Important Areas for New Zealand Seabirds
Sites at SeaSeaward extensions,
pelagic areas
3
IMPORTANT AREAS FOR NEW ZEALAND SEABIRDS
This document has been prepared for Forest & Bird by Chris Gaskin, IBA Project
Coordinator (NZ).
The Royal Forest & Bird Protection Society of New Zealand
Level One, 90 Ghuznee Street
PO Box 631
Wellington 6140
NEW ZEALAND
This report is available from the Forest & Bird website in pdf form.
© Copyright June 2014, Forest & Bird
Contributors
The following individuals have contributed to the IBA project in a variety of ways, including supply of data and information
about seabirds, and reviewing draft material, site profiles, species lists and site maps.
Philippa Agnew, Sandy Bartle, Biz Bell, Mike Bell, Dennis Buurman, Lynette Buurman, Andrew Crossland, Igor Debski, Todd
Dennis, Lorna Deppe, Barry Dunnett, Ursula Ellenberg, Graeme Elliott, Peter Frost, Jo Hiscock, Dave Houston, Grant
Humphries, Jon Irvine, Stefanie Ismar, Chris Lalas, Todd Landers, Ben Lascelles, David Lawrie, Graeme Loh, Phil Lyver,
Gabriel Machovsky-Capuska, Nikki McArthur, Bruce McKinlay, Thomas Mattern, Sue Maturin, Gary Melville, Mark Miller,
Kyle Morrison, Don Neale, Matt Rayner, Yvan Richard, Adrien Riegen, Andy Roberts, Christopher Robertson, Paul Sagar,
Rob Schuckard, Paul Scofield, Phil Seddon, Hadoram Shirihai, Jean-Claude Stahl, Graeme Taylor, Phil Taylor, Alan Tennyson,
David Thompson, Leigh Torres, Yolanda Van Heezik, Kath Walker, Susan Waugh.
Recommended citation:
Forest & Bird (2014). New Zealand Seabirds: Sites at Sea, Seaward Extensions, Pelagic Areas. The Royal Forest & Bird Pro-
tection Society of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand. pp.
Front cover: Snares Penguins diving through bull kelp, Snares Islands. Photo: Kim Westerskov
Facing page (top): NZ White-capped and Chatham Albatrosses, off Rakiura (Stewart Island). Photo: Jon Irvine
Facing page (bottom): Buller’s Shearwaters feeding in association with a trevally school, Hauraki Gulf. Photo: Karen Baird
Back cover: Gibson’s Albatross, Adams Island. Photo: Kath Walker
2
Marine Important Bird Areas
Given the long periods that seabirds spend at sea, the multiple threats they face there and the vast distances they
cover, identifying a network of priority sites for their conservation in the marine environment is critical to ensure their
future survival. Determining seabird high-use areas and the identification of marine IBAs will make a vital contribution
to initiatives to gain greater protection. This will include valuable input to the identification of Marine Protected
Areas and will also contribute to efforts to ensure sustainable management of New Zealand’s Exclusive Economic Zone
(EEZ). The identification of marine IBAs globally has necessitated a significant amount of effort to source, collate and
analyse bird distribution data in order to be able to locate sites and develop site boundaries in often apparently feature-
less seascapes.
Global Criteria for Marine IBAs
So far only two of the global IBA criteria have been applied in the marine environment:
A1 Regular presence of threatened species
A4 More than 1% of global population regularly occurring.
There are four aspects of the annual cycles of seabirds where they are most likely to occur in IBA threshold numbers.
These are:
1. Seaward extensions to breeding colonies
2. Coastal congregations of non-breeding seabirds
3. Migration hotspots and pathways
4. Important areas for pelagic species.
3
1 SEAWARD EXTENSIONS
Seaward extensions to breeding colonies provide one method for marine IBA identification. While many seabird breeding
colonies have already been identified as IBAs, their boundaries have been, in almost all cases, confined to the land on
which the colonies are located. The boundaries of these sites can, in many cases, be extended to include those parts of the
marine environment which are used by the colony for feeding, maintenance behaviours and social interactions. Such
extensions are limited by the foraging range, depth and/or habitat preferences of the species concerned. The seaward
boundary is, as far as possible, colony and/or species-specific, based on known or estimated foraging and maintenance
behaviour.
The BirdLife Seabird Foraging Range Database includes published information on the foraging distances, preferences and
behaviours of (primarily coastal) seabirds while breeding. At-sea data have been used elsewhere in the world to define the
likely boundaries of key foraging and rafting areas adjacent to seabird breeding colonies, which can be included as marine
IBAs. However, few New Zealand breeding species are in the foraging range database.
To identify New Zealand marine IBAs in coastal and continental shelf areas, surrogates have been drawn from the data-
base. In addition, expert opinion has been used to provide ‘provisional choices’ for foraging distances to draft provisional
boundaries for seaward extensions to colonies. This review also draws on published and unpublished data including forag-
ing ranges, dive depth limits for some species, and bathymetry. As new tracking data becomes available, these areas will
be further refined, or, in some species, eg. Buller’s, Fluttering and Hutton’s Shearwaters, used to create separate marine
IBAs in pelagic areas as more is known about their distribution during various stages of their breeding cycles.
It is important to note that seaward extensions, particularly around islands, also capture the passage of pelagic species to
and from colonies, and congregations close to breeding islands (eg. Cook’s Petrel, Buller’s and Sooty Shearwaters). In
some areas (eg. Kermadec Islands) foraging by pelagic species can be very close to colonies (ie. White -naped (White-
necked) and Black-winged Petrels, Wedge-tailed Shearwater). In the case of Cook Strait or stretches of coastline, the
movement through bottleneck areas will also be captured
Shearwaters and Fairy Prions, Hauraki Gulf. Photo: Jon Irvine
4
Site entries in Section 1
Sites must meet the global criteria to be identified as marine IBA.
A1 Regular presence of threatened species - ie. more than threshold numbers of one or more globally threatened
species.
A4 More than one percent of the world population of one or more congregatory species
A4ii 1% global population (see Appendix 2)
A4iii 10,000 pairs seabirds or 20,000 individuals water-birds.
Also, IBAs cannot overlap, hence the ‘nesting’ of sites (e.g. North Otago, Dunedin Coast and South Otago with Southern
South Island; Chatham Islands with Chatham; Marlborough Sounds with Cook Strait ).
Code: Each New Zealand IBA has been allocated a unique code; this and accompanying information together with popula-
tion estimates and other details have been entered into the World Bird Database administered by BirdLife International
and Conservation International.
IBA Trigger Species: These are species that meet threshold numbers for global IBA criteria. IUCN/BirdLife International
nomenclature is used for ‘trigger species’, New Zealand names are given in parentheses, e.g. Great-winged (Grey-faced)
Petrel, Magenta Petrel (Chatham Island Taiko), as per OSNZ (Ornithological Society of New Zealand) Checklist Committee
2010. Checklist of the birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica. 4th edition.
Te Papa Press, Wellington. 464pp.
Tracking is listed as the primary data source. This is from data held in the Ocean Wanderers Global Seabird Tracking Data-
base - for a list of data suppliers to the Ocean Wanderers Global Seabird Tracking Database, see Table 3.
Supporting data are listed in profiles, also in Table 1 (suggested foraging ranges).
Activity covers foraging, passage or movement through a marine IBA (including threatened species breeding outside that
region, also listed as trigger species if regular occurrence can be shown and numbers are likely to meet thresholds); social
maintenance (if known); congregations including dense rafting (e.g. Buller’s, Sooty, Fluttering and Hutton’s Shearwaters)
and loose aggregations (e.g. Cook’s Petrels). Where a site has more than 10,000 pairs of seabirds then it is listed as ‘Species
group - seabirds A4iii’. The A4iii criterion can include one or more species with a number of these not included as trigger
species (e.g. Little Penguin, Pied Shag, Southern Black-backed Gull).
Protected areas: Areas such a marine reserves, marine mammal protection zones, cable zones (i.e. no fishing) which po-
tentially benefit seabirds are listed.
Maps: These show proposed marine IBA boundaries.
Seabird colonies: Sites shown on maps in this document are those for trigger species. NB: They do not include all seabird
colonies.
Contributors: A full list of contributors to the project will also be listed in the opening page of this publication. Data pro-
viders for tracking are listed in Table 3.
5
6
NZ M001 Kermadec
Location New Zealand, Kermadec
IBA criteria (see page 14) A1, A4ii, A4iii
Area 43,462 km2
Year of Assessment 2013
Species Tracking Supporting data Activity IBA criteria IUC
Grey Noddy (Grey Ternlet) Seaward extension (35km),
observations
Foraging A4ii LC
Sooty Tern 1 Seaward extension (80km),
observations
Foraging, passage A4ii LC
White-necked (White-naped) Petrel 2 Observations, diet Foraging, passage A1, A4ii VU
Black-winged Petrel 2 GLS Observations, diet Foraging, passage A4ii LC
Kermadec Petrel 2 Observations, diet Foraging, passage A4ii LC
Wedge-tailed Shearwater 2 Observations, diet Foraging, rafting,
passage
A4ii LC
Little Shearwater 2 Observations, diet Foraging, passage A4ii LC
Red-tailed Tropicbird 2 Observations, diet Foraging, social mainte-
nance, passage
A4ii LC
Observations A4iii Species group (multiple species including a number
not listed above)
1 Sooty Terns from the Kermadec Islands are likely to range further than 80km however this seaward extension figure given is that
currently accepted by BirdLife Seabird Foraging Range Database
2 Foraging for species with pelagic ranges extends well beyond the area shown here. However this seaward extension mIBA will
capture activity including feeding and passage within 80km of the three island groups. Tracking is only available for Black -winged
Petrel (Raoul Island) currently (see Page 9).
Threatened species (IUCN) breeding outside the region recorded in Kermadec waters: Antipodean Albatross (VU), White-capped
Albatross (NT), Buller’s Albatross (NT), Black-browed Albatross (EN), Campbell Albatross (VU), White-chinned Petrel (VU), Grey Petrel
(NT), Sooty Shearwater (NT), Buller’s Shearwater (VU), Providence Petrel (VU), Mottled Petrel (NT), Cook’s Petrel (VU), Gould’s Petrel
(VU), Stejneger’s Petrel (VU).
IBA trigger species:
Protected area Designation Area
(km2)
Relationship with IBA
Kermadec Islands Marine Reserve 7,480 Protected area contained within site. Extends 12nms from
shoreline of all islands in the group including Raoul Island and
L’Esperance Rock. NB: those two islands do not meet criteria
for terrestrial IBA, however birds breeding there will contrib-
ute to the mIBA.
7
Above. At sea observations of Black-winged Petrel during breeding
(November to April) (from Gaskin 2012)
Above right. Wedge-tailed Shearwaters, Kermadec Islands. Photo: Hadoram
Shirihai
Right. White-necked Petrel, Kermadec islands. Photo: Peter Harrison.
8
NZ M002 North Eastern North Island
Location New Zealand, Northern North island
IBA criteria (see page 14) A1, A4ii, A4iii
Area 73,040 km2
Year of Assessment 2013
Species Tracking Supporting data Activity IBA IUCN
Buller’s Albatross 1 Passage to colony A1 VU
Black Petrel 1 GLS, GPS Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii VU
Buller’s Shearwater 2 GLS Observations Foraging, congrega-
tions, passage
A1, A4ii VU
Flesh-footed Shearwater 2 Observations Foraging, congrega-
tions, passage
A4ii LC
Fluttering Shearwater 2 GLS Seaward extension (30km),
observations
Foraging, congrega-
tions, passage
A4ii LC
Cook’s Petrel 1 GLS Observations Passage, congregations A1, A4ii VU
Pycroft’s Petrel 1 GLS Observations Passage A1, A4ii VU
Grey-faced Petrel 1 GLS, GPS Observations Passage A4ii LC
Fairy Prion 2 Seaward extension
(135km), observations
Foraging, congrega-
tions, passage
A4ii LC
White-faced Storm Petrel Observations, seaward
extension (35km)
Foraging A4ii LC
NZ Storm Petrel Observations, seaward
extension (35km)
Foraging A1, A4ii EN
Common Diving Petrel 2 GLS Observations, seaward
extension (20km)
Foraging A4ii LC
Australasian Gannet GPS Observations, seaward
extension (60km)
Foraging A4ii LC
NZ Fairy Tern 3 Seaward extension (5km) Foraging (in-shore) A1, A4ii VU
Species group (multiple species including a number not
listed above)
Observations A4iii
1 Species with pelagic ranges. Foraging extends well beyond the seaward extension shown here, however, this mIBA will capture pas-
sage to colonies and some observed feeding.
2 Species observed regularly feeding within the area shown. They also, however range widely during breeding. As new tracking be-
comes available it is likely pelagic mIBAs will be added to the network (i.e. outside the seaward extension IBA).
3 Included in Waipu, Mangawhai, Pakiri, Firth of Thames and Maketu coastal IBAs.
Threatened species (IUCN) breeding outside the region recorded in North Eastern waters: Antipodean Albatross (VU), Northern Royal
Albatross (EN), Southern Royal Albatross (VU), Salvin’s Albatross (VU), White-capped Albatross (NT), Buller’s Albatross (NT), Black-
browed Albatross (EN), Campbell Albatross (VU), Grey Petrel (NT), White-necked Petrel (VU), Providence Petrel (VU), Mottled Petrel
(NT), Gould’s Petrel (VU).
IBA trigger species:
9
Protected area Designation Area
(km2)
Relationship with IBA
Hauraki Gulf MPA Cable Zones 879 Protected area contained
within site
Poor Knights Islands, Mimiwhangata, Cape Rodney -
Okakari Point (Goat Island), Tawharanui, Long Bay - Oku-
ra, Te Makutu (Waiheke Island), Te Whanganui-A-Hei
(Cathedral Cove), Tuhua (Mayor Island), Te Paepae o
Aotea (Volkner Rocks).
Marine Reserve/
MPA Marine Park
101.2 Protected area contained
within site
Left. Tracking of a female Fluttering Shear-
water from Burgess Island, Mokohinau Is-
lands through one year showing the extent
of foraging during breeding and movement
post-breeding. Source: Graeme Taylor, Matt
Rayner.
10
NZ M003 West Coast North Island
Location New Zealand, west coast North island
IBA criteria (see page 14) A4ii
Area 14,993 km2
Year of Assessment 2013
Species Tracking Supporting data Activity IBA IUCN
Australasian Gannet Seaward extension (60km) Foraging A4ii LC
NZ Fairy Tern 1 Seaward extension (5km) Foraging (in-shore) A1, A4ii VU
1 Included in Papakanui Spit and Kaipara Harbour IBAs which include coastal waters.
IBA trigger species:
Protected area Designation Area
(km2)
Relationship with IBA
West Coast North Island MPA Cable Zone 322 Protected area contained within site
West Coast North Island Sanctuary Marine Mammal Protection 11,935 Protected area overlaps with site
11
NZ M004 East Coast North Island
Location New Zealand, eastern North island
IBA criteria (see page 14) A4ii
Area 6,959 km2
Year of Assessment 2013
Species Tracking Data source Activity IBA
crite-
IUCN
cat.
Australasian Gannet GPS Seaward extension (60km). Tracking from Cape
Kidnappers shows further foraging distances, i.e.
north to the Mahia Peninsula and south from the
colony (S. Ismar pers. com.)
Foraging A4ii LC
IBA trigger species:
Protected area Designation Area
(km2)
Relationship with IBA
Nil
12
NZ M005 Cook Strait
Location New Zealand, South Taranaki Bight, Cook Strait
IBA criteria (see page 14) A1, A4ii, A4iii
Area 37, 776 km2
Year of Assessment 2013
Species Tracking Supporting data Activity IBA criteria IUC
Fairy Prion Seaward extensions
(135km), observations
Foraging A4ii LC
Fluttering Shearwater GLS Seaward extensions
(30km), observations
Foraging A4ii LC
Sooty Shearwater Observations Foraging, passage A1, (A4iii) NT
Australasian Gannet GPS Seaward extensions
(60km), observations
Foraging A4ii LC
Black-billed Gull 1 Observations Post-breeding foraging A1 EN
Black-fronted Tern 1 Observations Post-breeding foraging A1 EN
Antipodean Albatross Observations Passage A1 VU
Northern Royal Albatross Observations Passage A1 EN
White-capped Albatross Observations Passage A1 NT
Salvin’s Albatross Observations Passage A1 VU
Westland Petrel Observations Passage A1, A4ii VU
White-chinned Petrel Observations Passage A1 VU
Buller’s Shearwater GLS Observations Passage A1 VU
Hutton’s Shearwater GLS Observations Passage A1, A4ii EN
Observations A4iii Species group (multiple species including a number
not listed above)
1 Included in Farewell Spit, Motueka, Wairau Lagoons and Lake Grassmere IBAs - all of which include coastal waters.
NB: Cook Strait is a major passage or flyway for pelagic seabirds breeding outside the region, including birds from northern islands (e.g.
Buller’s Shearwaters, Grey-faced Petrel), the West Coast of the South Island (e.g. Westland Petrel) and Subantarctic islands (e.g. Salvin’s
Albatross, Antipodean Albatross).
IBA trigger species:
Protected area Designation Area
(km2)
Relationship with IBA
Cook Strait MPA Cable Zones Protected area contained within site
Kapiti, Taputeranga (Island Bay), Tonga
Island (Able Tasman)
Marine Reserve 48.57 Protected area contained within site
13
Fairy Prions. Photo: Frederic Pelsy
14
NZ M006 Marlborough Sounds
Location New Zealand, northern South Island
IBA criteria (see page 14) A1, A4ii, A4iii
Area 1,358 km2
Year of Assessment 2013
Species Tracking Supporting data Activity IBA criteria IUC
King Shag Seaward extensions
(25km), bathymetry (50m)
Foraging A1, A4ii EN
Fairy Prion Seaward extension Foraging, passage A4ii LC
Fluttering Shearwater 1 GLS Seaward extension, obser-
vations
Foraging A4ii LC
Australasian Gannet Seaward extension (60km),
observations
Foraging A4ii LC
Black-billed Gull Observations Post-breeding foraging A1, (A4iii) EN
Black-fronted Tern Observations Post-breeding foraging A1, (A4iii) EN
Species group (multiple species
not listed above)
Observations A4iii
1 A significant proportion of the global population of Fluttering Shearwaters breeds on islands in the Marlborough Sounds (5-10%).
Large flocks are regularly seen foraging deep within the sounds and in waters immediately offshore and have been taken into account
when drawing the boundaries for this IBA.
IBA trigger species:
Protected area Designation Area
(km2)
Relationship with IBA
Long Island - Kokomuhua Marine Reserve 6.19 Protected area contained within site
15
Top. King Shag. Bottom. Fluttering Shearwaters, Queen Charlotte Sound. Photos: Frederic Pelsy
16
NZ M007 East Coast South Island
Location New Zealand, east coast of South Island
IBA criteria (see page 14) A1, A4ii, A4iii
Area 36,889 km2
Year of Assessment 2013
Species Tracking Supporting data Activity IBA criteria IUC
Hutton’s Shearwater GLS, GPS Seaward extension
(185km), observations
Foraging, passage A1, A4ii EN
Wandering Albatross Observations Foraging, passage A1 VU
Antipodean Albatross Observations Foraging, passage A1 VU
Southern Royal Albatross Observations Foraging, passage A1 VU
Northern Royal Albatross Observations Foraging, passage A1 EN
White-capped Albatross Observations Foraging, passage A1 NT
Salvin’s Albatross Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii VU
Buller’s Albatross Observations Foraging, passage A1 VU
Campbell Albatross Observations Foraging, passage A1 VU
Black-browed Albatross Observations Foraging, passage A1 EN
Westland Petrel Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii VU
White-chinned Petrel Observations Foraging, passage A1 VU
Buller’s Shearwater Observations Passage A1 VU
Species group (multiple species including a number
not listed above)
Observations A4iii
IBA trigger species:
Protected area Designation Area
(km2)
Relationship with IBA
Clifford & Cloudy Bay Sanctuary Marine Mammal Protection 1,386 Protected area contained within site
17
Salvin’s Albatrosses, Kaikoura waters. Photo: Hadoram Shirihai
18
NZ M008 Kaikoura
Location New Zealand, east coast of South Island
IBA criteria (see page 14) A1, A4ii, A4iii
Area 2,500 km2
Year of Assessment 2013
Species Tracking Supporting data Activity IBA criteria IUC
Hutton’s Shearwater GLS, GPS Seaward extension
(185km), observations
Foraging, passage A1, A4ii EN
Spotted Shag 1 Seaward extension (16km),
observations
Foraging A4ii LC
Wandering Albatross Observations Foraging, passage
Antipodean Albatross Observations Foraging, passage A1 VU
Southern Royal Albatross Observations Foraging, passage A1 VU
Northern Royal Albatross Observations Foraging, passage A1 EN
White-capped Albatross Observations Foraging, passage A1 NT
Salvin’s Albatross Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii VU
Buller’s Albatross Observations Foraging, passage A1 VU
Campbell Albatross Observations Foraging, passage A1 VU
Black-browed Albatross Observations Foraging, passage A1 EN
Westland Petrel Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii VU
White-chinned Petrel Observations Foraging, passage A1 VU
Buller’s Shearwater Observations Passage A1 VU
Black-billed Gull 2 Seaward extension (20km) Foraging (in-shore) A1 EN
Black-fronted Tern 3 Seaward extension (20km) Foraging, passage (non-
breeding)
A1 EN
Species group (multiple species including a number
not listed above)
Observations A4iii
1 Non-breeding population meets threshold
2 Breeding population at mouth of Clarence River
3 Non-breeding population only
IBA trigger species:
Protected area Designation Area
(km2)
Relationship with IBA
Te Korowai Marine Reserve Protected area contained within site
19
Hutton’s Shearwaters, Kaikoura. Photo: Dennis Buurman
20
NZ M09 West Coast South Island (North)
Location New Zealand, west coast of South Island
IBA criteria (see page 14) A1, A4ii
Area 438 km2
Year of Assessment 2013
Species Tracking Supporting data Activity IBA criteria IUC
Westland Petrel GPS, GLS Observations Passage A1, A4ii VU
Spotted Shag Seaward extension (16km) Foraging A4ii LC
IBA trigger species:
Protected area Designation Area
(km2)
Relationship with IBA
Punakaiki Marine Reserve Protected area contained within site
21
NZ M010 Canterbury
Location New Zealand, east coast of South Island
IBA criteria (see page 14) A1, A4ii, A4iii
Area 8,577 km2
Year of Assessment 2013
Species Tracking Supporting data Activity IBA criteria IUC
Yellow-eyed Penguin Seaward extension (50km,
bathymetry (150m)
Foraging A1 EN
Spotted Shag Seaward extension (18km),
observations, aerial surveys
Foraging, passage A4ii LC
Hutton’s Shearwater GLS Seaward extension
(185km), observations,
Foraging, passage A1, A4ii EN
Antipodean Albatross Observations Foraging, passage A1 VU
Southern Royal Albatross Observations Foraging, passage A1 VU
Northern Royal Albatross Observations Foraging, passage A1 EN
White-capped Albatross Observations Foraging, passage A1 NT
Salvin’s Albatross Observations Foraging, passage A1 VU
Buller’s Albatross PTT Observations Foraging, passage A1 VU
Campbell Albatross Observations Foraging, passage A1 VU
Westland Petrel Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii VU
White-chinned Petrel Observations Foraging, passage A1 VU
Buller’s Shearwater GLS Observations Passage A1 VU
Little (White-flippered) Penguin Seaward extension (10km) Foraging (A4iii) LC
Black-billed Gull 1 Seaward extension (20km) Foraging (in-shore) A1 EN
Black-fronted Tern 1 Seaward extension (20km) Foraging (in-shore) A1 EN
Species group (multiple species including a number
not listed above)
A4iii
1 Included in Pegasus Bay Coast, Te Waihora and Ashburton River IBAs - which include coastal waters.
IBA trigger species:
22
Protected area Designation Area
(km2)
Relationship with IBA
Banks Peninsula Sanctuary Marine Mammal Protection 4,077 Protected area contained within site
Pohatu Flea Bay Marine Reserve 2.15 Protected area contained within site
23
NZ M011 North Otago
Location New Zealand,
IBA criteria (see page 14) A1, A4ii
Area 920 km2
Year of Assessment 2013
Species Tracking Supporting data Activity IBA criteria IUC
Yellow-eyed Penguin 1 GPS Seaward extension (50km),
bathymetry (150m)
Foraging, passage A1, A4ii EN
Stewart Island Shag Seaward extension (18km),
bathymetry (80m)
Foraging A1, A4ii VU
Sooty Shearwater GLS Observations Foraging, passage A1 NT
1 Congregations of Yellow-eyed Penguins have been observed in this area during non-breeding periods
NB: A number of other threatened species including Hutton’s Shearwater, White-capped, Salvin’s and Buller’s Albatross have been
observed regularly within this area.
IBA trigger species:
Protected area Designation Area
(km2)
Relationship with IBA
Nil
24
NZ M012 Dunedin Coast (includes Otago Harbour)
Location New Zealand,
IBA criteria (see page 14) A1, A4ii
Area 1,467 km2
Year of Assessment 2013
Species Tracking Data source Activity IBA criteria IUC
Yellow-eyed Penguin GPS Seaward extension (50km),
bathymetry (150m)
Foraging, passage A1, A4ii EN
Stewart Island Shag Seaward extension (18km),
bathymetry (80m)
Foraging A1, A4ii VU
Northern Royal Albatross GPS, PTT Observations Passage, maintenance
behaviours
A1 EN
Sooty Shearwater GLS Observations Foraging, passage A1 NT
NB: A number of other species including Hutton’s Shearwater, White-capped, Salvin’s and Buller’s Albatross have been observed regu-
larly within this area.
IBA trigger species:
Protected area Designation Area
(km2)
Relationship with IBA
Nil
25
Northern Royal Albatross, off Taiaroa Head. Photo: Frederic Pelsy
Stewart Island Shag, off Taiaroa Head. Photo: Frederic Pelsy
26
NZ M013 South Otago
Location New Zealand,
IBA criteria (see page 14) A1, A4ii
Area 1,050 km2
Year of Assessment 2013
Species Tracking Supporting data Activity IBA criteria IUC
Yellow-eyed Penguin 1 Seaward extension (50km),
bathymetry (150m)
Foraging, passage A1, A4ii EN
Stewart Island Shag Seaward extension (18km),
bathymetry (80m)
Foraging A1, A4ii VU
Sooty Shearwater Observations Foraging, passage A1, Aii NT
1 Congregations of Yellow-eyed Penguins have been observed in this area during non-breeding periods
NB: A number of other threatened species including Hutton’s Shearwater, White-capped, Salvin’s and Buller’s Albatross have been
observed regularly within this area.
IBA trigger species:
Protected area Designation Area
(km2)
Relationship with IBA
Catlins Coast (partial) Marine Mammal Protection 653.88 Protected area overlaps with site
27
NZ M014 Southern South Island
Location New Zealand,
IBA criteria (see page 14) A1, A4ii, A4iii
Area 14.930 km2
Year of Assessment 2013
Species Tracking Supporting data Activity IBA criteria IUC
Yellow-eyed Penguin GPS, VHF Seaward extension (50km),
bathymetry (150m)
Foraging A1, A4ii EN
Stewart Island Shag Seaward extension (16km),
bathymetry (80m)
Foraging, passage A1, A4ii VU
Fiordland penguin Observations Foraging A1, A4ii VU
Northern Royal Albatross GPS, PTT Observations Foraging, passage A1 EN
White-capped Albatross GLS, PTT Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii NT
Salvin’s Albatross Observations Foraging, passage A1 VU
Buller’s Albatross GLS, PTT Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii NT
Hutton’s Shearwater GLS Observations Foraging, passage A1 EN
Sooty Shearwater GLS Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii NT
A4iii Species group (multiple species including a number
not listed above)
IBA trigger species:
Protected area Designation Area
(km2)
Relationship with IBA
Catlins Coast (partial) Marine Mammal Protection 653.88 Protected area overlaps with site
Sooty Shearwaters, Southern Ocean. Photo: Kim Westerskov
28
29
NZ M015 Rakiura
Location New Zealand,
IBA criteria (see page 14) A1, A4ii, A4iii
Area 7,811 km2
Year of Assessment 2013
Species Tracking Supporting data Activity IBA criteria IUC
Yellow-eyed Penguin GPS Seaward extension (50km),
bathymetry (150m)
Local foraging, passage A1, A4ii EN
Fiordland Penguin Observations Foraging VU
Stewart Island Shag 1 Seaward extension (18km),
bathymetry (80m)
Foraging A1, A4ii VU
Northern Royal Albatross GPS, PTT Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii EN
Southern Royal Albatross Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii VU
Antipodean Albatross PTT Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii VU
White-capped Albatross GLS, PTT Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii NT
Salvin’s Albatross GLS Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii VU
Buller’s Albatross GLS, PTT Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii NT
Cook’s Petrel GLS Observations Passage A1 VU
Mottled Petrel GLS Observations Passage A1 NT
Sooty Shearwater GLS, GPS Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii NT
A4iii Species group (multiple species including a number
not listed above)
1 Included in Bluff Harbour Awarua Bay IBA.
IBA trigger species:
Protected area Designation Area
(km2)
Relationship with IBA
Ulva Island - Paterson Inlet Marine Reserve 10.75 Protected area contained within site
30
31
NZ M016 Fiordland - West Coast South Island (South)
Location New Zealand, west coast of South Island
IBA criteria (see page 14) A1, A4ii, A4iii
Area 9,573 km2
Year of Assessment 2013
Species Tracking Supporting data Activity IBA criteria IUC
Fiordland penguin 1 Seward extension (100km),
bathymetry, observations
Foraging A1, A4ii VU
Mottled Petrel GLS Passage A1 NT
Cook’s Petrel GLS Passage A1 VU
Sooty Shearwater Observations Local foraging, passage A1 NT
Northern Royal Albatross Observations Local foraging, passage A1 EN
Buller’s Albatross GPS, PTT Observations Local foraging, passage A1, A4ii NT
Salvin’s Albatross GLS Observations Local foraging, passage A1, A4ii VU
A4iii Species group (multiple species including a number
not listed above)
1 The offshore foraging for Fiordland Penguin has been limited to the 150m bathymetric contour , i. e. until distances range can be con-
firmed by tracking.
IBA trigger species:
Protected area Designation Area
(km2)
Relationship with IBA
Piopiotahi (Milford Sound), Te Awaatu Channel, Tai-
pari Roa (Elizabeth Island), Moana Uta (West Jacket
Arm), Taumoana (Five Fingers Peninsula), Te Tapuwae
o Hua (Long Sound)
Marine Reserve 42.85 Protected areas contained within
site
Te Wae Wae Bay Marine Mammal
Protection
348.84 Protected area contained within
site
32
33
NZ M017 Snares
Location New Zealand,
IBA criteria (see page 14) A1, A4ii, A4iii
Area 13,547 km2
Year of Assessment 2013
Species Tracking Supporting data Activity IBA criteria IUC
Snares Penguin GPS Seaward extension
(100km)
Foraging A1, A4ii EN
Buller’s Albatross GLS, GPS, PTT Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii NT
Salvin’s Albatross GLS Observations Foraging, passage A1, (A4iii) VU
Chatham Albatross Observations Foraging, passage A1 VU
Sooty Shearwater Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii NT
Mottled Petrel Observations Passage A1, A4ii NT
Common Diving Petrel Seaward extension (35km) Foraging A4ii LC
A4iii Species group (multiple species including a number
not listed above)
IBA trigger species:
Protected area Designation Area
(km2)
Relationship with IBA
Nil
Snares Penguins, Snares Islands. Photo: Kim Westerskov
34
35
NZ M018 Auckland Islands
Location New Zealand,
IBA criteria (see page 14) A1, A4ii, A4iii
Area 26,485 km2
Year of Assessment 2013
Species Tracking Supporting data Activity IBA criteria IUC
Southern Rockhopper Penguin Seaward extension
(100km)
Foraging A1 VU
Antipodean Albatross PTT Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii VU
Southern Royal Albatross Observations Passage A1, A4ii VU
White-capped Albatross GLS, PTT, GPS Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4iii NT
Light-mantled Albatross Observations Passage A1 NT
White-chinned Petrel Observations Passage A1 VU
Sooty Shearwater Observations Foraging, passage A1 NT
A4iii Species group (multiple species including a number
not listed above)
IBA trigger species:
Protected area Designation Area
(km2)
Relationship with IBA
Auckland Islands / Motu Maha (partial) Marine Reserve 4,980 Protected area overlaps with site
Auckland Islands (partial) Marine mammal
protection
4,077 Protected area overlaps with site
36
37
NZ M019 Auckland Islands
Location New Zealand,
IBA criteria (see page 14) A1, A4ii, A4iii
Area 7,085 km2
Year of Assessment 2013
Species Tracking Supporting data Activity IBA criteria IUC
Yellow-eyed penguin Seaward extension
(50km), bathymetry
Foraging A1, A4ii EN
Southern Rockhopper Penguin Seaward extension
(100km)
Foraging A1 VU
Auckland Island Shag Seaward extension (16km),
bathymetry (50m)
Foraging A1, A4ii VU
Southern Royal Albatross Observations Passage A1, A4ii VU
Antipodean Albatross PTT Observations Passage A1, A4ii VU
White-capped Albatross GLS, PTT Observations Foraging, passage A1, (A4iii) NT
Light-mantled Albatross Observations Passage A1 NT
White-chinned Petrel Observations Passage A1 VU
Sooty Shearwater Observations Foraging, passage A1 NT
A4iii Species group (multiple species including a number
not listed above)
IBA trigger species:
Protected area Designation Area
(km2)
Relationship with IBA
Auckland Islands / Motu Maha (partial) Marine Reserve 4,980 Protected area overlaps with site
Auckland Islands (partial) Marine mammal protection 4,077 Protected area overlaps with site
Yellow-eyed Penguin, Auckland Islands. Photo: Kim Westerskov
38
39
NZ M20 Campbell Islands
Location New Zealand,
IBA criteria (see page 14) A1, A4ii, A4iii
Area 651 km2
Year of Assessment 2013
Species Tracking Supporting data Activity IBA criteria IUC
Yellow-eyed Penguin Seaward extension (50km),
bathymetry (150m)
Foraging A1, A4ii EN
Erect-crested Penguin Seaward extension
(100km)
Passage A1, A4ii EN
Southern Rockhopper Penguin Seaward extension
(100km)
Passage A1 VU
Campbell Island Shag Seaward extension (16km),
bathymetry (50m)
Foraging A1, A4ii VU
Black-browed Albatross Observations Passage EN
Antipodean Albatross Observations Passage A1, A4ii VU
Southern Royal Albatross PTT Observations Passage A1, A4ii VU
Campbell Albatross PTT Observations Foraging/Passage A1, A4ii VU
Grey-headed Albatross PTT Observations Foraging/Passage A1, A4ii VU
White-chinned Petrel Observations Passage A1, A4ii VU
A4iii Species group (multiple species including a number
not listed above)
IBA trigger species:
Protected area Designation Area
(km2)
Relationship with IBA
Moutere Ihupuku/Campbell Island Marine Reserve 1,132.5 Protect area overlaps with site
40
41
NZ M21 Campbell
Location New Zealand,
IBA criteria (see page 14) A1, A4ii, A4iii
Area 30,649 km2
Year of Assessment 2013
Species Tracking Supporting data Activity IBA criteria IUC
Erect-crested Penguin Seaward extension
(100km)
Foraging A1, A4ii EN
Southern Rockhopper Penguin GPS Seaward extension
(100km)
Foraging A1 VU
Black-browed Albatross Observations Passage EN
Antipodean Albatross Observations Passage A1, A4ii VU
Southern Royal Albatross PTT, (GLS) Observations Passage A1, A4ii VU
Campbell Albatross GLS, PTT, GPS Observations Passage A1, A4ii VU
Grey-headed Albatross GLS, PTT, GPS Observations Passage A1, A4ii VU
White-chinned Petrel Observations Passage A1, A4ii VU
Grey Petrel Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii NT
A4iii Species group (multiple species including a number
not listed above)
IBA trigger species:
Protected area Designation Area
(km2)
Relationship with IBA
Moutere Ihupuku/Campbell Island Marine Reserve 1,132.5 Protect area overlaps with site
42
43
NZ M22 Antipodes
Location New Zealand,
IBA criteria (see page 14) A1, A4ii, A4iii
Area 31,390 km2
Year of Assessment 2013
IBA trigger species:
Species Tracking Supporting data Activity IBA criteria IUC
Erect-crested Penguin Seaward extension
(100km)
Foraging A1, A4ii EN
Southern Rockhopper Penguin PTT Seaward extension
(100km)
Foraging A1 VU
Antipodean Albatross PTT Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii EN
Black-browed Albatross Observations Passage A1 VU
White-capped Albatross Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii NT
Light-mantled Albatross Observations Passage A1 NT
White-chinned Petrel Observations Passage A1 VU
Grey Petrel GLS Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii NT
A4iii Species group (multiple species including a number
not listed above)
Erect-crested Penguins, Antipodes Islands. Photo: Karen Baird
44
Protected area Designation Area
(km2)
Relationship with IBA
Moutere Mahue/Antipodes Island Marine Reserve 2,172.9 Protected area contained within site
45
NZ M23 Bounty Islands
Location New Zealand,
IBA criteria (see page 14) A1, A4ii, A4iii
Area 804 km2
Year of Assessment 2013
Species Tracking Supporting data Activity IBA criteria IUC
Bounty Island Shag Seaward extension (16km),
bathymetry (50m), obser-
vations
Foraging A1, A4ii VU
Erect-crested Penguin Seaward extension
(100km), observations
Foraging, passage A1, A4ii EN
Salvin’s Albatross (GLS) Passage A1, A4ii VU
Fulmar Prion (GLS) Passage A4ii LC
A4iii Species group (multiple species including a number
not listed above)
IBA trigger species:
Protected area Designation Area
(km2)
Relationship with IBA
Moutere Hauriri/Bounty Islands Marine Reserve 1,046.3 Protected area contained within site
Bounty Island Shag. Photo: Hadoram Shirihai
46
Salvin’s Albatrosses, Bounty Islands. Photo: Karen Baird
47
NZ M24 Bounty
Location New Zealand,
IBA criteria (see page 14) A1, A4ii, A4iii
Area 30,607 km2
Year of Assessment 2013
IBA trigger species:
Protected area Designation Area (km2) Relationship with IBA
Moutere Hauriri/Bounty Islands Marine reserve Protected area overlaps with site
Species Tracking Supporting data Activity IBA criteria IUC
Erect-crested Penguin Seaward extension
(100km), observations
Foraging, passage A1, A4ii EN
Salvin’s Albatross (GLS) Observation Passage A1, A4ii VU
Chatham Petrel GLS Foraging, passage A1 CR
White-chinned petrel GLS Foraging, passage A1 VU
Grey Petrel GLS Foraging, passage A1 NT
Fulmar Prion (GLS) Passage A4ii LC
A4iii Species group (multiple species including a number
not listed above)
48
Erect-crested Penguins, Bounty Islands. Photo: Hadoram Shirihai
49
NZ M25 Chatham Islands
Location New Zealand,
IBA criteria (see page 14) A1, A4ii, A4iii
Area 7,288 km2
Year of Assessment 2013
Species Tracking Supporting data Activity IBA criteria IUC
Chatham Shag Seaward extension (18km),
bathymetry (50m), observation
Foraging A1, A4ii EN
Pitt Island Shag (GPS) Seaward extension (18km),
observations
Foraging A1, A4ii EN
Magenta Petrel (Chatham Island Taiko) (GLS,
GPS, VHF)
Passage A1, A4ii CR
Chatham Petrel GLS Passage A1, A4ii CR
Northern Royal Albatross GLS, PTT Observations Passage A1, A4ii
Chatham Albatross GLS, PTT Observations Passage A1, A4ii VU
Buller’s Albatross Observations Passage A1, A4ii NT
Northern Giant Petrel Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii NT
Sooty Shearwater Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii NT
Broad-billed Prion (GLS) Passage A4ii LC
White-faced Storm Petrel Observations Foraging, passage A4ii LC
A4iii Species group (multiple species including a number
not listed above)
IBA trigger species:
Protected area Designation Area (km2) Relationship with IBA
Nil
50
Chatham Islands. Photo: Hadoram Shirihai
51
NZ M26 Chatham
Location New Zealand, Chatham Islands
IBA criteria (see page 14) A1, A4ii, A4iii
Area 44,981 km2
Year of Assessment 2013
IBA trigger species:
Protected area Designation Area (km2) Relationship with IBA
Nil
Species Tracking Supporting data Activity IBA criteria IUC
Magenta Petrel (Chatham Island Taiko) GLS, GPS,
VHF
Foraging, passage A1, A4ii CR
Chatham Petrel GLS Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii CR
Northern Royal Albatross GLS, PTT Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii EN
Chatham Albatross GLS, PTT,
GPS
Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii VU
Buller’s Albatross GPS Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii NT
Northern Giant Petrel Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii NT
Grey Petrel GLS Foraging, passage A1, A4ii NT
Sooty Shearwater Observations Foraging, passage A1, A4ii NT
Broad-billed Prion (GLS) Seaward extension
(130km)
Foraging, passage A4ii LC
White-faced Storm Petrel Seaward extension
(35km)
Foraging, passage A4ii LC
Antipodean Albatross PTT Foraging, passage A1 VU
Wandering Albatross GLS, PTT Foraging, passage A1 VU
A4iii Species group (multiple species including a number not
listed above)
52
Chatham Albatross. Photo: Karen Baird
53
Species names (Common) Species names (Scientific) Pelagic Radii Source
Brown Noddy Anous stolidus N 60 BirdLife global radii foraging database
Black Noddy Anous tenuirostris N 35 Marchant & Higgins 1988 Ave range 15-30km, max 80km
Brown Skua Catharacta antarctica N 10 Provisional choice
Cape Petrel Daption capense Y
Antipodean Albatross Diomedea antipodensis Y
Southern Royal Albatross Diomedea epomophora Y
North Royal Albatross Diomedea sanfordi Y
Northern Royal Albatross Diomedea sanfordi Y
Southern Rockhopper Penguin Eudyptes chrysocome N 100 Tremblay & Cherel 1995, 2009, Sagar et al 2005
Fiordland Penguin Eudyptes pachyrhynchus N 100 Likely to be less - more coastal, also within fiords
Snares Penguin Eudyptes robustus N 100 Tracking available (GPS) (T. Mattern)
Erect-crested Penguin Eudyptes sclateri N 100
Little Penguin Eudyptula minor N 30 Provisional choice Tracking available - variety of sources (G Taylor, University of Auckland, University of Otago)
White-bellied Storm-petrel Fregetta grallaria N 100 Provisional choice
Black-bellied Storm-petrel Fregetta tropica N 100 Provisional choice
Black-billed Gull Larus bulleri N 20 Provisional choice
Southern Black-backed Gull Larus dominicanus N 20 Provisional choice
Red-billed Gull Larus scopulinus N 20 Provisional choice
Northern Giant Petrel Macronectes halli Y Some feeding close to breeding islands (i.e. scavenging)
Yellow-eyed Penguin Megadyptes antipodes N 50 (Ellenburg et al 2012) 0 -150m bathymetry Tracking availa-ble (GPS) (T. Mattern)
Australasian Gannet Morus serrator N 60 BirdLife global radii surrogate cape gannet Tracking availa-ble (GPS) (T. Dennis, M. Rayner; S. Ismar)
NZ Storm-petrel Oceanites maorianus N 35 Provisional choice
Grey-backed Storm-petrel Oceanites nereis N 100 Provisional choice
Fulmar Prion Pachyptila crassirostris N 130 Provisional choice
Antarctic Prion Pachyptila desolata N 130 Provisional choice
Fairy Prion Pachyptila turtur N 130 Provisional choice; tracking available (GLS)
Broad-billed Prion Pachyptila vittata N 130 Provisional choice
White-faced Storm-petrel Pelagodroma marina N 35 Provisional choice; at sea observations suggest up to 50kms
South Georgia Diving Petrel Pelecanoides georgicus N 20 Provisional choice
Common Diving Petrel Pelecanoides urinatrix N 20 Provisional choice; tracking available (GLS)
Red-tailed Tropicbird Phaethon rubricauda Y Birds often seen 'bathing' in vicinity of islands - maybe to clean of parasites, etc. after time on the nest
Campbell Island Shag Phalacrocorax campbelli N 18
NZ King Shag Phalacrocorax carunculatus N 25 Schuckard (2004, 2006) 0-50m bathymetry
Stewart Island Shag Phalacrocorax chalconotus N 18 C. Lalas pers. com. 0-80m bathymetry
Auckland Islands Shag Phalacrocorax colensoi N 16
Pitt Island Shag Phalacrocorax featherstoni N 16 Some tracking available (M. Bell)
TABLE 1: Suggested foraging radii for New Zealand seabirds. This table will be revised as tracking for smaller species be-
comes available.
54
Species names (Common) Species names (Scientific) Pelagic Radii Source
Little Shag Phalacrocorax melanoleucos N 5 Provisional choice
Chatham Island Shag Phalacrocorax onslowi N 18
Spotted Shag Phalacrocorax punctatus N 18 Range likely to be more than 18km laterally along coast; by-catch data
Bounty Island Shag Phalacrocorax ranfurlyi N 18
Pied Shag Phalacrocorax varius N 5 Provisional choice; close to shoreline/reefs/within estuaries and harbours
Light-mantled Albatross Phoebetria palpebrata Y
White-chinned Petrel Procellaria aequinoctialis Y
Grey Petrel Procellaria cinerea Y
Parkinson's Petrel Procellaria parkinsoni Y Tracking available (GLS & GPS)
Westland Petrel Procelleria westlandica Y BirdLife global radii Tracking available (GLS & GPS)
Grey Noddy Procelsterna cerulea N 35
Chatham Petrel Pterodroma axillaris Y Tracking available (geolocator)
White-necked Petrel Pterodroma cervicalis Y
Cook's Petrel Pterodroma cookii Y Large numbers of birds gather around LBI - likely predominatly non-breeders - out 15kms Tracking available (GLS)
Mottled Petrel Pterodroma inexpectata Y Tracking available (GLS)
White-headed Petrel Pterodroma lessonii Y
Grey-faced Petrel Pterodroma macroptera Y Tracking available (GLS & GPS)
Great-winged Petrel Pterodroma macroptera Y
Magenta Petrel Pterodroma magentae Y Tracking available (GLS)
Soft-plumaged Petrel Pterodroma mollis Y
Kermadec Petrel Pterodroma neglecta Y
Black-winged Petrel Pterodroma nigripennis Y Tracking available (GLS)
Pycroft's Petrel Pterodroma pycrofti Y Tracking available (GLS)
Bullers Shearwater Puffinus bulleri N Foraging extensive; rafting in vicinity of breeding islands Track-ing available (GLS and GPS(?))
Flesh-footed Shearwater Puffinus carneipes N 100 Provisional choice Tracking available (GLS)
Fluttering Shearwater Puffinus gavia N 30 Provisional choice Tracking available (GLS)
Sooty Shearwater Puffinus griseus Y Foraging extensive; flock-feeding and rafting in vicinity of breeding islands; tracking available (GLS)
Hutton's Shearwater Puffinus huttoni N 185 Provisional choice; foraging fairly extensive; flock-feeding and rafting in vicinity of breeding islands Tracking available (GLS)
Wedge-tailed Shearwater Puffinus pacificus Y * Foraging extensive; flock-feeding and rafting in vicinity of breeding islands
Little Shearwater Puffnus assimilus N 50 Provisional choice; tracking available (GLS)
Black-fronted Tern Sterna albastriata N 5 Provisional choice
Sooty Tern Sterna fuscata N 80 BirdLife global radii; foraging appears to be extensive; although flock-feeding observed in vicinity of breeding islands
White-fronted Tern Sterna striata N 35 Marchant & Higgins 1988
Antarctic Tern Sterna vittata N 6 BirdLife global radii surrogate arctic tern
NZ Fairy Tern Sternula davisae N 35 Marchant & Higgins 1988; likely more local than this - predomi-nantly estuarine/harbour habitat (Ismar et al 2012)
55
Species names (Common) Species names (Scientific)
Pelagic Radii Source
Masked Booby Sula dactylatra tasmani N 70 BirdLife global radii foraging database
Buller's Albatross Thalassarche bulleri Y
Indian Yellow-nosed Albatross Thalassarche carteri Y
Grey-headed Albatross Thalassarche chrysostoma Y
Chatham Albatross Thalassarche eremita Y
Campbell Albatross Thalassarche impavida Y
Black-browed Albatross Thalassarche melanophrys Y
Salvin's Albatross Thalassarche salvini Y
White-capped Albatross Thalassarche steadi Y
56
Campbell Albatrosses, Pukaki Rise. Photo: Hadoram Shirihai © Tubenose Project
2 AREAS FOR PELAGIC SPECIES
57
Identifying marine IBAs for pelagic seabirds – work in progress
Areas for pelagic species are those marine areas remote from land where they regularly gather in large numbers, whether to feed or for other purposes. These areas usually coincide with specific oceanographic features, such as shelf-breaks, eddies, upwellings and convergence zones, and their biological productivity is invariably high. BirdLife’s Tracking Ocean Wanderers: global seabird tracking database comprises extensive data on distributions of seabirds at sea (originally for Procellariiformes – albatrosses and petrels), but more recently to include other seabirds collected from tracking devices deployed by research scientists. This database has proved to be a vital resource for the identification of marine IBAs relat-ing to non-breeding congregations, migratory bottlenecks and at-sea areas for pelagic species. The development of novel techniques for the analysis of data, particularly those from tracking devices, has involved input from a wide range of sea-bird experts.
The whole New Zealand EEZ is a globally important area for seabirds. There is a bewildering array of layers that seabirds utilise spatially and temporally. Foraging areas change through different stages of breeding. Most birds breed annually, some biennially, and at different times of the year. They can remain in New Zealand waters all year round, or migrate away for short or long periods. To date (February 2014) tracking data for only 17 species of New Zealand’s albatrosses and petrels has been entered into the Tracking Ocean Wanderers: global seabirds tracking database (http://www.seabirdtracking.org/). While this is an area of seabird research that is proliferating, the coverage of both species and study sites (ie. colonies where birds are tracked from) remains patchy. The resulting analysis for marine IBA purposes is in a formative state. Yet despite this, the picture that is emerging of how seabirds use New Zealand’s marine environment from the tracking studies (combined with other data) is a complex one.
From a conservation perspective, identifying a network of priority sites for their conservation is also a challenge but vital to ensure their future survival. BirdLife’s Marine e-Atlas, launched in 2012, is the first global inventory of these sites (http://maps.birdlife.org/marineIBAs/default.html). Marine IBAs must be seen as a living process. As new data is added to the tracking database, this will result in new areas being defined, with some existing areas modified. Researchers are urged to continue submitting datasets to the Tracking Ocean Wanderers: global seabirds tracking database, including non -Procellariiform tracking datasets (ie. penguins, gannets, boobies, shags (cormorants), gulls and terns).
A variety of other data could be utilised for marine IBA identification. Understanding the importance to seabirds of the waters of New Zealand’s EEZ requires knowledge of species diversity across a dynamic marine ecosystem from estuaries and harbours, to coastal waters, deeper shelf waters, to the edge of the continental shelf and deep pelagic waters far from land. Historically this understanding has been gained from boat-based observations of where birds congregate to feed at sea. In New Zealand waters the data sources for ship-based seabird observations are those made by J. Jenkins dur-ing inter-island (Pacific) and trans-Tasman voyages as master aboard Union Steam Ship Company vessels (Auckland Muse-um); sightings data collected by Kaikoura Encounter (Ocean Wings) skippers; by others during seabird bird-watching and research trips; and more latterly e-Bird entries and postings to BirdingNZ.net and Seabird-News internet groups. Further sightings have been made during aerial surveys; also by fisheries observers (counts of seabirds seen around vessels and from captures in long-line and trawl fisheries). To date (2014) there has not been an official attempt to centralise and standardise this data.
Global Positioning System (GPS) tags that provide fine-scale data-accurate points (to within metres) with reporting fre-quencies up to every second are increasingly used as devices become smaller and more efficient with battery life. Satellite tags (PTT) provide meso-scale data – regularly receiving position fixes (up to hourly) from a network of satellites for peri-ods of months or even years, and are accurate to between 1 and 25 km. Geolocator (GLS) tags provide large-scale data – one point every 12 hours with a battery life that can extend up to 5 years. Their small size makes them applicable to all but the smallest seabirds and they provide locations that are accurate to roughly 180 km.
58
Background
Important Bird Areas (IBAs) are identified using a standardized set of data-driven criteria and thresholds, which ensures that the approach can be used consistently worldwide (Fishpool et al, 2001). While IBAs have been used to identify priority sites for conservation in terrestrial environments for almost 30 years, their identification in the marine environment has only been advanced in a consistent way since 2004 and the methods for doing so continue to be reviewed and refined.
Approaches to identifying IBAs for seabirds during their time at colonies and in near-shore environments fits well within existing IBA identification methodologies. However, for many pelagic seabird species, the range and remoteness of their distributions during their time at-sea mean that new data sources and analytical approaches are required.
To assist the development of techniques to identify marine IBAs using tracking data, BirdLife organised a workshop at CNRS, Chize, France (2009) which reviewed techniques for analysis, defined the best approaches and identified some key considerations for assessing seabird tracking data against the IBA criteria and thresholds. The methods outlined here build on those established in the Chize workshop.
Applying IBA criteria
BirdLife IBA criteria ask for ‘regular presence’ and ‘threshold number of birds’ to be shown at a site for it to qualify as an IBA. The tracking analyses presented here aim to identify areas based on regular use by a high proportion of tracked trips. Using measures of the data’s representativeness, estimates and assessments a seabird’s population at a particular can be determined and used to assess whether sites qualify against IBA criteria and thresholds.
Data Types and Standardisation
Through the GPTD, data owners have made a large amount of tracking data available for a marine IBA analysis. However, this data has been collected for a wide range of purposes and using a range of remote tracking technologies. In order that analyses are consistent across the large geographic and taxonomic ranges in question, it is essential that these varied data inputs are standardised and comparable. The tracking data available to this process represent three data types: Global Positioning Systems (GPS), Platform Terminal Transponders (PPT) and Geolocators (GLS), each of which provide location data in a different format and require standardising in a particular way.
Raw PTT data were standardised as per the methods described in BirdLife (2004), this uses a speed filter to remove erro-neous locations. Mean velocities are calculated for each point based on a 4 point rolling window (following McConnell et al, 1992). A maximum realistic velocity is set (‘vmax’; in the cases of albatrosses and petrels is 100 km.hr-1) and, using the comparison of this value with the velocity of each point, as well as the location accuracy value provided by the satellite service provider, the least realistic locations are removed iteratively until only those with a velocity less than ‘vmax’ re-mained. These data are resampled to represent hourly locations.
GPS data have a much higher accuracy than PTT tracking devices; therefore all GPS points are retained. These devices are often duty cycled (programmed to switch on and off at regular intervals resulting in stochastic data), so data are resampled to represent hourly locations.
GLS devices generate data that are less accurate than other platforms (mean error of 186km), provide only two fixes per day and suffer from problems defining latitude values during equinoxes (Phillips et al, 2005). Accuracy can be improved with the use of Sea Surface Temperature loggers or by manual interpretation and analysis of the raw light level data (Shaffer et al, 2005) and so, optimally, processing is done by the data’s collector. For these reasons GLS data are processed and standardised by the owners prior to their inclusion in the analysis.
Creating Data Groups
Distributions vary between seabird species, colonies and stages of the annual and life cycles. So that these variations can be adequately captured within the marine IBA analysis it is important that each combination is analysed separately. Data are therefore aggregated into ‘data groups’ based on species, colony/capture site and stage of the life cycle prior to analysis.
Because PTT and GPS data are comparable (at least at the scales of movements being considered here) they are combined and analysed together. The greater accuracy of these devices allows datagroups to be created for specific stages of birds’ lifecycles (defined as: pre-laying, incubation, brooding, post-guard, non-breeding).
Methods for converting seabird tracking data into marine IBAs
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Due to the larger location error in GLS data, these are treated separately. During non-breeding migrations, movements are sufficiently large to discern trips from GLS data. However, during breeding the error in the locations are, in some cases, as large as the movements to and from the colony. Consequently, splitting the data into separate foraging trips and into breeding stages during this time is not possible and so, while non-breeding GLS data can be analysed using the following methods, an alternative approach is required for breeding data.
Splitting to trips
Sites are identified based on the proportions of trips choosing to use a site. To assess this, it is necessary to split tracking data into individual trips (each trip is treated as a separate sampling occasion). For GPS and PTT data, trips are defined as any occasion where the tracked individual travelled from the colony for more than 12 hours and reached a distance greater than 25km. For non-breeding data, trips were defined as the time from when the bird left the colony until the first time it returns (this excludes pre-egg exodus but sometime includes failed breeders during the breeding season).
Splitting to trips in this way often creates multiple trips from a single individual’s movements and because site fidelity has been shown in seabird foraging destinations (Weimerskirch, 2007; Hamer et al, 2001) this may cause pseudo -replication and bias in analyses. To avoid the effects of this, for each data group the variance between multiple trips from an individual were compared with multiple trips from multiple individuals using a Mann-Whitney U test. Where the Mann-Whitney U test found that variance within an individual was significantly lower than between individuals (p=0.25), pseudo-replication was said to be apparent and only a single randomly selected trip from each individual was used in further analyses. Where the Mann-Whitney U test showed the data not to be significantly pseudo-replicated all trips were used.
Scale of interaction and assessing core or passage use areas
Sites are identified for two ecological patterns, ‘core use areas’ and ‘passage use areas’, these are identified separately because they represent different behaviour and have different management implications. Kernel Density Estimation (KDE; a measure of the proportion of time spent by an individual in an area) and Buffered triplines are used to identify each of these. KDE identify the area where each trip spent most of its time, and buffers are used to signify when birds are travel-ling in suitably close proximity for it to be considered a ‘passage corridor’. Both of these metrics rely on a spatial scale.
Pinaud and Weimerskirch (2005) used First Passage Time analysis (FPT; a measure of the time taken for a bird to cross a circle of a given radius) to determine the scale at which each tracked individual was interacting with the environment. So that spatial scale is not set arbitrarily, a similar approach is used here. FPT values are calculated for each trip at a number of spatial scales and the scale with the highest log variance is considered the appropriate scale for the trip. This value is aver-aged across the datagroup and this is the value used in further analyses.
In the case of GLS data, scales of seabird/environment are assumed to be less than the error in locations. For this reason, the appropriate scale used for GLS analysis defaults to 186km, i.e. the error of the device (Phillips et al, 2004).
To determine ‘core use areas’ KDE is applied to each trip individually using the datagroup’s appropriate scale, as defined above using FPT. The most dense 50% of the distribution is calculated from this (the 50%UD) and is designated as the core area relevant to that trip. The process is repeated for every trip in the datagroup and the number and proportion of these falling within each cell (in a tenth of a degree grid) are calculated.
To determine ‘passage use areas’ each trip is converted to triplines making the assumption that birds travelled in a straight line between fixes. Triplines are then buffered using the appropriate scale, as defined above using FPT. As with the core use analysis, these buffered lines are then overlain and counted within a grid.
The resultant counts illustrate areas used as core or passage by multiple trips and, by applying thresholds to these counts, sites may be identified.
Identifying sites, and applying IBA criteria
Following extensive testing and consultation with seabird researchers, it was decided that any area shown to be a ‘core use area’ for greater than 10% of the population should be considered as ‘regularly used by significant abundances of birds’ and, therefore qualify. Similarly, any area shown to be used for passage by more than 75% of the population is considered an important passage corridor and should also qualify (the higher threshold is indicative of a lower ecological sensitivity during passage).
Both qualifications do, however, depend on the datagroup representing the wider population and in some cases this may not be the case, allowing incomparable areas to qualify. This is particularly true when tracked sample sizes are small or unrepresentative. To account for this, higher thresholds are applied when data is not fully representative.
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Fig.1: Determining the representivity value (in this case 96%) of a datagroup of Buller’s Albatross from the Snares colony, New Zealand during the Post-Guard stage of its lifecycle.
To assess how representative each datagroup is, an analytical approach looking at how distributions change with increased sample sizes is applied. This approach is hereafter termed ‘bootstrapping’ as it randomly selects 1:n trip samples and boot-straps each to account for the random selection. For every sample size (from 1 to n trips) the bootstrapping calculates the 50% UD for the sample, and the proportion of the non-sampled trips that falls within this UD area. The result indicates how much each trip adds to the distribution and how inclusion increases with sample size. When the rate of increase decreases to 0, (i.e. when adding new samples simply replicate distributions already sampled) the data group is assumed to fully rep-resent the population.
By fitting a non-linear regression to these results it is possible to calculate this asymptote value (i.e. predict the sample size of a completely representative datagroup) and this is compared with the value met by the datagroup itself to determine the degree to which it is complete. This comparison is made as a percentage, and this value can be used as a measure of its representativeness (this is a similar approach to that applied to species discovery curves, Bebber et al, 2007; and chick growth rates, Schekerman et al, 2003). See fig 1 for an example.
Once each datagroup has been assessed and their representativeness value calculated, datagroups are binned into groups depending on the result. Groups were again defined following extensive consultation and testing. If a datagroup sample size is less than 15 then it was deemed not appropriate for a marine IBA analysis. Similarly if the bootstrapping result was less than 70% this was also deemed to be the case. The rest of the datagroups were scored as; poor, medium or good de-pending on both sample size and representativeness. See table 1 for a breakdown.
Bin Representative Value UD Threshold Buff Threshold
NA <70 None None
Poor <80 > 20%
Medium <90 >12.5%
Good <100 <10%
Table 1: showing thresholds for determining datagroup bins in relation to sample size and representativeness.
Each bin corresponds to an appropriate threshold value and this is applied to both the counts of ‘core use areas’ and ‘passage use areas’. All areas above these thresholds qualify as potential marine IBAs. All sites identified for species catego-rised as Vulnerable, Endangered or Critically Endangered on the IUCN Redlist qualify for IBA criterion A1.
To apply IBA criterion A4 overall population estimates are needed for each site to determine if IBA thresholds (any site holding >1% of a global population ) have been met. This relies on the bootstrapping results, and assigns a proportion of the overall population represented by the tracked population (hereafter called a ‘population factor’). The maximum and mini-mum Buffer and KDE counts are determined for each site and, using the population factor and an estimate of the wider population, minimum and maximum site abundances are calculated. Sites shown to hold > 1% of the global population quali-fied for A4 criterion. Final boundaries were determined by merging all overlapping sites so that the resultant area was the largest site necessary to adequately cover all species and populations during all life history stages triggering the area.
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Identifying marine IBAs for pelagic seabirds
Top: The accuracy of devices providing the tracking data calculated from an underlying layer to inform pelagic marine IBA identification. Tracking data from Geolocator devices were given a low accuracy while data from GPS or PTT devices re-ceived a high accuracy, higher device accuracy data was considered more favourably when defining pelagic marine IBAs boundaries.
Bottom: Species diversity was calculated from tracking data as an underlying layer to inform pelagic marine IBA identifica-tion. Different species assemblages were considered when defining pelagic marine IBAs boundaries.
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Top: The number of times that a tracking dataset triggered IBA criteria was counted, and used as an underlying layer to
inform pelagic marine IBA identification. Areas where tracking data repeatedly triggered IBA criteria were considered
more favourably when defining pelagic marine IBAs boundaries.
Bottom: The number of unique years for which tracking data was available was counted, and used as an underlying layer
to inform pelagic marine IBA identification. The temporal range of supporting tracking data was considered when defining
pelagic marine IBAs boundaries.
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Tracking data A summary of tracking data used for identification of Marine IBAs around New Zealand is provided in Table 3. New
Zealand data providers with datasets currently in the Ocean Wanderers Global Seabird (Procellariiform) Tracking Database
are: E. Bell (Wildlife Management International), L. Deppe (University of Canterbury), M.J. Rayner (Auckland Museum/
University of Auckland), C. Robertson (Wild Press), Jean-Claude Stahl (Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa), P.
Sagar (NIWA), D. Thompson (NIWA), L. Torres (NIWA), K. Walker (Albatross Research), G. Elliott (Albatross Research), G.
Taylor (DOC), P. Scofield (Canterbury Museum), A. Freeman (Lincoln University), K-J. Wilson (Lincoln University), T.
Landers (Auckland Council), S. Waugh (Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa), B. Thomas (Massey University).
Also, D. Nicholls (Australia), R.A. Phillip (British Antarctic Survey, UK), S. Shaffer (San Jose State University, USA), H.
Weimerskirch (CEB CNRS, France).
Global Seabird (Procellariiform) Tracking Database This database, bringing together data from a range of seabird species and families, has been made possible entirely
though the unique collaboration of seabird scientists from around the world. The website has been developed to build
links between data owners and their data, as well as provide tools to support data submission and standardising as well as
to foster further seabird conservation work.
http://www.seabirdtracking.org/
Data can be searched and viewed (subject to owner's permissions) within the site, but actual access to tracking data is
restricted within a request process. Data contributors are provided with direct access to their data via profile pages, where
their data can be searched, edited and downloaded. If you have data to submit but are not yet a registered user please
click on the profile page and you will be directed accordingly.
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Candidate marine IBAs for pelagic species Each pelagic marine e-atlas site can be interrogated using the Marine e-atlas - see http://maps.birdlife.org/marineIBAs/
default.html
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Common name
Cat Pop. size (mature inds)
Pop. size (inds)
1% Glob-al pop
Year Population justification
Southern Rockhopper Penguin
VU 1000000-2499999
500000-999999
10000 2010 The population is estimated at just over 1.23 million pairs (Birdlife International 2010). The Falkland Islands (Malvinas), with 55 distinct breeding colonies, had a total of 210,418 breeding pairs in 2005. Isla de los Estados (Argentina) had 173,793 in 1998. In Chile, there are large colo-nies on Isla Diego Ramirez (132,721 pairs in 2002), Isla Noir (158,200 pairs in 2005) and Isla Ildefonso (86,400 pairs in 2006). In the Indian Ocean there are populations on the Prince Edward Islands (80,000 pairs in 2008/2009 [Crawford et al. 2009]) (South Africa), Crozet Is-lands (152,800 pairs in 1982), Kerguelen Islands (85,500 pairs in 1985) (French Southern Terri-tories) and Heard Island (10,000 pairs in 1987) (Heard and McDonald Islands [to Australia]). There are also significant populations on Campbell Island (51,000 pairs in 1986) (New Zealand) and Macquarie (37,500 pairs in 2007) (Australia) (BirdLife International 2010). Several popula-tions have experienced major long-term population crashes. Approximately 1.5 million pairs are estimated to have been lost from Campbell Island (94% of the original total) between 1942 and 1986 (Cunningham and Moors 1994), and the Falkland Islands (Malvinas) population fell by around 1.4 million pairs between 1932 and 2005 (87% of the original total) (Pütz et al. 2003). Several other sites appear to have suffered severe declines. Between 1994/1995 and 2008/2009, numbers at Marion Island decreased by about 70%, from 160,000 pairs to 42 000 pairs (Crawford et al. 2009). Population modelling, based on those breeding sites that have been accurately surveyed, indicates that over the past 37 years (three generations) the num-ber of Southern Rockhopper Penguins has declined by 34% (BirdLife International 2010).
Fiordland Penguin
VU 5000-6000 50 2000 The population has been estimated at c.5,000-6,000 mature individuals (McLean 1997).
Snares Penguin
VU 62000 93000 620 2010 A survey in 2010 found 25,905 nests on North-East Island and 5,161 nests on Broughton (J. Hiscock. 2012), suggesting that there are c.31,000 pairs, or c.62,000 mature individuals. This is assumed to equate to a total population of c.93,000 individuals.
Erect-crested Penguin
EN 130000-140000
195000-210000
1300 2011 The total population is estimated at 130,000-140,000 mature individuals, based on estimates of 26,000 breeding pairs on the Bounty Islands in 2011 and 41,000 pairs on the Antipodes Is-lands in 2011 (J. Hiscock in litt. 2012). Based on the assumption that mature individuals account for around 2/3 of the total population, there are estimated to be c.195,000-210,000 individuals.
Little Penguin
LC 500000-1000000
5000 1992 The global population size has not been quantified, but the population in Australia is estimat-ed as under 1,000,000 individuals (del Hoyo et al. 1992).
Yellow-eyed Penguin
EN 3500-4200 5900-7000
350 2000 Moore (1992) estimated a total population of 5,930-6,970 birds in 1988/1989, comprising 3,560-4,180 breeders and 2,370-2,790 non-breeders (McKinlay 2001).
Southern Royal Alba-tross
VU 27200 272 2008 The Campbell population is estimated at 7,855 breeding pairs between 2004-2008 (ACAP 2009). In 2001, 69 pairs were present on Enderby (Childerhouse et al. 2003), and c.20 breed on Auckland and Adams Islands combined (Croxall and Gales 1998). An estimate of c7,900 annual breeding pairs is equivalent to c.27,200 mature individuals, based on the ratio used by Croxall and Gales (1998).
Antipodean Albatross
VU 44500 445 2009 ACAP (2009).
Northern Royal Alba-tross
EN 17000 25000-26000
170 1991 The largest population (99%) is on the Chatham Islands, with 1% of the population on Taiaroa Head, on the mainland of South Island, New Zealand. There has not been a successful run of annual photographs over the past 8 years to enable updated estimates of the breeding popu-lation of this biennial breeder (C. J. R. Robertson 2008). However, air photographic counts on the Chatham Islands in the 1970s (1972-1975)and 1990s (1989-1991) recorded a total of 6,500-7,000 total breeding pairs. The number of pairs breeding each year was estimated as 5,200 pairs, based on a count in 1995. This is equivalent to a total population of 17,000 mature indi-viduals. A count in 2002 recorded 5,800 pairs on the Chatham Islands (counted at the end of egg laying), with a probable 1,700 pairs on sabbatical after breeding in the previous season (C. J. R. Robertson in litt.2008). However, since the estimate of 17,000 mature individuals is based on data from multiple years, this is the estimate used here. It roughly equates to 25,000-26,000 individuals in total. Around.25 pairs breed each year at Taiaroa Head, including five hybrids (descended from cross with female Southern Royal Albatross D. epomophora. Two individuals of D. sanfordi, both breeding with D. epomophora partners, have been recorded on Enderby Island.
Light-mantled Albatross
NT 58000 87000 580 1998 Information on population status and trend is most well known on Possession Island (Crozet Islands), where there were 916 pairs in 2006 (Delord et al. 2008) There are c.1,949 pairs in the Crozet group, 1,250 pairs on Macquarie Island (ACAP 2012), 5,000-7,500 pairs on South Geor-gia, 3,000-5,000 pairs on Kerguelen, c.5,000 pairs on the Auckland Islands, at least 1,600 pairs on Campbell Island, 170 pairs on the Antipodes Islands, 200-500 pairs on Heard Island (Croxall and Gales 1998; Taylor 2000), and 350 pairs on Marion Island and 129 pairs on Prince Edward Island (ACAP 2012). The total annual breeding population is estimated at 19,000-24,000 pairs, roughly equivalent to 58,000 mature individuals (and 87,000 individuals in total) in this bienni-ally breeding species - Croxall and Gales (1998) estimated c. 21,600 pairs.
Table 2 Global populations for New Zealand breeding seabirds (BirdLife International).
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Common name
Cat Pop. size (mature inds)
Pop. size (inds)
1% Glob-al pop
Year Population justification
Buller's Albatross
NT 64000 640 1999 The estimated annual breeding population is 31,939 pairs, made up of 8,877 pairs on the Snares Islands, 4,912 pairs on the Solander Islands, 16,000 pairs on the Forty-Fours, 2,130 pairs on Big and Little Sister Islands in the Chatham Island group, and 20 pairs on Rosemary Rock, Three Kings Islands off North Island.
Indian Yellow-nosed Albatross
EN 83160 160000 832 2010 The total population is estimated at 41,580 pairs per year, equating to 83,160 mature individu-als, and perhaps more than 160,000 individuals of all age classes, using the ratios presented by Gales (1998).
Grey-headed Albatross
EN 250000 350000 2500 2012 There are an estimated c.95,000 pairs breeding per year of this biennially breeding species, based on annual breeding population estimates of 47,674 pairs on South Georgia in 2004 (Poncet et al. 2006), 17,187 pairs in Chile in 2003 (Robertson et al. 2007), 7,905 pairs on Ker-guelen in 1985 (Weimerskirch et al. 1988), 7,800 pairs on Campbell Island (Moore 2004), 6,709 pairs on Marion Island in 2013 (ACAP unpubl. data), 5,946 on Crozet in 1982 (Jouventin et al. 1984), 2,000 pairs on Prince Edward Island in 2009 (Ryan et al. 2009) and 69 pairs on Macquar-ie Island in 2013 (ACAP unpubl. data). This is thought to be equivalent to at least 250,000 ma-ture individuals (Croxall and Gales 1998, Brooke 2004).
Chatham Albatross
VU 11000 16000 110 2007 Ground counts between 1999-2003 revealed c.5,300 occupied sites (Robertson et al. 2003), and further counts in 2007 and 2010 gave similar figures (5,247 and 5,245 occupied sites, re-spectively) (Robertson in litt. 2008, Fraser et al.2011). This gives a total estimated global popu-lation of c.11,000 mature individuals, roughly equating to c.16,000 individuals in total.
Campbell Albatross
VU 49000 490 1997 The breeding population is estimated to number 24,600 pairs, based on surveys from 1995-1997.
Black-browed Albatross
NT 1150000 2100000 11500 2010 The annual breeding population in the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) was estimated at 475,500-535,000 pairs in 2010 (Wolfaardt 2012). In Chile there were 55,000 pairs on Diego Ramirez in 2003, 58,000 pairs on Ildefonso in 2012 (Robertson et al. 2013), and 15,500 pairs on Diego de Almagro in 2002 (Lawton et al.2003). If an assumption is made that the South Geor-gia (Georgias del Sur) population is declining at the same rate as the colony on Bird Island (c.4% pa) then the population there may have declined to c.56,000 pairs by 2012 (ACAP un-publ. data). There are an estimated c.5,800 pairs in other populations (Antipodes, Campbell, Heard and MacDonald, Crozet, Kerguelen, Macquarie, Snares; ACAP unpubl. data), giving a total of c.700,000 pairs (1,400,000 mature individuals), very roughly equating to 2,100,000 individuals.
Salvin's Albatross
VU 61500 90000 615 1998 Clark (1998) estimated 30,750 breeding pairs on the Bounty Islands, which represents 99% of the global population; this is equivalent to 61,500 mature individuals, or roughly 90,000 total individuals.
White-capped Albatross
NT 200000 100000-499999
2000 2012 The annual breeding population was estimated at 100,501 pairs in 2012, but in recent years estimates have ranged from as high as 116,025 pairs in 2006 and as few as 73,838 in 2009. The 2012 estimate equates to c.201,000 mature individuals, but this species is now considered to be a biennial breeder, meaning that the total population may in fact be much larger.
White-bellied Storm-petrel
LC 300000 3000 2009 Brooke (2004) estimated the global population to number around 300,000 individuals.
Black-bellied Storm-petrel
LC 500000 5000 2009 Brooke (2004) estimated the global population to number around 500,000 individuals.
Grey-backed Storm-petrel
LC 200000 2000 2009 Brooke (2004) estimated the global population to potentially number over 200,000 individu-als.
New Zealand Storm-petrel
CR 1000-2000 10 2014 Captures on Little Barrier Island in 2013 and 2014 (ie. since the discovery of their breeding) and the consequent lack of recaptures appears to indicate reasonable sized population. 1000-2000 individuals is a preliminary estimate (Rayner et al unpubl.)
White-faced Storm-petrel
LC 4000000 40000 2009 Brooke (2004) estimated the global population to number at least 4,000,000 individuals.
South Geor-gia Diving-petrel
LC 15000000 150000 2009 Brooke (2004) estimated the global population to number around 15,000,000 individuals.
Common Diving-petrel
LC 16000000 160000 2009 Brooke (2004) estimated the global population to exceed 16,000,000 individuals.
Cape Petrel LC 2000000 20000 2009 Brooke (2004) estimated the global population to exceed 2,000,000 individuals.
Fulmar Prion LC 150000-300000
150 2009 Brooke (2004) estimated the global breeding population to number 50,000-100,000 pairs, equating to 150,000-300,000 individuals.
Antarctic Prion
LC 50000000 500000 2009 Brooke (2004) estimated the global population to number around 50,000,000 individuals.
Fairy Prion LC 5000000 50000 2009 Brooke (2004) estimated the global population to number around 5,000,000 individuals.
Broad-billed Prion
LC 15000000 150000 2009 Brooke (2004) estimated the global population to exceed 15,000,000 individuals.
White-chinned Petrel
VU 3000000 30000 2012 A global population of 1,200,000 breeding pairs, down from 1,430,000 pairs in the 1980s, is estimated based on figures from 1985-2011. This equates to an estimated global population of c.3 million mature individuals, based on the estimated number of breeding pairs extrapolated according to a ratio from Brooke (2004).
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Common name
Cat Pop. size (mature inds)
Pop. size (inds)
1% Glob-al pop
Year Population justification
Grey Petrel NT 400000 4000 2004 Figures suggest a very tentative world population around 400,000 individuals, a figure that could be incorrect by a factor of 2-3 either way (Brooke 2004). A tally of the most recent fig-ures, points to at least 80,000 pairs worldwide, but this figure is thought to be only a rough estimate.
Parkinson's Petrel
VU 3300 5000 33 2011 The total population is c.1,300 pairs on Great Barrier Island and c.100 breeding pairs on Little Barrier Island (Bell et al. 2011), with an estimated total of c.5,000 individuals including non-breeding birds. This is roughly equivalent to 3,300 mature individuals.
Westland Petrel
VU 10700 16000 107 2011 The population numbered c.20,000 individuals (roughly equivalent to 13,000 mature individu-als) in 1982 and has remained stable, with c. 2,000 pairs breeding annually. The most recent population study has produced an estimate of 2,827 annual breeding pairs (95% CI: 2,143-3,510) (B. Baker in litt. 2012). Scattered burrows exist throughout the 16-km breeding area and populations in these areas may have been underestimated by up to 10%. On the basis of this information, the breeding population is not thought to exceed 4,000 annual breeding pairs (B. Baker in litt. 2012). Based on this upper estimate of c.8,000 birds breeding each year, and assuming that 25% of breeding age birds may skip breeding in any one year (as derived from long-term data sets on similar species), there are probably c.10,700 mature individuals (B. Baker in litt. 2012), assumed to equate to a total population of c.16,000 individuals.
Chatham Petrel
EN 1100 1400 11 2010 Based on an age at first breeding of three years, and an estimate that at least 75% of birds will be over three years old, the latest total population estimate from 2010 of c.1,400 individuals probably includes c.1,100 mature individuals (G. Taylor 2012).
White-necked Petrel
VU 100000 150000 1000 1988 The total population has been estimated at c.100,000 mature individuals, roughly equivalent to 150,000 total individuals.
Cook's Petrel VU 670000 6700 2008 M. Rayner estimates over 650,000 mature individuals on Little Barrier in 2007 and c.15,000 mature individuals on the Codfish Islands in 2008, thus the total population estimate is round-ed to c.670,000 mature individuals.
Mottled Petrel
NT 1500000 15000 2004 Brooke (2004)
White-headed Petrel
LC 600000 6000 2009 Brooke (2004) estimated the global population to number around 600,000 indviduals.
Great-winged Petrel
LC 1500000 15000 2009 Brooke (2004) estimated the global population to exceed 1,500,000 individuals.
Magenta Petrel
CR 80-100 150-200 8 2012 In 2012, the total population was estimated to number around 150-200 individuals, including 80-100 mature individuals (G. Taylor in litt. 2012).
Soft-plumaged Petrel
LC 5000000 50000 2009 Brooke (2004) estimated the global population to number at least 5,000,000 individuals.
Kermadec Petrel
LC 150000-200000
1500 2009 Brooke (2004) estimated the global population to number 150,000-200,000 individuals.
Black-winged Petrel
LC 8000000-10000000
80000 2009 Brooke (2004) estimated the global population to number 8,000,000-10,000,000 individuals.
Pycroft's Petrel
VU 12000-22000 30000-40000
20 2012 The total breeding population is estimated at 5,000-10,000 pairs, equating to 12,000-22,000 mature individuals, within a total population of 30,000-40,000 individuals (G. Taylor in litt. 2012).
Little Shearwater
LC 900000 9000 2009 Brooke (2004) estimated the global population to number over 900,000 individuals.
Buller's Shearwater
VU 2500000 25000 1990 The total population is estimated at 2.5 million birds (Marchant and Higgins 1990), although this is now likely to be too high (G. Taylor in litt. 2012).
Flesh-footed Shearwater
LC 650000 6500 2009 Brooke (2004) estimated the global population to number c.650,000 individuals. The Lord Howe island population has been estimated at c.20,000-40,000 breeding pairs, although anec-dotal reports suggest that this population has declined in recent years. National population sizes have been estimated at c.25,000-50,000 breeding pairs in New Zealand (del Hoyo 1992) and c.1,000 individuals on migration in Korea (Brazil 2009).
Fluttering Shearwater
LC 100000 1000 2009 Brooke (2004) estimated the global population to number at least 100,000 individuals.
Sooty Shear-water
NT 20000000 200000 2004 The global population is roughly estimated to number c.20,000,000 individuals (Brooke, 2004), while national population estimates include: c.100-10,000 breeding pairs, c.50-1,000 individuals on migration and c.50-1,000 wintering individuals in China 1,000 individuals on migration in Japan and c.1,000 individuals on migration in Russia (Brazil 2009).
Hutton's Shearwater
EN 300000-350000
3000 2004 Cuthbert and Davis (2002) estimated 106,000 breeding pairs, and Brooke (2004) estimated a total population of 300,000-350,000 individuals.
Wedge-tailed Shearwater
LC 5200000 52000 2009 Brooke (2004) estimated the global population to number 5,200,000 individuals, while nation-al population sizes have been estimated at c.50-10,000 individuals on migration in Taiwan and c.10,000-100,000 breeding pairs and c.1,000-10,000 individuals on migration in Japan (Brazil 2009).
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Common name
Cat Pop. size (mature inds)
Pop. size (inds)
1% Glob-al pop
Year Population justification
Red-tailed Tropicbird
LC 32000 320 2009 The global population is estimated to number c.32,000 individuals (del Hoyo et al), while the population of Japan has been estimated c.100 breeding pairs and c.50 individuals on migration (Brazil 2009).
Australasian Gannet
LC 110000 1100 2009
Masked Booby
LC 0 The global population size has not been quantified, but this species is described as 'fairly com-mon' (Stotz et al. (1996).
Campbell Island Shag
VU 8000 80 1997 In 1975, the population was estimated at c.2,000 pairs or 8,000 birds (Marchant and Higgins 1990, Heather and Robertson 1997). However, the breeding season may be quite prolonged and staggered between colonies, and therefore the census may have underestimated num-bers (P. Moore in litt.1999), so the number of individuals may be a more reasonable reflection of the breeding population. Nevertheless, a more up-to-date population estimate is required for this species.
Great Cormo-rant
LC 1400000-2900000
14000 2009 The global population is estimated to number c.1,400,000-2,900,000 individuals (Wetlands International 2006), while national population estimates include c.1,000 wintering individuals in China; c.100-10,000 breeding pairs and c.1,000 wintering individuals in Korea; c.10,000-100,000 breeding pairs and c.10,000 wintering individuals in Japan and possibly c.10,000-100,000 breeding pairs and c.1,000-10,000 individuals on migration in Russia (Brazil 2009).
New Zealand King Shag
VU 250-999 350-1500 3 2002 The population between 1992 and 2002 has been estimated at c.645 birds, including 102-126 breeding pairs, hence a population of 250-999 mature individuals is assigned here. This equates to 375-1,499 individuals in total, rounded here to 350-1,500 individuals.
Stewart Island Shag
VU 3300-5300 5000-8000
33 1994 Population estimates have varied, although the population may be as high as 5,000-8,000 individuals (C. Lalas 1994). This is roughly equivalent to 3,300-5,300 mature individuals.
Auckland Islands Shag
VU 3000 4500 30 2011 Although the population was thought to number fewer than 1,000 individuals, surveys in 1988 and 1989 indicated 475 nests in 11 colonies on Enderby, one colony of 62 nests on Rose, and 306 nests on Ewing. A boat-based survey of Enderby Island carried out in 2011 counted 1,366 active nests in 10 colonies (J. Hiscock 2012). Based on these data, a population of c.3,000 ma-ture individuals is estimated, although a more up-to-date estimate of numbers in other colo-nies is needed (J. Hiscock 2012). On the basis of the estimated number of mature individuals, there are assumed to be c.4,500 individuals in total.
Pitt Island Shag
EN 1094 1400 11 2004 A total of 547 pairs (=1,094 mature individuals; 1,400 estimated total individuals) were count-ed in the second complete census over the 2003-2004 breeding season.
Little Pied Cormorant
LC 51000-1100000
510 2009
Little Cormorant
LC 280000-350000
2800 2009
Chatham Islands Shag
CR 720 1070 7 2011 A census carried out in 2011 counted 357 breeding pairs (M. Bell 2012), presumably equating to 714 mature individuals and c.1,070 individuals in total.
Spotted Shag LC 35000-150000
350 2009
Bounty Islands Shag
VU 410 620 4 2005 The population is estimated to number at least 620 individuals, roughly equating to 410 ma-ture individuals (R. Hitchmough in litt. 2005).
Little Black Cormorant
LC 110000-1000000
1100 2009
Large Pied Cormorant (Pied Shag)
LC 35000-1000000
350 2009 In New Zealand M. Bell (2012) reviewed census data for <1970, 1980-1990 and >2000 and esti-mated 1796 breeding pairs (c. 5400 individuals) for North, South and Stewart Islands. The Large Pied Cormorant (Pied Shag) also breeds in Australia.
Brown Skua LC 6000-15000 10000-19999
100 2009 The population is placed in the band 10,000-19,999 individuals, equating to 6,667-13,333 ma-ture individuals, rounded here to 6,000-15,000 mature individuals.
Black Noddy LC 160000-1100000
1600 2009
Brown Nod-dy
LC 180000-1100000
1800 2009 The global population is estimated to number c.180,000-1,100,000 individuals (Wetlands Inter-national 2006), while national population sizes have been estimated at c.100-10,000 breeding pairs and c.50-1,000 individuals on migration in Taiwan and c.100-10,000 breeding pairs and c.50-1,000 individuals on migration in Japan (Brazil 2009).
Common White Tern
LC 150000-1100000
1500 2009
Black-billed Gull
EN 90000 900 1998 The most complete nationwide census was carried out in 1996-1997 (G. A. Taylor per R. Coumbe in litt. 2000, and counted 48,000 nests (Powlesland 1998), thus the number of ma-ture individuals is estimated to be 96,000; however, more up-to-date survey data are re-quired.
Caspian Gull LC 0 Global population size is unknown owing to recent taxonomic splits.
84
Common name
Cat Pop. size (mature inds)
Pop. size (inds)
1% Glob-al pop
Year Population justification
Kelp Gull LC 3300000-4300000
33000 2009 The population is estimated to number 3,300,000-4,300,000 individuals.
Red-billed Gull
LC 100000-1000000
1000 2009
Blue Noddy LC 27000-120000
270 2009 The population is estimated to number 27,000-120,000 individuals, including totals for Procelsterna albivitta.
Black-fronted Tern
EN 2500-9999 2500-9999
25 2007 In 2004, the New Zealand Department of Conservation estimated 1,000-5,000 mature individ-uals of this species (R. Hitchmough in litt. 2006), and a winter census in 2007 estimated c.5,000 individuals M. Bell in litt. 2012). Another estimate has put the total population at 7,000-10,000 individuals (R. Keedwell in litt. 2006), roughly equivalent to 4,600-6,700 mature individ-uals. Based on these estimates, the population is placed in the band for 2,500-9,999 mature individuals.
Caspian Tern LC 240000-420000
2400 2009 The global population is estimated to number c.240,000-420,000 individuals (Wetlands Inter-national 2006), while national population estimates include: c.50-1,000 individuals on migra-tion and c.50-1,000 wintering individuals in China; c.50-1,000 individuals on migration and c.50-1,000 wintering individuals in Taiwan; c.50 individuals on migration and c.50 wintering indi-viduals in Japan and c.100-10,000 breeding pairs and c.50-1,000 individuals on migration in Russia (Brazil 2009).
Sooty Tern LC 21000000-22000000
210000 2009 The global population is estimated to number c.21,000,000-22,000,000 individuals (Wetlands International 2006), while the population in Japan has been estimated at c.100,000 breeding pairs and c.1,000 individuals on migration (Brazil 2009).
Fairy Tern VU 2500-9999 2500-9999
25 2007 In Australia, subspecies may number fewer than 5,000 mature individuals at up to 170 sites, with less than 1,600 pairs in Western Australia, a few hundred pairs in each of Tasmania and South Australia and just a few pairs in Victoria. In New Zealand, numbers 35-40 pairs. In New Caledonia, numbers 100-200 pairs. The total population is best placed in the band 2,500-9,999 mature individuals.
White-fronted Tern
LC 24000-30000 20000-49999
240 2012 The global population is very unlikely to exceed 50,000 individuals, and may be considerably less OSNZ survey results from the 1990s suggest a total population of 12,000-15,000 pairs (C. Gaskin and G. Taylor in litt. 2012) therefore estimated 24,000-30,000 mature individuals here. The previous estimate of 1,500,000 is considered to be a vast overestimate (C. Gaskin and G. Taylor 2012).
Antarctic Tern
LC 130000-140000
1300 2009
85
ID Primary Contributor Species Site Colony Tracks Type
429 Henri Weimerskirch Campbell Albatross Campbell Island Campbell Island 10 PTT
430 Henri Weimerskirch Grey-headed Albatross Campbell Island Campbell Island 5 PTT
431 Henri Weimerskirch Southern Royal Albatross Campbell Island Campbell Island 7 PTT
448 David Nicholls Westland Petrel New Zealand Punakaiki 20 PTT
468 David Nicholls Antipodean Albatross Non-breeding, site unknown
Non-breeding, site unknown
1 PTT
469 David Nicholls Antipodean Albatross Auckland Islands Adams Island 5 PTT
470 David Nicholls Antipodean Albatross Antipodes Islands Antipodes Islands 3 PTT
471 Kath Walker Antipodean Albatross Auckland Islands Adams Island 60 PTT
472 Kath Walker Antipodean Albatross Antipodes Islands Antipodes Islands 94 PTT
474 Susan Waugh Buller's Albatross Snares Islands South East Island 19 GPS
475 Susan Waugh Chatham Albatross Chatham Islands The Pyramid 3 GPS
476 Susan Waugh Northern Royal Albatross New Zealand Taiaroa Head 50 GPS
477 Christopher Robertson Chatham Albatross Chatham Islands The Pyramid 33 PTT
478 Christopher Robertson Northern Royal Albatross Chatham Islands Chatham Islands 20 PTT
479 Christopher Robertson Northern Royal Albatross New Zealand Taiaroa Head 9 PTT
517 Scott Shaffer Sooty Shearwater New Zealand Mana Island 10 GLS
518 Scott Shaffer Sooty Shearwater New Zealand Codfish Island 49 GLS
532 Jean-Claude Stahl Buller's Albatross Solander Islands North-West Head-land
186 PTT
533 Jean-Claude Stahl Buller's Albatross Snares Islands Snares Islands 261 PTT
556 Susan Waugh Southern Royal Albatross Campbell Island Campbell Island 10 PTT
618 NIWA Buller's Albatross Snares Islands Mollymawk and Punui Bay
11 GPS
619 NIWA Buller's Albatross Snares Islands Mollymawk and Punui Bay
23 GPS
620 NIWA Buller's Albatross Snares Islands Mollymawk and Punui Bay
23 GPS
621 NIWA Buller's Albatross Snares Islands Mollymawk and Punui Bay
19 GPS
624 Scott Shaffer Flesh-footed Shearwater New Zealand Mana Island 6 GLS
627 NIWA White-chinned Petrel Antipodes Islands Antipodes Islands 27 GLS
631 NIWA White-capped Albatross Auckland Islands Auckland Island 66 PTT
632 NIWA Salvin's Albatross Snares Islands Toru, Western Chain
68 GLS
634 NIWA Grey Petrel Antipodes Islands Antipodes Islands 49 GLS
635 NIWA White-chinned Petrel Antipodes Islands Antipodes Islands 36 GLS
636 NIWA Buller's Albatross Snares Islands Mollymawk and Punui Bay
102 GLS
637 Matt J Rayner Cook's Petrel New Zealand Little Barrier Island 32 GLS
639 Matt J Rayner Cook's Petrel New Zealand Codfish Island 23 GLS
640 NIWA White-capped Albatross Auckland Islands Disappointment Island
91 PTT
643 Lorna Deppe Chatham Albatross Chatham Islands The Pyramid 20 GPS
644 Lorna Deppe Buller's Albatross Chatham Islands The Pyramid 2 GPS
648 Lorna Deppe Northern Royal Albatross Chatham Islands The Fourty-Fours 5 GLS
Table 3 Data providers to the Ocean Wanderers Global Seabird Tracking Database for data used in determining pelagic marine
IBAs.
86
Matt J Rayner Chatham Petrel Chatham Islands Chatham Island 16 GLS
Matt J Rayner Mottled Petrel Petrel Islands Petrel Islands 9 GLS
Matt J Rayner Pycroft's Petrel Red Mercury Island Red Mercury Island 6 GLS
Todd J Landers Westland Petrel New Zealand Punakaiki 8 GLS
657 Lorna Deppe Chatham Albatross Chatham Islands The Pyramid 15 GLS
658 Elizabeth Bell Parkinson's Petrel New Zealand Great Barrier Island 67 GLS
659 Elizabeth Bell Parkinson's Petrel New Zealand Little Barrier Island 13 GLS
Matt J Rayner Black-winged Petrel Chatham Islands Chatham Island 8 GLS
Following pages
Table 4
Detailed breakdown of how each tracking dataset was used for IBA identification and the life history stages these data repre-
sented.
87
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hat
ham
Isla
nd
s M
igra
tio
n
no
n-b
ree
din
g
PT
T
478
7
adu
lt
1
No
rth
ern
Ro
yal A
lbat
ross
C
hat
ham
Isla
nd
s T
he
Fo
urt
y-Fo
urs
N
on
-bre
ed
ing
n
on
-bre
ed
ing
G
LS
64
8,6
47
6
adu
lt
1
No
rth
ern
Ro
yal A
lbat
ross
N
ew
Ze
alan
d
Tai
aro
a H
ead
In
cub
atio
n
bre
ed
ing
G
PS
4
76
50
adu
lt
Y
No
rth
ern
Ro
yal A
lbat
ross
N
ew
Ze
alan
d
Tai
aro
a H
ead
In
cub
atio
n
bre
ed
ing
P
TT
4
79
2 ad
ult
1
1
No
rth
ern
Ro
yal A
lbat
ross
N
ew
Ze
alan
d
Tai
aro
a H
ead
U
nkn
ow
n
bre
ed
ing
G
PS
54
3 1
adu
lt
1
No
rth
ern
Ro
yal A
lbat
ross
N
ew
Ze
alan
d
Tai
aro
a H
ead
U
nkn
ow
n
bre
ed
ing
P
TT
4
79
1 ad
ult
1
No
rth
ern
Ro
yal A
lbat
ross
N
ew
Ze
alan
d
Tai
aro
a H
ead
M
igra
tio
n
no
n-b
ree
din
g
PT
T
479
4
+2
adu
lt +
juv/
imm
Y
No
rth
ern
Ro
yal A
lbat
ross
N
ew
Ze
alan
d
Tai
aro
a H
ead
N
on
-bre
ed
ing
n
on
-bre
ed
ing
P
TT
4
79
4
juve
nile
/im
mat
ure
1
1
Par
kin
son
's P
etr
el
Ne
w Z
eal
and
G
reat
Bar
rie
r Is
lan
d &
Lit
tle
B
arri
er
Isla
nd
al
l bre
ed
ing
b
ree
din
g
GLS
6
58, 6
59
65
un
kno
wn
Y
Par
kin
son
's P
etr
el
Ne
w Z
eal
and
G
reat
Bar
rie
r Is
lan
d &
Lit
tle
B
arri
er
Isla
nd
N
on
-bre
ed
ing
n
on
-bre
ed
ing
G
LS
658
, 659
15
u
nkn
ow
n
Y
Sal
vin
's A
lbat
ross
S
nar
es
Isla
nd
s T
oru
, We
ste
rn C
hai
n
all b
ree
din
g
bre
ed
ing
G
LS
623
,629
,632
11
2 u
nkn
ow
n
Y
Sal
vin
's A
lbat
ross
S
nar
es
Isla
nd
s T
oru
, We
ste
rn C
hai
n
No
n-b
ree
din
g
no
n-b
ree
din
g
GLS
6
23,6
29,6
32
68
u
nkn
ow
n
Y
So
oty
Sh
ear
wat
er
Ne
w Z
eal
and
C
od
fish
Isla
nd
al
l bre
ed
ing
b
ree
din
g
GLS
51
8
27
adu
lt
Y
So
oty
Sh
ear
wat
er
Ne
w Z
eal
and
M
ana
Isla
nd
al
l bre
ed
ing
b
ree
din
g
GLS
51
7 5
adu
lt
1
Y
So
oty
Sh
ear
wat
er
Ne
w Z
eal
and
M
ana
and
Co
dfi
sh Is
lan
d
Mig
rati
on
n
on
-bre
ed
ing
G
LS
517
27
adu
lt
Y
So
uth
ern
Ro
yal A
lbat
ross
C
amp
be
ll Is
lan
d
Cam
pb
ell
Isla
nd
In
cub
atio
n
bre
ed
ing
P
TT
55
6
10
adu
lt
Y
We
stla
nd
Pe
tre
l N
ew
Ze
alan
d
Pu
nak
aiki
P
ost
-gu
ard
b
ree
din
g
PT
T
44
8
20
adu
lt
Y
Wh
ite
-cap
pe
d A
lbat
ross
A
uck
lan
d Is
lan
ds
Au
ckla
nd
Isla
nd
B
roo
d-G
uar
d
bre
ed
ing
P
TT
6
31
27
un
kno
wn
Y
Wh
ite
-cap
pe
d A
lbat
ross
A
uck
lan
d Is
lan
ds
Au
ckla
nd
Isla
nd
P
ost
-gu
ard
b
ree
din
g
PT
T
631
38
u
nkn
ow
n
Y
Wh
ite
-cap
pe
d A
lbat
ross
A
uck
lan
d Is
lan
ds
Au
ckla
nd
Isla
nd
N
on
-bre
ed
ing
n
on
-bre
ed
ing
P
TT
6
31
1 u
nkn
ow
n
1
89
Sp
eci
es
Sit
e
Co
lon
y B
ree
dS
tag
e
Bre
ed
Sta
tu
De
vice
D
atas
ets
n
Tra
cks
Ag
e
Ign
ore
d
Sm
all
US
ED
Wh
ite
-cap
pe
d A
lbat
ross
A
uck
lan
d Is
lan
ds
Dis
app
oin
tme
nt
Isla
nd
B
roo
d-G
uar
d
bre
ed
ing
P
TT
6
40
4
0
un
kno
wn
Y
Wh
ite
-cap
pe
d A
lbat
ross
A
uck
lan
d Is
lan
ds
Dis
app
oin
tme
nt
Isla
nd
In
cub
atio
n
bre
ed
ing
P
TT
6
40
27
u
nkn
ow
n
Y
Wh
ite
-cap
pe
d A
lbat
ross
A
uck
lan
d Is
lan
ds
Dis
app
oin
tme
nt
Isla
nd
P
ost
-gu
ard
b
ree
din
g
PT
T
64
0
22
un
kno
wn
Y
Wh
ite
-cap
pe
d A
lbat
ross
A
uck
lan
d Is
lan
ds
Dis
app
oin
tme
nt
Isla
nd
U
nkn
ow
n
bre
ed
ing
G
LS
66
6
48
u
nkn
ow
n
Wh
ite
-cap
pe
d A
lbat
ross
A
uck
lan
d Is
lan
ds
Dis
app
oin
tme
nt
Isla
nd
N
on
-bre
ed
ing
n
on
-bre
ed
ing
G
LS
66
6
32
un
kno
wn
Y
Wh
ite
-cap
pe
d A
lbat
ross
A
uck
lan
d Is
lan
ds
Dis
app
oin
tme
nt
Isla
nd
N
on
-bre
ed
ing
n
on
-bre
ed
ing
P
TT
6
40
2
un
kno
wn
1
1
Wh
ite
-ch
inn
ed
Pe
tre
l A
nti
po
de
s Is
lan
ds
An
tip
od
es
Isla
nd
s al
l bre
ed
ing
b
ree
din
g
GLS
6
35,6
27
35
un
kno
wn
Y
Wh
ite
-ch
inn
ed
Pe
tre
l A
nti
po
de
s Is
lan
ds
An
tip
od
es
Isla
nd
s N
on
-bre
ed
ing
n
on
-bre
ed
ing
G
LS
635
,627
28
u
nkn
ow
n
Y
Bla
ck-w
ing
ed
Pe
tre
l C
hat
ham
Isla
nd
s C
hat
ham
Isla
nd
n
on
-bre
ed
ing
n
on
-bre
ed
ing
G
LS
NO
T IN
DA
TA
BA
SE
8
u
nkn
ow
n
1
Y
Bla
ck-w
ing
ed
Pe
tre
l C
hat
ham
Isla
nd
s C
hat
ham
Isla
nd
al
l bre
ed
ing
b
ree
din
g
GLS
N
OT
IN D
AT
AB
AS
E
2 u
nkn
ow
n
1
Y
Ch
ath
am P
etr
el
Ch
ath
am Is
lan
ds
Ch
ath
am Is
lan
d
no
n-b
ree
din
g
no
n-b
ree
din
g
GLS
N
OT
IN D
AT
AB
AS
E
16
un
kno
wn
Y
Ch
ath
am P
etr
el
Ch
ath
am Is
lan
ds
Ch
ath
am Is
lan
d
all b
ree
din
g
bre
ed
ing
G
LS
NO
T IN
DA
TA
BA
SE
38
u
nkn
ow
n
Y
Mo
ttle
d P
etr
el
Pe
tre
l Isl
and
s P
etr
el I
slan
ds
all b
ree
din
g
bre
ed
ing
G
LS
NO
T IN
DA
TA
BA
SE
14
u
nkn
ow
n
Y
Mo
ttle
d P
etr
el
Pe
tre
l Isl
and
s P
etr
el I
slan
ds
no
n-b
ree
din
g
no
n-b
ree
din
g
GLS
N
OT
IN D
AT
AB
AS
E
9
un
kno
wn
1 Y
Pyc
roft
's P
etr
el
Re
d M
erc
ury
Isla
nd
Re
d M
erc
ury
Isla
nd
al
l bre
ed
ing
b
ree
din
g
GLS
N
OT
IN D
AT
AB
AS
E
12
un
kno
wn
Y
Pyc
roft
's P
etr
el
Re
d M
erc
ury
Isla
nd
Re
d M
erc
ury
Isla
nd
n
on
-bre
ed
ing
n
on
-bre
ed
ing
G
LS
NO
T IN
DA
TA
BA
SE
6
u
nkn
ow
n
1
Y
We
stla
nd
Pe
tre
l N
ew
Ze
alan
d
Pu
nak
aiki
N
on
-bre
ed
ing
n
on
-bre
ed
ing
GLS
NO
T IN
DA
TA
BA
SE
adu
lt
1
Y
Wan
de
rin
g A
lbat
ross
S
ou
th G
eo
rgia
B
ird
Isla
nd
(S
TG
) N
on
-bre
ed
ing
S
abb
atic
al &
Mig
rati
on
GLS
4
62
16
adu
lt
Y
Wan
de
rin
g A
lbat
ross
Il
es
Ke
rgu
ele
n
Ile
s K
erg
ue
len
N
on
-bre
ed
ing
N
on
-bre
ed
ing
P
TT
N
OT
IN D
AT
AB
AS
E
ad
ult
Y
www.forestandbird.org.nz/important-bird-areasPhoto: Kath Walker
Front: Kim Westerskov