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Independent Information Technology Research Project
Nichole Knerr
July 5, 2011
1. URL-Stands for Uniform Resource Locator. A URL is a formatted text string
used by Web browsers, email clients and other software to identify a network
resource on the Internet. Network resources are files that can be plain Web
pages, other text documents, graphics, or programs. URL strings consist of
three parts (substrings):1. network protocol2. host name or address3. file or
resource location. These substrings are separated by special characters as
follows: protocol, host, and location. Full URLs featuring all three substrings
are called absolute URLs. In some cases such as within Web pages, URLs
can contain only the one location element. These are called relative URLs.
Relative URLs are used for efficiency by Web servers and a few other
programs when they already know the correct URL protocol and host.
2. HTML-the structure and layout of a Web document by using a variety oftags and
attributes. The correct structure for an HTML document starts with
(enter here what document is about) and ends with
. All the information you'd like to include in your Web page
fits in between the and tags. There are hundreds of other
tags used to format and layout the information in a Web page. Tags are also
used to specify hypertext links. These allow Web developers to direct usersto other Web pages with only a click of the mouse on either an image or
word(s).Short for HyperText Markup Language, the authoring language used
to create documents on the World Wide Web. HTML is similar to SGML,
although it is not a strict subset.
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3. C++-A high-level programming language developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell
Labs. C++ adds object-orientedfeatures to its predecessor, C. C++ is one of
the most popularprogramming language for graphical applications, such as
those that run in Windows and Macintoshenvironments.
4. AVIs-(Audio Video Interleave) A multimedia container format from Microsoft
that has been widely used for video playback in the Windows world. AVI
was the first A/V format for Windows. Based on the RIFF format, AVI is
known as a "container format" because it is used for multiple encoding
methods, not just one. For example, AVI video compression methods
(video codecs) include DivX, Xvid, Cinepak, Indeo, DV and Motion JPEG,
as well as uncompressed RGB and YUV2. AVI audio includes compressed
MP3 and Microsoft's ADPCM (MS ADPCM), as well as uncompressed PCM.
AVI was one of the first digital formats to intermix small chunks of video
and audio one after the other; hence, the name "interleave." See RIFF and
multimedia container.
5. MPG-The distance (in miles) a vehicle can travel on one gallon of fuel. For
vehicles that operate on fuels that cannot be measured in gallons
(electricity, natural gas, hydrogen), the gasoline gallon equivalent is
employed to give a reference point for comparison. Also Known As: mpg,
MPG. Examples: Fuel economy is measured in miles per gallon.
6. TCP/IP-TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the basic
communication language or protocol of the Internet. It can also be used as a
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communications protocol in a private network (either an intranet or
anextranet). When you are set up with direct access to the Internet, your
computer is provided with a copy of the TCP/IP program just as every other
computer that you may send messages to or get information from also has a
copy of TCP/IP. TCP/IP is a two-layer program. The higherlayer, Transmission
Control Protocol, manages the assembling of a message or file into smaller
packets that are transmitted over the Internet and received by a TCP layer
that reassembles the packets into the original message. The lower layer,
Internet Protocol, handles the address part of each packet so that it gets to
the right destination. Each gateway computer on the network checks this
address to see where to forward the message. Even though some packets
from the same message are routed differently than others, they'll be
reassembled at the destination.. It uses the client/servermodel of
communication in which a computer user (a client) requests and is provided
a service (such as sending a Web page) by another computer (a server) in the
network. TCP/IP communication is primarily point-to-point, meaning each
communication is from one point (orhost computer) in the network to
another point or host computer. TCP/IP and the higher-level applications that
use it are collectively said to be "stateless" because each client request is
considered a new request unrelated to any previous one (unlike ordinary
phone conversations that require a dedicated connection for the call
duration). Being stateless frees network paths so that everyone can use
them continuously. (Note that the TCP layer itself is not stateless as far as
any one message is conMany Internet users are familiar with the even higher
layer application protocols that use TCP/IP to get to the Internet. Theseinclude the World Wide Web's Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), the File
Transfer Protocol (FTP), Telnet (Telnet) which lets you logon to remote
computers, and the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). These and other
protocols are often packaged together with TCP/IP as a "suite."Personal
computer users with an analog phone modem connection to the Internet
usually get to the Internet through the Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) or
the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP). These protocols encapsulate the IP
packets so that they can be sent over the dial-up phone connection to an
access provider's modem. Protocols related to TCP/IP include the User
Datagram Protocol (UDP), which is used instead of TCP for special purposes.Other protocols are used by network host computers for exchanging
routerinformation. These include the Internet Control Message Protocol
(ICMP), the Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP), the Exterior Gateway Protocol
(EGP), and the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). (pronounced as separate
letters) Short for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, the suite
ofcommunications protocols used to connect hosts on the Internet. TCP/IP
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uses several protocols, the two main ones being TCP and IP. TCP/IP is built
into the UNIXoperating system and is used by the Internet, making it the de
facto standard for transmitting data overnetworks. Even network operating
systems that have their own protocols, such as Netware, also support
TCP/IP.cerned. Its connection remains in place until all packets in a message
have been received.).
7. Interactive Web Page-. mutually or reciprocally active; 2. involving the communication or
collaboration of people or things; 3. allowing or involving the exchange of
information or instructions between a person and a machine, such as a
computer or a television. Synonyms: responsive, reciprocal, synergistic,
interactional. Antonyms: one-sided. Tips: Interactive is most often heard
when discussing "interactive media," such as computers or video games.
When technology is interactive, people are able to interact with it. Usage
Examples: The music web site offers some unique interactive
applications that enable visitors to search for music and find background
information on individual artists. (responsive) The Internet is an
interactive medium. (interactional) It was an interactive dialogue, with
both sides contributing to the discussion. (synergistic). A good teacher
creates interactive lessons that requires students to participate.
(involved with input and output).
8. Static Web Page-A generic term for the many different forms of electronic communication
that are made possible through the use of computer technology. The term is
in relation to "old" media forms, such as print newspapers and magazines,
that are static representations of text and graphics. New media includes:
Web sites, streaming audio and video , chat rooms , e-mail , onlinecommunities, Web advertising , DVD and CD-ROM media,
virtual reality environments, integration of digital data with the telephone,
such as Internet telephony ,digital cameras,mobile computing ,Use of the
term new media implies that the data communication is happening between
desktop and laptop computers and handhelds, such as PDAs, and the media
they take data from, such as compact discs and floppy disks..
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9. Browser (IE/Netscape/others)-Short for Web browser, a software application used to locate and
display Web pages. The two most popular browsers are Microsoft Internet
Explorerand Firefox. Both of these are graphical browsers, which means
that they can display graphics as well as text. In addition, most modern
browsers can present multimedia information, including sound and video,
though they require plug-ins for some formats.
10. Object Oriented Programming-A type ofprogramming in which programmers define not only the data
type of a data structure, but also the types of operations (functions) that
can be applied to the data structure. In this way, the data structure
becomes an object that includes both data and functions. In addition,
programmers can create relationships between one object and another.
For example, objects can inherit characteristics from other objects. One
of the principal advantages of object-oriented programming techniques
over procedural programming techniques is that they enable programmers
to create modules that do not need to be changed when a new type of
object is added. A programmer can simply create a new object that
inherits many of its features from existing objects. This makes object-
oriented programs easier to modify.
To perform object-oriented programming, one needs an object-oriented
programming language (OOPL). Java, C++ and Smalltalkare three of the
more popular languages, and there are also object-oriented versions of
Pascal
11. Batch Files-file that contains a sequence, or batch, ofcommands. Batch files are
useful forstoring sets of commands that are always executed together
because you can simply enter the name of the batch file instead of
entering each command individually.
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In DOSsystems, batch files end with a.BAT extension. For example,
the following DOS batch file prints the date and time and sets the
prompt to GO>:
date
time
prompt [GO>]
Whenever you boot a DOS -based computer, the system automatically
executes the batch file named AUTOEXEC.BAT, if it exists.
Many operating systems use the terms command file orshellscript in
place of batch file.
12. Visual Basic-Visual Basic is a programming language and development environment
created by Microsoft. It is an extension of the BASIC programming
language that combines BASIC functions and commands with visual
controls. Visual Basic provides a graphical user interface GUI that
allows the developer to drag and drop objects into the program as well
as manually write program code.Visual Basic, also referred to as "VB,"
is designed to make software development easy and efficient, while
still being powerful enough to create advanced programs. For example,
the Visual Basic language is designed to be "human readable," which
means the source code can be understood without requiring lots of
comments. The Visual Basic program also includes features like
"IntelliSense" and "Code Snippets," which automatically generate code
for visual objects added by the programmer. Another feature, called
"AutoCorrect," can debug the code while the program is
running.Programs created with Visual Basic can be designed to run on
Windows, on the Web, within Office applications, or on mobile devices.
Visual Studio, the most comprehensive VB development environment,
orIDE, can be used to create programs for all these mediums. VisualStudio .NET provides development tools to create programs based on
the .NET framework, such as ASP.NET applications, which are often
deployed on the Web. Finally, Visual Basic is available as a streamlined
application that is used primarily by beginning developers and for
educational purposes.
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13. Virtual Environments-A computer-generated, three-dimensional representation of a setting in
which the user of the technology perceives themselves to be and
within which interaction takes place, also called virtual landscape,
virtual space, virtual world.
14. Streaming Video-Streaming video is content sent in compressed form over the Internet
and displayed by the viewer in real time. With streaming video or
streaming media, a Web user does not have to wait to download a file
to play it. Instead, the media is sent in a continuous stream of data and
is played as it arrives. The user needs a player, which is a special
program that uncompresses and sends video data to the display and
audio data to speakers. A player can be either an integral part of a
browser or downloaded from the software maker's Web site. Major
streaming video and streaming media technologies include RealSystem
G2 from RealNetwork, Microsoft Windows Media Technologies
(including its NetShow Services and Theater Server), and VDO.
Microsoft's approach uses the standard MPEG compressionalgorithm
for video. The other approaches use proprietary algorithms. (The
program that does the compression and decompression is sometimes
called the codec.) Microsoft's technology offers streaming audio at up
to 96 Kbps and streaming video at up to 8 Mbps (for the NetShow
Theater Server). However, for most Web users, the streaming video will
be limited to the data rates of the connection (for example, up to 128
Kbps with an ISDN connection). Microsoft's streaming media files are
in its Advanced Streaming Format (ASF).Streaming video is usually
sent from prerecorded video files, but can be distributed as part of a
live broadcast "feed." In a live broadcast, the video signal is converted
into a compressed digital signal and transmitted from a special Web
server that is able to do multicast, sending the same file to multiple
users at the same time.
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15. ISPs (Internet Service Providers)-An ISP is a company that supplies Internet connectivity to home and
business customers. ISPs support one or more forms of Internet
access, ranging from traditional modem dial-up to DSL and cable
modem broadband service to dedicated T1/T3 lines. More recently,
wireless Internet service providers or WISPs have emerged that offer
Internet access through wireless LAN or wireless broadband networks.
In addition to basic connectivity, many ISPs also offer related Internet
services like email, Web hosting and access to software tools. A few
companies also offer free ISP service to those who need occasional
Internet connectivity. These free offerings feature limited connect time
and are often bundled with some other product or service.
16. WWW Versus Internet-Content vs. transport. Many people use the terms Web and Internet
synonymously. In casual conversation such as "I was on the Internet" or "I
was on the Web," there is no difference. However, in fact, the Web is just one
of the services deployed on the Internet. Just as cargo is transported by a
truck on a highway, a Web page is transported by packets on the Internet.When information is sent over the Internet, it is broken apart and packaged
inside Internet Protocol packets or "IP packets." See packet switching and
TCP/IP. Not Just Web Pages Every form of information travels over the
Internet, including e-mail messages, newsgroup news, instant messages as
well as audio, video and data files of all description. Countless client-to-
server and client-to-client (peer-to-peer) applications have been and will
continue to be developed using the Internet as transport between sending
and receiving stations. See World Wide Web, Internet and IP.Many people use
the terms Internet and World Wide Web (aka. the Web) interchangeably, but
in fact the two terms are not synonymous. The Internet and the Web are two
separate but related things. The Internet is a massive networkof networks,
a networking infrastructure. It connects millions of computers together
globally, forming a network in which any computer can communicate with
any other computer as long as they are both connected to the Internet.
Information that travels over the Internet does so via a variety of languages
known as protocols.. The World Wide Web, or simply Web, is a way of
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accessing information over the medium of the Internet. It is an information-
sharing model that is built on top of the Internet. The Web uses the HTTP
protocol, only one of the languages spoken over the Internet, to transmit
data. Web services, which use HTTP to allow applications to communicate in
order to exchange business logic, use the the Web to share information. The
Web also utilizes browsers, such as Internet ExplorerorFirefox, to access
Web documents called Web pages that are linked to each other via
hyperlinks. Web documents also contain graphics, sounds, text and
video.The Web is just one of the ways that information can be disseminated
over the Internet. The Internet, not the Web, is also used fore-mail, which
relies on SMTP, Usenet news groups, instant messaging and FTP. So the Web
is just a portion of the Internet, albeit a large portion, but the two terms are
not synonymous and should not be confused. In March 1972 Ray Tomlinson
wrote the first basic e-mail program. In 1976 Queen Elizabeth II sent an e-
mail. (Source: Brief Timeline of the Internet)
17. Ethernet/Fast Ethernet-A local-area network (LAN) architecture developed by Xerox
Corporation in cooperation with DEC and Intel in 1976. Ethernet uses a
bus or star topology and supportsdata transfer rates of 10 Mbps. The
Ethernet specification served as the basis for the IEEE 802.3standard,
which specifies the physical and lowersoftware layers. Ethernet uses
the CSMA/CD access method to handle simultaneous demands. It is
one of the most widely implemented LAN standards.
18. Bandwidth and Speed-We use the U.S. English "Kbps" as the abbreviation for "thousands of
bits per second." In international English outside the U.S., the
equivalent usage is "kbits s-1" or "kbits/s". Engineers use data rate
rather than speed, but speed (as in "Why isn't my Web page getting
here faster?") seems more meaningful for the less technically inclined.
Many of us tend to think that the number of bits getting somewhere
over a period of time is their speed of travel. Relative to data
transmission, a related term, bandwidth or "capacity," means how wide
the pipe is and how quickly the bits can be sent down the channels in
the pipe. (The analogy of multiple lanes on a superhighway with cars
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Dedicated 56Kbps
on frame relay 56 Kbps VariousBusiness e-mail with
fairly large file
attachmentsDS0 64 Kbps All
The base signal on a
channel in the set of
Digital Signal levelsGeneral Packet
Radio System
(GPRS)56 to 114 Kbps RF in space
(wireless)Mobile telephone for
business and personal
use
ISDN
BRI: 64 Kbps to
128 Kbps
PRI: 23 (T-1) or
30 (E1)
assignable 64-
Kbps channels
plus control
channel; up to
1.544 Mbps (T-1)
or 2.048 (E1)
BRI: Twisted-
pair
PRI: T-1 or E1
line
BRI: Faster home and
small business access
PRI: Medium and large
enterprise access
IDSL 128 Kbps Twisted-pair Faster home and smallbusiness access
AppleTalk 230.4 Kbps Twisted pair
Local area network for
Apple devices; several
networks can be
bridged; non-Appledevices can also be
connectedEnhanced Data GSM
Environment (EDGE) 384 KbpsRF in space
(wireless)Mobile telephone for
business and personal
usesatellite
400 Kbps
(DirecPC and
others)RF in space
(wireless)Faster home and small
enterprise access
frame relay 56 Kbps to 1.544Mbps
Twisted-pairorcoaxial
cable
Large company
backbone for LANs toISP
ISP to Internet
infrastructureDS1/T-1 1.544 Mbps
Twisted-pair,
coaxial cable,
oroptical
Large company to ISP
ISP to Internet
infrastructure
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fiberUniversal Mobile
Telecommunications
Service (UMTS)Up to 2 Mbps RF in space
(wireless)Mobile telephone for
business and personal
use (available in 2002
or later)
E-carrier 2.048 MbpsTwisted-pair,
coaxial cable,
oroptical
fiber32-channel European
equivalent of T-1
T-1C (DS1C) 3.152 MbpsTwisted-pair,
coaxial cable,
or optical
fiber
Large company to ISP
ISP to Internet
infrastructure
IBM TokenRing/802.5 4 Mbps (also 16Mbps)
Twisted-pair,
coaxial cable,or optical
fiber
Second most
commonly-used localarea network after
Ethernet
DS2/T-2 6.312 MbpsTwisted-pair,
coaxial cable,
or optical
fiber
Large company to ISP
ISP to Internet
infrastructure
Digital Subscriber
Line (DSL)512 Kbps to 8
Mbps
Twisted-pair
(used as a
digital,
broadbandmedium)
Home, small business,
and enterprise access
using existing copper
lines
E-2 8.448 MbpsTwisted-pair,
coaxial cable,
or optical
fiberCarries four multiplexed
E-1 signals
cable modem
512 Kbps to 52
Mbps
(see "Key andexplanation"
below)
Coaxial cable
(usually uses
Ethernet); in
some
systems,telephone
used for
upstream
requests
Home, business, school
access
Ethernet 10 Mbps 10BASE-T(twisted-pair);
Most popular business
local area network
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10BASE-2 or -
5 (coaxial
cable);
10BASE-F
(optical fiber)
(LAN)
IBM Token
Ring/802.516 Mbps (also 4
Mbps)Twisted-pair,
coaxial cable,
or optical
fiber
Second most
commonly-used local
area network after
EthernetE-3 34.368 Mbps
Twisted-pair
or optical
fiberCarries 16 E-l signals
DS3/T-3 44.736 Mbps Coaxial cableISP to Internet
infrastructure
Smaller links within
Internet infrastructure
OC-1 51.84 Mbps Optical fiberISP to Internet
infrastructure
Smaller links within
Internet infrastructure
High-Speed Serial
Interface (HSSI)Up to 53 Mbps HSSI cable
Between router
hardware and WAN
lines
Short-range (50 feet)
interconnectionbetween slower LAN
devices and faster WAN
lines
Fast Ethernet 100 Mbps
100BASE-T
(twisted pair);
100BASE-T
(twisted pair);
100BASE-T
(optical fiber)
Workstations with 10
Mbps Ethernet cards
can plug into a Fast
Ethernet LANFiber Distributed-Data Interface
(FDDI)100 Mbps Optical fiber Large, wide-range LANusually in a large
company or a larger ISP
T-3D (DS3D) 135 Mbps Optical fiberISP to Internet
infrastructure
Smaller links within
Internet infrastructure
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E-4 139.264 Mbps Optical fiberCarries 4 E3 channels
Up to 1,920
simultaneous voice
conversationsOC-3/SDH 155.52 Mbps Optical fiber
Large company
backbone
Internet backbone
E-5 565.148 Mbps Optical fiberCarries 4 E4 channels
Up to 7,680
simultaneous voice
conversationsOC-12/STM-4 622.08 Mbps Optical fiber Internet backbone
Gigabit Ethernet
1 Gbps
Optical fiber
(and "copper"
up to 100
meters)
Workstations/networks
with 10/100 Mbps
Ethernet plug intoGigabit Ethernet
switchesOC-24 1.244 Gbps Optical fiber Internet backboneSciNet 2.325 Gbps (15
OC-3 lines) Optical fiberPart of the vBNS
backboneOC-48/STM-16 2.488 Gbps Optical fiber Internet backboneOC-192/STM-64 10 Gbps Optical fiber BackboneOC-256 13.271 Gbps Optical fiber Backbone
19. Computer Network-A computerwith minimal memory, disk storage and processorpower
designed to connect to a network, especially the Internet. The idea
behind network computers is that many users who are connected to a
network don't need all the computer power they get from a typical
personal computer. Instead, they can rely on the power of the network
servers. This is really a variation on an old idea -- diskless workstations
-- which are computers that contain memory and a processor but no
disk storage. Instead, they rely on a server to store data. Network
computers take this idea one step further by also minimizing the
amount of memory and processor power required by the workstation.
Network computers designed to connect to the Internet are sometimes
called Internet boxes, Net PCs, and Internet appliances. One of the
strongest arguments behind network computers is that they reduce the
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total cost of ownership (TCO) -- not only because the machines
themselves are less expensive than PCs, but also because network
computers can be administered and updated from a central network
server.
20. Graphic User Interface (GUI)-GUI - Short for Graphical User Interface, a GUI Operating System contains
graphics and icons and is commonly navigated by using a computer mouse.
See the GUI definition for a complete definition. Below are some examples of
GUI Operating Systems. Abbreviated GUI (pronounced GOO-ee). A program
interface that takes advantage of the computer'sgraphics capabilities to
make the program easier to use. Well-designed graphical user interfaces can
free the user from learning complex command languages. On the other hand,
many users find that they work more effectively with a command-driven
interface, especially if they already know the command language.Graphical
user interfaces, such as Microsoft Windows and the one used by the Apple
Macintosh, feature the following basic components: pointer: A symbol that
appears on the display screen and that you move to selectobjects
andcommands. Usually, the pointer appears as a small angled arrow. Text -
processing applications, however, use an I-beam pointerthat is shaped like a
capital I. pointing device : A device, such as a mouse ortrackball, that
enables you to select objects on the display screen. icons : Small pictures
that represent commands, files, orwindows. By moving the pointer to the
icon and pressing a mouse button, you can execute a command orconvert
the icon into a window. You can also move the icons around the display
screen as if they were real objects on your desk. desktop : The area on the
display screen where icons are grouped is often referred to as the desktop
because the icons are intended to represent real objects on a real desktop.
windows: You can divide the screen into different areas. In each window, you
can run a different program or display a different file. You can move windows
around the display screen, and change their shape and size at will. menus :
Most graphical user interfaces let you execute commands by selecting achoice from a menu. he first graphical user interface was designed by Xerox
Corporation's Palo Alto Research Center in the 1970s, but it was not until the
1980s and the emergence of the Apple Macintosh that graphical user
interfaces became popular. One reason for their slow acceptance was the
fact that they require considerable CPU power and a high-quality monitor,
which until recently were prohibitively expensive. In addition to their visual
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components, graphical user interfaces also make it easier to move data from
one application to another. A true GUI includes standard formats for
representing text and graphics. Because the formats are well-defined,
different programs that run under a common GUI can share data. This makes
it possible, for example, to copy a graph created by a spreadsheet program
into a document created by a word processor.Many DOS programs include
some features of GUIs, such as menus, but are not graphics based. Such
interfaces are sometimes called graphical character-based user interfaces to
distinguish them from true GUIs.
21. Operating System-Operating system ABCs
An operating system, or OS, is a software program that enables thecomputer hardware to communicate and operate with the computer
software. Without a computer operating system, a computer would be
useless.
Operating system types
As computers have progressed and developed so have the operating
systems. Below is a basic list of the different operating systems and a few
examples of operating systems that fall into each of the categories. Many
computer operating systems will fall into more than one of the below
categories.
GUI - Short for Graphical User Interface, a GUI Operating System contains
graphics and icons and is commonly navigated by using a computer mouse.
See the GUI definition for a complete definition. Below are some examples of
GUI Operating Systems. System 7.x, Windows 98, Windows CE. Multi-user -
A multi-user operating system allows for multiple users to use the same
computer at the same time and different times. See the multi-userdefinition
for a complete definition for a complete definition. Below are some examples
of multi-user operating systems. Multiprocessing - An operating system
capable of supporting and utilizing more than one computer processor. Below
are some examples of multiprocessing operating systems. Multitasking - Anoperating system that is capable of allowing multiple software processes to
run at the same time. Below are some examples of multitasking operating
systems.
Multithreading - Operating systems that allow different parts of a software
program to run concurrently. Operating systems that would fall into this
category are. An Operating System is a software program or set of programs
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that mediate access between physical devices (such as a keyboard, mouse,
monitor, disk drive or network connection) and application programs (such
as a word processor, World-Wide Web browser or electronic mail client).
Some characteristics of an Operating System are:
Whether multiple programs can run on it simultaneously: multi-tasking Whether it can take advantage of multiple processors: multi-processing Whether multiple users can run programs on it simultaneously: multi-user Whether it can reliably prevent application programs from directly
accessing hardware devices: protected
Whether it has built-in support for graphics. Whether it has built-in support for networks.
Some popular Operating System's are:
Unix: multi-tasking, multi-processing, multi-user, protected, with built-insupport for networking but not graphics.
Windows NT: multi-tasking, multi-processing, single-user, protected, withbuilt-in support for networking and graphics.
Windows 95/98: multi-tasking, multi-processing, single-user, unprotected,with built-in support for networking and graphics.
Windows 3.x: single-tasking, single-processing, single-user, unprotected,with built-in support for graphics but not networking.
DOS: single-tasking, single-processing, single-user, unprotected with nobuilt-in support for graphics or networking.
NetWare: multi-tasking, multi-processing, single-user, unprotected, with built-in support for networking but not graphics.
22. Needs Assessment-a systematic method of identifying the public health,health / social care
needs of a population and making recommendations for changes to\meet
these needs.[1] In this context need is defined as ability to benefit from a
policy or service intervention. The aim of NA is to maximise appropriate
effective care / policy, minimise both theprovision of ineffective care / policy
and the existence of unmet need. NA provides asystematic framework for
undertaking a complex and important task in an evidencebased\way. The
practice of Health Needs Assessment (HNA) first became widespread in the
early1990s, at the time of the introduction of the NHS internal market. HNA
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Personal computer users with an analog phone modem connection to the
Internet usually get to the Internet through the Serial Line Internet
Protocol (SLIP) or the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP). These protocols
encapsulate the IP packets so that they can be sent over the dial-up
phone connection to an access provider's modem. A family ofoperating
systems forpersonal computers. Windows dominates the personal
computer world, running, by some estimates, on 90% of all personal
computers. The remaining 10% are mostly Macintosh computers. Like the
Macintosh operating environment, Windows provides a graphical user
interface Windows 7 is an operating system for personal computers made
by Microsoft that will be launched in October 2009. Windows 7 replaced
Windows Vista as Microsoft's newest operating system. It was previously
codenamed "Blackcomb" and "Vienna".Also Known As:
WindowsExamples: Windows 7 is better than Windows Vista in terms of
user friendliness, stability and functionality. (GUI), virtual memory
management, multitasking, and support for many peripheral devices. This
is the name of the computers that are made by Apple Computer. The first
Macintosh was introduced in 1984 and was seen as a major innovation in
computing ease-of-use. The Macintosh was the first personal computer to
use a graphical user interface (GUI), which allowed the user to interact
with the operating system by using a mouse to click and drag objects.
Since 1984, Apple has continually revised and upgraded the Macintosh
product line and now makes both laptop and desktop versions of the
Macintosh. The Macintosh product line includes the following models:
Power Mac - a high-performance desktop computer for professionals PowerBook - a high-performance laptop computer for professionals. iMac - a creatively designed consumer desktop computer iBook - a laptop computer for students and home users eMac - an all-in-one desktop computer for educators and entry-level
consumers
Mac mini - a super-small, fully functional computer sold without amonitor, keyboard, or mouse . Apple also makes other equipment such
as displays, MP3 players, and networking hardware, but the Macintosh
is the heart and soul of the company. Macintosh computers run the
Macintosh operating system, creatively named the "Mac OS."
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25. High Level Language Versus Machine Language-
A programming language such as C, FORTRAN, orPascal that enables a
programmerto write programs that are more or less independent of a
particular type ofcomputer. Such languages are considered high-level
because they are closer to human languages and further from machinelanguages. In contrast, assembly languages are considered low-level
because they are very close to machine languages. The main advantage
of high-level languages overlow-level languages is that they are easier to
read, write, and maintain. Ultimately, programs written in a high-level
language must be translated into machine language by a compileror
interpreter. The first high-level programming languages were designed in
the 1950s. Now there are dozens of different languages, including Ada,
Algol, BASIC, COBOL, C, C++, FORTRAN, LISP, Pascal, and Prolog.
machine language
)The lowest-level programming language (except for computers that utilize
programmable microcode) Machine languages are the only languages
understood by computers. While easily understood by computers, machine
languages are almost impossible for humans to use because they consist
entirely of numbers. Programmers, therefore, use either a high-level
programming language or an assembly language. An assembly language
contains the same instructions as a machine language, but the instructions
and variables have names instead of being just numbers. Programs written in
high-level languages are translated into assembly language or machinelanguage by a compiler. Assembly language programs are translated into
machine language by a program called an assembler.
Every CPU has its own unique machine language. Programs must be
rewritten or recompiled, therefore, to run on different types of computers.
graphical user interfaceAbbreviated GUI (pronounced GOO-ee). A program
interface that takes advantage of the computer'sgraphics capabilities to
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make the program easier to use. Well-designed graphical user interfaces can
free the user from learning complex command languages. On the other hand,
many users find that they work more effectively with a command-driven
interface, especially if they already know the command language.Graphical
user interfaces, such as Microsoft Windows and the one used by the Apple
Macintosh, feature the following basic components: pointer: A symbol that
appears on the display screen and that you move to selectobjects and
commands. Usually, the pointer appears as a small angled arrow. Text -
processing applications, however, use an I-beam pointerthat is shaped like a
capital pointing device : A device, such as a mouse ortrackball, that
enables you to select objects on the display screen. icons : Small pictures
that represent commands, files, orwindows. By moving the pointer to the
icon and pressing a mouse button, you can execute a command orconvert
the icon into a window. You can also move the icons around the display
screen as if they were real objects on your desk. desktop : The area on the
display screen where icons are grouped is often referred to as the desktop
because the icons are intended to represent real objects on a real desktop.
windows: You can divide the screen into different areas. In each window, you
can run a different program or display a different file. You can move windows
around the display screen, and change their shape and size at will. menus :
Most graphical user interfaces let you execute commands by selecting a
choice from a menu. The first graphical user interface was designed by
Xerox Corporation's Palo Alto Research Center in the 1970s, but it was not
until the 1980s and the emergence of the Apple Macintosh that graphical
user interfaces became popular. One reason for their slow acceptance wasthe fact that they require considerable CPU power and a high-quality monitor,
which until recently were prohibitively expensive.In addition to their visual
components, graphical user interfaces also make it easier to move data from
one application to another. A true GUI includes standard formats for
representing text and graphics. Because the formats are well-defined,
different programs that run under a common GUI can share data. This makes
it possible, for example, to copy a graph created by a spreadsheet program
into a document created by a word processor.Many DOS programs include
some features of GUIs, such as menus, but are not graphics based. Such
interfaces are sometimes called graphical character-based user interfaces todistinguish them from true GUIs.
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Work Cited Page
1.www.techterms.com/ The Tech Term ComputerDictionary