Pra^ ^'Multiple Choice Questions Genetics 1. In garden peas, a single gene controls stem length. The recessive allele (() produces short stems when homozygous. The dominant allele (T) produces long stems. A short-stemmed plant is crossed with a heterozygous long-stemmed plant. Which of the following represents the expected phenotypes of the offspring and the ratio in which they will occur? (A) 3 long-stemmed plants; 1 short-stemmed plant (B) 1 long-stemmed plant; 1 short-stemmed plant (C) 1 long-stemmed plant; 3 short-stemmed plants (D) Long-stemmed plants only 2. Arctic foxes typically have a white coat in the winter. In summer, when there is no snow on the ground, the foxes typically have a darker coat. Which of the following is most likely responsible for the seasonal change in coat color? (A) The decrease in the amount of daylight in virinter causes a change in gene expression, which results in the foxes growing a lighter appearing coat. (B) The diet of the foxes in summer lacks a particular nutrient, which causes the foxes to lose their white coat and grow a darker colored coat. (C) Competition for mates In the spring causes each fox to increase its camouflage with the environment by producing a darker appearing coat. (D) The lower temperatures in winter denature the pigment molecules in the arctic fox coat, causing the coat to become lighter in color. 3. In the pedigree below, squares represent males and circles represent females. Individuals who express a particular trait are represented by shaded figures. Which of the following pattems of inheritance best explains the transmission of the trait? (A) Sex-linked dominant (B) Sex-linked recessive (C) Autosomal recessive (D) Autosomal dominant 4. In humans, red-green color blindness Is a sexlinked recessive trait. If a man and a woman produce a color-blind son, which of the following must be true? (A) The father is color-blind. (B) Both parents carry the allele for color blindness. (C) Neither parent carries the allele for color blindness. (D) The mother carries the allele for color blindness. 6. In sheep, eye color is controlled by a single gene virith two alleles. When a homozygous brown-eyed sheep is crossed with a homozygous green-eyed sheep, blue-eyed offspring are produced. If the blue-eyed sheep are mated with each other, what percent of their offspring will most likely have brown eyes? (A) 0% (C) 50% (B) 25% (D) 75% 7. A couple has 5 kids, all sons. If they have a sixth kid, w/hat is the probability that the sixth kid will be a son? (A) 5/6 (B) 1/2 (C) 1/5 (D) 1/6 8. Assume that genes A and S are not linked. If the probability of allele A in a gamete is 1/2 and the probability of allele e in a gamete Is 1/2, then the probability that both A and S are in the same gamete is (A) 1/2x1/2 (B) 1/2 + l/2(C) 1/2+1/2 (D) 1/2 10. A form of vitamin D-resistant rickets, known as hypophosphatemia, is inherited as an X-linked dominant trait. If a male with hypophosphatemia marries a normal female, which of the following predictions concerning their potential progeny would be tme? (A) All of their sons would inherit the disease, (B) All of their daughters would inherit the disease. (C) About 50% of their sons would inherit the disease. (D) About 50% of their daughters would inherit the disease. 11. In fruit flies, vennilion eyes are a sex-linked recessive characteristic. If a vermilion-eyed female is crossed with a wild-type male, what proportion of the male offspring should have vermilion eyes? (A) 0% (B)25% (C)50% (D)100% 12 In female cats the genotype BB is black Bb Is tortoise shell, and bb is yellow. The locus of this pair of alleles is on the X chromosome If a tortoise-shell female is crossed with a black male, one would expect the different kinds of offspring to be in which of the following ratios to one another? (A) 9 black females; 3 tortoise-shell females; 3 black males; 1 yellow male (B) 1 black female; 1 tortoise-shell female; 1 black male; 1 yellow male (C) 1 black female; 1 yellow male (D) 1 tortoise-shell female; 1 yellow male 13. If red hair, blue eyes, and freckles were consistently inherited together, the best explanation would be that (A) these traits are recessive characteristics (B) both parents have red hair, blue eyes, and freckles (C) the genes for these traits are linked on the same chromosome (D) gene duplications have occurred Questions 14-15 (A) 1/16 (B)1/4 (C)1/2 (D)9/16 (E)1 Galactosemia is a simple, inherited, autosomal recessive trait. A nomnal couple has a child affected with galactosemia. For each of the following situations, select from the list above the appropriate probability. 14. The prot>ability that the next two children will both be affected with galactosemia 15. The probability that the father of the galactosemic child is heterozygous for the recessive allele Questions 16-18 A culture of white-eyed fruit flies {Drosophila melanogaster) was maintained for many generations. Females from the stock white-eyed culture were crossed with red-eyed (wild-type) males. The F, females were crossed with the white-eyed males from the origirial culture. The resulting phenotypes of the progeny are summarized below. Parental Generation Cross White-eyed females x red-eyed males F^ Generation Cross Fi Generation (at least 500 flies) 100% of females are red-eyed 100% of males are white-eyed F; Generation (at least 500 flies) F, red-eyed females x white-eyed males 50% of females are red-eyed and 50% are white-eyed 50% of males are red-eyed and 50% are white-eyed 16. The best explanation for the red-eyed F, females is (A) mutation (B)culture contamination (C)dominance (D)multiple loci 17. There are white-eyed females in the F2 generation because (A) white is a dominant allele (B)the white allele is autosomal (C) a mutation has occunred (D)these F2 females have two white alleles 18. Which of the following best describes the mode of inheritance of eye co (A) Autosomal (8) Dominant (C) Located on the Y chromosome ,—, (D) Sex-linked P. | |- r in the white culture? Questions 19-21 refer to the pedigree below in which females are indicated by circles and males are Indicated by squares. 19. The genotype of the P, male must be (A) 00 (B) AO (C) SO (D) AB 20. The only other possible genotype for children of the Fi AB male would be (A) 00 (B) 80 (C) AO (D) AB DO-- \ 30= 1 ''I" ft3 = l''l''
Transcript
Pra^ ^'Multiple Choice Questions Genetics
1. In garden peas, a single gene controls stem length. The recessive allele (() produces short stems when homozygous. The dominant allele (T) produces long stems. A short-stemmed plant is crossed with a heterozygous long-stemmed plant. Which of the following represents the expected phenotypes of the offspring and the ratio in which they will occur?
2. Arctic foxes typically have a white coat in the winter. In summer, when there is no snow on the ground, the foxes typically have a darker coat. Which of the following is most likely responsible for the seasonal change in coat color?
(A) The decrease in the amount of daylight in virinter causes a change in gene expression, which results in the foxes growing a lighter appearing coat. (B) The diet of the foxes in summer lacks a particular nutrient, which causes the foxes to lose their white coat and grow a darker colored coat. (C) Competition for mates In the spring causes each fox to increase its camouflage with the environment by producing a darker appearing coat. (D) The lower temperatures in winter denature the pigment molecules in the arctic fox coat, causing the coat to become lighter in color.
3. In the pedigree below, squares represent males and circles represent females. Individuals who express a particular trait are represented by shaded figures. Which of the following pattems of inheritance best explains the transmission of the trait?
4. In humans, red-green color blindness Is a sexlinked recessive trait. If a man and a woman produce a color-blind son, which of the following must be true?
(A) The father is color-blind. (B) Both parents carry the allele for color blindness. (C) Neither parent carries the allele for color blindness. (D) The mother carries the allele for color blindness.
6. In sheep, eye color is controlled by a single gene virith two alleles. When a homozygous brown-eyed sheep is crossed with a homozygous green-eyed sheep, blue-eyed offspring are produced. If the blue-eyed sheep are mated with each other, what percent of their offspring will most likely have brown eyes?
(A) 0% (C) 50% (B) 25% (D) 75%
7. A couple has 5 kids, all sons. If they have a sixth kid, w/hat is the probability that the sixth kid will be a son?
(A) 5/6 (B) 1/2 (C) 1/5 (D) 1/6
8. Assume that genes A and S are not linked. If the probability of allele A in a gamete is 1/2 and the probability of allele e in a gamete Is 1/2, then the probability that both A and S are in the same gamete is
(A) 1/2x1/2 (B) 1/2 + l/2(C) 1/2+1/2 (D) 1/2
10. A form of vitamin D-resistant rickets, known as hypophosphatemia, is inherited as an X-linked dominant trait. If a male with hypophosphatemia marries a normal female, which of the following predictions concerning their potential progeny would be tme?
(A) All of their sons would inherit the disease, (B) All of their daughters would inherit the disease. (C) About 50% of their sons would inherit the disease. (D) About 50% of their daughters would inherit the disease.
11. In fruit flies, vennilion eyes are a sex-linked recessive characteristic. If a vermilion-eyed female is crossed with a wild-type male, what proportion of the male offspring should have vermilion eyes?
(A) 0% (B)25% (C)50% (D)100%
12 In female cats the genotype BB is black Bb Is tortoise shell, and bb is yellow. The locus of this pair of alleles is on the X chromosome If a tortoise-shell female is crossed with a black male, one would expect the different kinds of offspring to be in which of the following ratios to one another?
(A) 9 black females; 3 tortoise-shell females; 3 black males; 1 yellow male (B) 1 black female; 1 tortoise-shell female; 1 black male; 1 yellow male (C) 1 black female; 1 yellow male (D) 1 tortoise-shell female; 1 yellow male
13. If red hair, blue eyes, and freckles were consistently inherited together, the best explanation would be that
(A) these traits are recessive characteristics (B) both parents have red hair, blue eyes, and freckles (C) the genes for these traits are linked on the same chromosome (D) gene duplications have occurred
Galactosemia is a simple, inherited, autosomal recessive trait. A nomnal couple has a child affected with galactosemia. For each of the following situations, select from the list above the appropriate probability.
14. The prot>ability that the next two children will both be affected with galactosemia 15. The probability that the father of the galactosemic child is heterozygous for the recessive allele
Questions 16-18 A culture of white-eyed fruit flies {Drosophila melanogaster) was maintained for many generations. Females from the stock white-eyed culture were crossed with red-eyed (wild-type) males. The F, females were crossed with the white-eyed males from the origirial culture. The resulting phenotypes of the progeny are summarized below.
Parental Generation Cross White-eyed females x red-eyed males
F̂ Generation Cross
Fi Generation (at least 500 flies) 100% of females are red-eyed 100% of males are white-eyed
F; Generation (at least 500 flies) F, red-eyed females x white-eyed males 50% of females are red-eyed and 50% are white-eyed
50% of males are red-eyed and 50% are white-eyed
16. The best explanation for the red-eyed F, females is (A) mutation (B)culture contamination (C)dominance (D)multiple loci
17. There are white-eyed females in the F2 generation because (A) white is a dominant allele (B)the white allele is autosomal (C) a mutation has occunred (D)these F2 females have two white alleles
18. Which of the following best describes the mode of inheritance of eye co (A) Autosomal (8) Dominant (C) Located on the Y chromosome ,—, (D) Sex-linked P. | | -
r in the white culture?
Questions 19-21 refer to the pedigree below in which females are indicated by circles and males are Indicated by squares. 19. The genotype of the P, male must be
(A) 0 0 (B) AO (C) SO (D) AB
20. The only other possible genotype for children of the Fi AB male would be (A) 0 0 (B) 8 0 (C) AO (D) AB
DO-- \
30= 1 ''I"
ft3 = l''l''
215 / most likely genotype of tfie mate of the F,AO female is (A) AB (B) ee (C) 0 0 (D) AA
Questions 22-26 In a mating of a male Drosophila collected in nature with a normal female from a laboratory strain, 237
offspring were obtained. All of the offspring had nonnal eyes, except one unusual male, which had very narrow eyes. A series of matings is shown in the table below.
F, Male, nonnal eyes (68) x female, slightly narrow eyes (73) i
VA male, very nan-ow eyes % male, normal eyes % female, slightly nan^ow eyes % female, normal eyes
22 .The most likely explanation for the appearance of the nan-ow-eyed mala in the PI is the (A) appearance of hidden variability (B) occurrence of a mutation (C) consequence of laboratory culture of larvae on artificial media (D) result of hybridizing a wild fly with a laboratory fly (E) culture of the offspring at a higher temperature than is usual in nature
23. Assuming that a single locus causes the eye characteristic, the gene appears to function as (A) a dominant allele (B) a recessive allele (C) an incompletely dominant allele (D) a gene typical of that found in nature
25. Why do the F, males not show the genetic trait? (A) The gene has variable penetrance. (B) The effect of the gene is blocked by the Y chromosome. (C) The allele is blocked by its dominant allele. (D) They do not contain the gene.
26. A promising approach to ascertain if a female with very narrow eyes could be obtained virould be to (A) cross the nonnal F2 males with the nonnal females (B) cross the F2 males that are not normal with the females that are not nonnal (C) cross the F2 very nan-ow-eyed males with nonnal females (D) cross the F2 slightly narrow-eyed females with normal males
Questions 27-30_refer to the following pedigree that illustrates the inheritance of sickle cell anemia. Shading indicates the presence of sickle cell anemia.
27. The most reasonable explanation for the fact that the offspring of C and D do not have sickle cell anemia is that each received a
(A) sickle allele from the mother (B) nomial allele from the father (C) sickle allele from each parent (D) nonnal allele from each parent
A B
•a Female
• Male
28. Which of the following statements is conect about the four offspring of C and D?
(A) Only the females are carriers of the sickle cell trait. (B) Only the males are caniers of the sickle cell trait. (C) Only the females are heterozygous for the sickle cell trait. (D) All are carriers of the sickle cell trait.
30. What is the probability that the next child of parents A and B would have had sickle cell anemia? (A) 0% (B) 25% (C) 60% (D) 75%
A male fmit fly {Drosophila melanogaster) with red eyes and long wings was mated with a female with purple eyes and vestigial wings. All of the offspring in the F, generation had red eyes and long wings. These F, flies were test crossed with purple-eyed, vestigial-winged flies. Their offspring, the F2 generation, appeared as Indicated below.
31. If in the F, and F2 generations the same F2 Generation characteristics appeared in both males and females, it would be safe to assume that these traits for eye color and wing length
(A) are sex-linked (B) vary in dominance according to sex (C) are sex-influenced characteristics 283 Total (D) are autosomal characteristics
125 124
18 16
red eyes, long wings purple eyes, vestigial wings purple eyes, long wings red eyes, vestigial wings
32. In the F2 generation, the results are best explained by the fact that (A) the test cross with the F, flies resulted in sterile offspring (8) these genes for eye color and wing shape do not pass through the F, generation (C) these genes for eye color and wing shape are found on the same chromosome (D) crossing-over decreases variability
33. If a single locus controls wing shape, then the alleles for this gene act as (A) dominant-recessive alleles (B) incomplete-dominance alleles (C) codominant alleles (D) multiple alleles
Questions 35 refer to the birth of a child with blood type A to a mother with blood type B
35. If the father has blood type AB, which of the following statements is correct about the mother? (A) She contributes an allele, which is recessive to the father's t" allele. (B) She contributes an / allele which is recessive to the father's A* allele. (C) She contributes an /° allele which is codominant to the father's /" allele. (D) She contributes an allele that is codominant to the father's fi allele. (E) She is homozygous for the fi allele.
1. When DNA replicates, each strand of the original DNA molecule is used as a template for the synthesis of a second, complementary strand. Which of the following figures most accurately illustrates enzyme-mediated synthesis of new DNA at a replication fori(? D
2. Actinomycin D is an antibiotic dmg that inhibits protein synthesis by blocking transcription. In some cells, the application of the dnjg does not affect the synthesis of certain proteins. Which of the following best explains such an occurrence?
(A) Not all proteins need tRNA molecules for their synthesis. (B) The proteins that are made are using mRNA synthesized before application of the drug. (C) Nuclear proteins do not require the cytoplasmic machinery of ribosomes. (D) Protein synthesis is blocked in the cytoplasm at the ribosome level.
3. Somec c
3. Some geneticists consider ttie ttrird base of a codon to t>e less important than the first two bases as a code for a specific amino acid. All of the following observations would support this hypothesis EXCEPT:
(A) Any of the bases following a CC_ sequence will position a proline. (B) Even though the A is replaced by a C, the triplet AGG will still position to an arginine. (C) Even though the last A is replaced by a G, the triplet UAA will still tenninate a polypeptide chain. (D) An ADD triplet codes for isoleucine, while a UUU triplet codes for phenylalanine.
Questions 4-6 refer to an experiment that was performed to separate DNA fragments from four samples radioactively labeled with ^^P. The fragments were separated by gel electrophoresis. The visualized bands are illustrated in the figure to the right.
4. The electrophoretic separation of the pieces of DNA in each of the four samples was achieved because of differential migration of the DNA fragments in an electric field. This differential migration was caused by the
(A) relative amounts of radioactivity in the DNA (B) number of cleavage points per fragment (C) size of each fragment (D) overall positive charge of each fragment
5. The DNA was labeled with '^P in order to (A) stimulate DNA replication (B) inhibit the uptake of unlabeled ATP (C) show which fragments included the 5' end and which fragments
included the 3' end (D) visualize the fragments
6. Which of the following is an additional use of the gel electrophoresis technique?
(A) To express a gene (B) To separate Proteins in a mixture (C) To ligate DNA fragments (D) To transform E. coli
7. Lactose digestion in E. coli begins with its hydrolysis by the enzyme b-galactosidase. The gene encoding b-galactosidase, lacZ, is part of a coordinately regulated operon containing other genes required for lactose utilization. Which of the following figures con-ectly depicts the interactions at the lac operon when lactose is NOT being utilized? (The legend below defines the shapes of the molecules illustrated in the options.) D
8. The wortdng of the /ac operon is important for which of the following reasons? (A) It represents a principal means by which genes are regulated in prokaryotes. (B) It represents a principal means by which genes are regulated in eukaryotes.
(C) The understanding of it led to the development of an economical means for the biui&glcal production of lactose.
(D) It provided the first clues to how DNA replication is controlled during the cell cycle. .-Im Operon
Regulatory • Setjiiences
Stnictural Genes 9. The regulatory sequences of the operon controlling arabinose metabolism (ara operon) were studied to detemtine whether bacteria can respond to changes in nutrient availability. It is predicted that if those regulatory sequences are functioning property, the bacteria will produce the enzymes Involved in arabinose metabolism (structural genes B, A, and D) in the presence of arabinose. If a gene that encodes a green fluorescent protein (GFP) is substituted for the stmctural genes of the operon, activation of the regulatory sequences can be assayed by GFP expression. A culture of E. co// cells undenwent a transfonnation procedure with a plasmid containing the regulatory sequences of the ara operon directly upstream of the gene encoding the GFP. The plasmid also confers ampicillin resistance to bacteria. Samples were then plated on different types of culture media. (Note: The GFP fluoresces only under UV light, not under white light.) The table below shows the results.
Transformation Results Type of Culture Media Color of Colonies
Under White Light Color of Colonies Under UV Light
Agar Ampicillin Arabinose + - All virhite All white + + - All white All white
+ - + All white Mostiy white, some green
+ + + All white All green + Indicates the presence of the indicated substance in the culture media - Indicates the absence of the indicated substance in the culture media Which of the following can best be used to justify why the GFP is expressed by £. co// cells after transfonnation with the plasmid?
(A) The presence of arabinose in the nutrient agar activated the expression of the genes located downstream of the ara operon regulatory sequences. (B) The combination of ampicillin and arabinose in the nutrient agar inhibited the expression of certain gene products, resulting in the increased expression of the GFP. (C) The nutrient agar without arabinose but with ampicillin activated the expression of the genes located downstream of the ara operon regulatory sequences. (D) Both arabinose and ampicillin were required in the nutrient agar to activate the expression of genes located downstream of the ara operon regulatory sequences.
A scientist is using an ampicillin-sensitive strain of bacteria that cannot use lactose because it has a nonfunctional gene in the lac operon. She has two plasmids. One contains a functional copy of the affected gene of the lac operon, and the other contains the gene for ampicillin resistance. Using restriction enzymes and DNA ligase, she fonns a recombinant plasmid containing both genes. She then adds a high concentration of the plasmid to a tube of the bacteria in a medium for bacterial growth that contains glucose as the only energy source. This tube (+) and a control tube (-) with similar bacteria but no plasmid are both incubated under the appropriate conditions for growth and plasmid uptake The scientist then spreads a sample of each bacterial culture (-i- and -) on each of the three types of plates indicated below. ooo
11. If no new mutations occur, it would be most reasonable to expect bacterial growth on which of the following plates?
(A)1 and 2 only (B)3 and 4 only (C)5 and 6 only (D)4, 5, and 6 only (E)1, 2, 3, and 4 only
<//• 12. The scientisi used reslriclion enzymes (or what purpose in the experiment?
Jf,^ (A) To make the plasmid small enough to transform cells *^ (B) To make cuts in the plasmid DNA
(C) To make the plasmid enter the ceils (D) To enable the fragments of DNA to fomi covalent bonds (E) To enable the plasmid to recognize the bacterial cells
r
13. If the scientist had forgotten to use DNA ligase during the preparation of the recombinant plasmid, bacterial growth would most likely have occun^d on which of the following?
(A) 1 and 2 only (B) 1 and 4 only (C) 4 and 5 only
' (D) 1,2, and 3 only (E) 4, 5, and 6 only _ —
14. If the scientist used the cultures to perform another experiment as shown to the right, using medium that contained lactose as the only energy source, growth would most likely occur on which of the following plates?
(A) 10 only (B) 7 and 8 only (C) 7 and 9 only (D) 8 and 10 only (E) 9 and 10 only
Questions 15-16 refer to the chart below.
BKtchal slrain Willi
added plasmid
Baderial stnin with
no plunijd l - i
LACKKC .Medium
Lactote MBdium Willi Anpcillin
I #10
mRNA Codons AGA GGA A S C 6CA CAG
Amino Acids arginine glycine serine
alanine glutamine
. . glutamine-glutamine-glutamine .
. . . serine-serine-serine . . .
15. Which of the following messenger RNA sequences could code for both of the two amino acid sequences above, simply by a shift in the reading frame?
16. Which of the following DNA strands will code for the amino acid sequence shown above? (A) . . . ACTCCTTCT . . . (B) . . . TCTCCGTCG . . . (C) . . . CCGTCGACT . . . (D) . . . CCTTCGCCT . . .
Sickle cell disease is an inherited disonler that affects red blood cells. Sickle cell disease affects more than 72,000 Americans, primarily those of African heritage, but also those of Arabian, Asian, Caribbean, Indian, Mediten^anean, and South and Central American ancestry.
The maps below show both the frequency of HbS (sickle cell) allele and the areas VKhere Malaria is prevalent. , _ „ „ , _ ^ _ _
17. Why is the HbS allele more commonly found in people (or their descendants) from par\ ^/pical and sut}-tropical sut>-saharan regions where malaria is or was common?
(A) in areas where malaria is common, there is a fitness benefit in canying only a single sickle-cell gene
(B) Because the individuals homozygous for the HbS allele die shortly after birth (C) Those with only one of the two alleles of the sickle-cell disease, are more tolerant to the infection and thus show more severe symptoms when infected (D) The genotype is influenced by natural selection, resulting in more individuals who are homozygous dominant than heterozygous.
18. If malaria spreads to more of Northern Asia what would you predict would happen the HbS allele frequency in that area? (A) The occurrence of the HbS allele would remain low due to decreased fitness (B) The occurrence of the HbS allele would increase due to being carried by the malaria (C) The occun-ence of the HbS allele would increase as the heterozygous advantage increased (D) The occun-ence of the HbS allele would decrease due to the malaria killing individuals.
19. The genetic variations in organisms (A) can be less than the phenotypic variations in populations due to missense mutations (B) can be more than the phenotypic variations in populations due to silent mutations (C) is generally more than the phenotypic variations in populations due to nonsense mutations (D) is always less than the phenotypic variations in populations due to point mutations
Questions 21 -22 refer to information in the following table.
21. A single substitution in the third position vrould have the greatest pnjbability of mutational effect on the codon
(A) GUU (B) AUU (C) CGU (D) AUG (E) CCC
22. Which amino acid has the greatest number of codons? (A)Leucine (leu)(B)Proline (pro) (C)Tryptophan (trp) * (D)Glutamic acid (glu (E)Aspartic add (asp)
26. Sickle-cell anemia results from a point mutation in the HBB gene.The mutation results in the replacement of an amino acid that has a hydrophilic R-group with an amino acid that has a hydrophobic R-group on the exterior of the hemoglobin protein. Such a mutation would most likely result in altered
(A) properties of the molecule as a result of abnormal interactions between adjacent hemogtobin molecules (B) DNA structure as a result of abnonnal hydrogen bonding between nitrogenous bases (C) fatty acid structure as a result of changes in ionic interactions between adjacent fatty acid chains (D) protein secondary stmcture as a result of abnonnal hydrophobic interactions between R-groups in the backbone of the protein
27. Analysis of DNA sequences from two individuals of the same species results in a greater estimate of genetic variability than does analysis of amino acid sequences from the same individuals because
(A) different DNA sequences can code for the same amino acid (B) some amino acid variations cannot be detected by protein electrophoresis (C) DNA sequencing is a more reliable technique than protein electrophoresis (D) proteins are more easily damaged than is DNA
DNA is more heat-sensitive and therefore varies more
![Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome€¦ · tion on the paternal allele with autosomal-dominant expression [3, 4]. Although numerous mutations have been reported to cause HGPS [4,](https://static.documents.pub/doc/80x56/5f4d896b68593756d475cf72/hutchinson-gilford-progeria-syndrome-tion-on-the-paternal-allele-with-autosomal-dominant.jpg)
