking at the same scene. By

analyzing the slight differences between the images seen by

each camera/mirror, it is possible to determine the distance

at each point in the images. This method is based on humanstereoscopic vision.

Reconstruction Technique:

The point clouds produced by 3D scanners are usually not

used directly. Most applications do not use point clouds, but

instead use polygonal 3D image models. The process of

converting a point cloud into a polygonal 3D model is called

reconstruction. Reconstruction involves finding and

connecting adjacent points in order to create a continuous

surface. Many algorithms are available for this purpose.

Specifications of a particular 3-d camera

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Z-L1 $9,500.00

JPEG picture resolution 8 Mega-pixel

People captured 1 - 3 sit in one or two rows

3D reconstruction

resolution0.3 mm

Capturing time

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crystals. Our latest 3D laser engraving machines use diode pump and

air cooling technologies to make 3D laser machines very fast, portable

and reliable. Your image can be engraved into a 3D laser crystal

through our 3D laser engraving machine that penetrate through the

crystal and coordinate with the positions of tiny points depicting theimage.

The operation of the 3D laser crystal engraving machine is controlled

by the software using an optimized control algorithm to effectively

create each portrait with great quality, which is perfect for business

models set in shopping mall and traveling area. You can get all

equipments, such as 3D laser crystal engraving machines, 3D camera,

blank crystals and the way of how to setup/start your3D laser crystal

engraving business, also free setup and training service.

LE-X1500 Fast 3D laser crystal engraving machine

The excellent stable diode-pumped solid-state 3D laser engraving

technology has been developed by our company. The LE-X laser

crystal engraving machine fully utilizes latest laser technologies and

reach super high engraving speed - 1500 points/s, and that allow you

are able to engrave 2D/3D image into crystral with super fast speed.

The most advantage of this new 3D laser engraving machine is smaller

size, low power consumption - only needs 700W and 110v voltage.

Actually you can easily bring or set 3D crystal engraving business in

shopping mall or any where you like.

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(1) Laser medium Nd: YVO4 diode pump laser.

(2) Engraving speed: 1,500 points/s.

(3) Size of system: 28"(H) * 20"(W) * 25"(L).

(4) Power: 700(w).

(5) Laser Position accuracy: 3um(6) Laser Engraving Resolution: 5um

(7) Power supply: 110v with 50/60Hz

(8) Max. Engraving Crystal size: 8"(X), 8"(Y), 4.5"(Z).

(9) Max. marking range: 7"(X), 6.5"(Y), 4"(Z).

(10) Laser Engraving speed: 90,000 points/min.

(11) Air heat exchange system.

(12) Head of 3D laser machine: 1.

(13) System weight: 80 kg

LE-X1500s Smaller and faster 3D laser crystal engravingmachine

The LE-X1500s is small size laser machine with latest diode-pumped

laser component. This 3d laser crystal engraving machine is

especially designed for users who want to setup booth in shopping

mall due to its smaller size and easy to operate. The unique feature of

this 3d/2d laser crystal machine is that it is able to engrave the

surface of metal, plastic and leather materials. It combines the

capability of 3d laser crystal engraving with marking on metal surface.

It's the first 3d laser crystal engraving machine in the market with this

unique capability. You are able to engrave 3d and 2d images into

either in crystals or metal, plastic and leather gifts. The LE-X1500s 3d

laser crystal machine is the first laser engraving machine in the world

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with capability of engraving both subsurface and surface.

(1) Laser medium Nd: YVO4 diode pump laser.

(2) Engraving speed: 1,500 points/s.

(3) Size of system: 24"(H) * 27"(W) * 19"(D).

(4) Power: 600(w).(5) Mini diameter of a point: 60um

(6) Max diameter of a point: 150um

(7) Power supply: 110v or 220v with 50/60Hz

(8) Max. Engraving size: 6"(X), 3"(Y), 4"(Z).

(9) Max. Crystal size: 8"(X), 6"(Y), 4.5"(Z).

(10) Laser Engraving speed: 90,000 points/min.

(11) Air cooling system.

(12) Head of 3D laser machine: 1.

(13) System weight: 60 kg

LE-X2000 Super fast 3D laser crystal engraving machine

The LE-X2000 3D laser engraving machine is the fasest laser

engraving system with speed (120000 points/min) in our company by

using the most advancedlaser engraving technology - YVO4 diode

pump laser, with smaller size. This high speed crystal laser engraving

machine is perfect for shopping mall business model, since with small

size of system you can put any where to take the customer order and

make 3D crystal product right way. This 3d laser engraving machine

has bigger engraving size 14"(X)*12"(Y)*4"(D) which is biggest

engraving size with smaller boby in the market.

(1) Laser medium Nd: YVO4 diode pump laser.

(2) Engraving speed: 120,000 points/min.

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(3) Size of system: 27"(H)*27"(W)*35"(D).

(4) Power: 1000(w).

(5) Laser system resolution: 600 dpi or more.

(6) Positioning accuracy: 10um

(7) Power supply: 110v or 220v with 50/60Hz(8) Max. Engraving Crystal size: 12"(Y)*14"(X)*4.0"(Z).

(9) Air cooling system

(10) Head of 3D laser machine: 1.

(11) Weight: 100kg.

Z-2000A Super fast 3D laser crystal engraving machine

The Z-2000A 3D laser engraving machine uses the latest laser

engraving technology - diode pump laser to control the mirror to

engrave image into 3D crystal instead of moving crystal. This diode

laser machine is the one with highest engraving speed - 120000

points/min in our company. With one or two minutes you can get nice

3D crystal with high quality picture engraved. This 3D laser machine

has very small size and is specially designed for shopping mall and

easily to be moved to any where. It looks like a desk computer with

touch color monitor embedded and easy to use.

(1) Engraving speed: 120,000 points/min.

(2) Laser Medium: Diode pump laser.

(3) Size of laser system: 22 "(H) * 12"(W) * 25"(L).

(4) Power: less 400(w).

(5) 3D Laser Machine position accuracy: 2um.

(6) Laser system resolution: 600pdi or more.

(7) Power supply: 220v/110v with 50/60Hz.

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(8) Laser engraving size: X-2.5", Y-2.5", Z-3.0".

(9) Max crystal size: X-7", Y-8", Z-4.2".

(10) System Weight: 45KG.

(11) Air cooling system

(12) Head of 3D laser machine: 1.

SL-2000 Super Fast 3D laser crystal engraving machine

The SL-2000 3D laser engraving machine is laser engraving system

with the engraving speed (2000 points/s) by using the most advanced

laser engraving technology - diode pump laser. This high speed crystal

laser engraving machine is perfect for shopping mall business model,

since it integrates computer with laser machine with small size of

system, you can put it to any where to take the customer order and

make 3D crystal product. The unique technology used in the 3D laser

mahcine is controllable pulse width, that means the engraved dot size

can be controlled by software.

(1) Laser medium Nd: Diode (DPSSL-Q Switch).

(2) Frequency: 2000Hz.

(3) Size of laser system: 22"(H)*26"(W)*22"(D).

(4) Power: 600w.

(5) Laser system resolution: 600 dpi or more.

(6) Position Accuracy: 10 um.

(7) Power supply: 110v or 220v with 50/60Hz.

(8) Engraving size: 5"(Y)*4.5"(X)*4.0"(Z).

(9) Weight: 100kg.

(10) Engraving speed: 2,000 points/s.

(11) Air cooling system.

(12) Head of 3D laser machine: 1.

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