30 Terms Related to Steel Design

1. ANCHOR BOLT

Ananchor boltis used to attach objects orstructurestoconcrete. All consist of a threaded end, to which anutandwashercan be attached for the external load.

2. BEARING PLATE

A bearing plate takes the reaction of a steel beam and distributes that force over a larger area that is made of a material that is not as strong as steel. The action is essentially the same as a footing that distributes a large load to softer soil. The bearing plate is necessary to avoid crushing of the weaker material and to distribute the reaction force over a sufficient length of beam to prevent web yielding or crippling.

3. BRACED STEEL FRAMES

Braced frames are a very common form of construction, being economic to construct and simple to analyse. Bracing, which provides stability and resists lateral loads, may be from diagonal steel members or, from a concrete 'core'. In braced construction, beams and columns are designed under vertical load only, assuming the bracing system carries all lateral loads.

4. BUCKLING

Buckling is characterized by a sudden failure of a structural member subjected to highcompressive stress, where the actual compressive stress at the point of failure is less than the ultimate compressive stresses that the material is capable of withstanding

5. BUILT-UP MEMBER

A structural element fabricated from a number of other structural elements connected by welding, blots or other means

6. CASTINGS

Steel castings are formed by pouring molten metal into a mould containing a cavity which has the desired shape of the component. The liquid metal cools and solidifies in the mould cavity and is then removed for cleaning. Heat treating may be required to meet desired properties, but there is no need for subsequent hot or cold working.

7. CELLULAR BEAMS

Cellular beams, with regularly spacedholes in the web of an I-section beam, are created by cutting along the web of a beam section (usually a universal beam) to a particular profile, separating the two parts and thenweldingthese Tee sections to form a deeper beam section.

8. CHANNELS

Steel channels are used ideally as supports and guide rails. These are roll-formed products. The main metal used for making channels is steel along with aluminum.

9. COLUMN BASE PLATEUsually a thick plate at the bottom of a column through which anchor bolts mechanically connect the column and transfer forces to the foundation.

10. DECKING

Acomposite steel deck flooris designed in bending as either a series of simply supported spans or a continuous slab. Strength in fire is ensured by the inclusion ofmesh(sometimes called fabric) or fibre reinforcement. Mesh reinforcement can be that present in ordinary room temperature design; it may not be necessary to add reinforcement solely for the fire condition.

11. FABRICATION

Fabrication is the process used to manufacture steelwork components that will, when assembled and joined, form a complete frame.

12. GALLING

Gallingis a form of wear caused by adhesion between sliding surfaces. When a material galls, some of it is pulled with the contacting surface, especially if there is a large amount of force compressing the surfaces together. Galling is caused by a combination offrictionandadhesionbetween the surfaces, followed by slipping and tearing ofcrystal structurebeneath the surface.

13. HOT BENDS

Hot bends are accomplished on a bending slab. This slab requires little maintenance beyond a light coating of machine oil to keep rust in check.

14. I BEAM

AnI-beam, is abeamwith anI- or H-shapedcross-section. The horizontal elements of the "I" are known asflanges, while the vertical element is termed the "web". I-beams are usually made ofstructural steeland are used in construction.

15. MOMENT RESISTING CONNECTIONS

Moment resisting connections are used inmulti-storey un-braced buildingsand insingle-storey portal frame buildings. Connections in multi-storey frames are most likely to be full depth end plate connections and extended end plate connections.

16. MEGA COLUMN

A very large column, typically used for outrigger or externally braced tube in high rise Structures.

17. PIN CONNECTION

A joint that does not resist a moment and in the structural computer model allows the joint to rotate eliminating the moment in a structural member. Pin connections are common in the design of trusses.

18. PLATE GIRDERSModern plate girders are fabricated byweldingtogether two flanges and a web plate. Plate girders are used where standardrolled sectionsare inadequate in terms of load carrying capacity or stiffness. Typical uses includelong-span floorsin buildings,bridgesand crane girders inindustrial buildings.

19. PORTAL FRAME

Portal frameconstruction is a method of building and designing structures, primarily usingsteelor steel-reinforced precastconcrete although they can also be constructed using laminated timber such asglulam. The connections between thecolumnsand theraftersare designed to bemoment-resistant

20. PRELOADED BOLTING

Bolting is generally preferred for the siteconnectionsin short and medium spansteel bridgesbecause it can be carried out more quickly thanwelding, and with less interruption to the flow of erection. Installation and tightening of bolts is a major site activity and the designer should consider the access for operatives and equipment.

21. STEEL ANGLE

A steel angle is long steel with mutually vertical sides. The steel angles are the most basic type of roll-formed steel. The most commonly found steel angles are formed at a 90 degree angle and has two legs of equal length.

22. STEEL FLATS

Flats are actually thin strips of mild steel having the thickness of the strip commonly varying from 12mm to 10mm but thicker flats than this are also available. Steel flats are produced by the utilization of relatively smooth, cylindrical rolls on rolling mills.

23. STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALL

Asteel plate shear wall(SPSW)consists of steel infill plates bounded by boundary elements.

24. STIFFENERS

Stiffeners are secondary plates orsectionswhich are attached to beam webs or flanges to stiffen them against out of plane deformations.

25. STRUT CHANNEL

Strut channel is a standardized formed structural system used in the construction and electrical industries for light structural support, often for supporting wiring, plumbing, or mechanical components such as air conditioning or ventilation systems.

26. STUD

A vertical cylindrical bar of steel with a larger cylindrical cap fastened to metal decking used to form a mechanical connection between the metal decking and the poured-in-place concrete slab such that the two form a composite structural elements.

27. TEMPLATES

Whatever method you use to bend pipe, you should normally have some pattern that represents the desired shape of the bend. Templates made from wire or small, flexible tubing can be invaluable in preparing new installations as well as in repair work. When properly made, they will provide an exact guide to the bend desired.

28. WEATHERING STEEL

Weathering steel or weather resistant steel are colloquial terms used to describe structural steels with improved atmosphericcorrosionresistance. These steels are high strength low alloy steels that under normal atmospheric conditions give an enhanced resistance to rusting compared with that of ordinary carbon manganese steels.

29. WELDING

Welding is used to prepare joints for connection on site and for the attachment of other fixtures and fittings. Different welding techniques are used for different activities within thefabrication factory.

30. WRINKLE BEND

A wrinkle bend may not be made on steel pipe to be operated at a pressure that produces a hoop stress of 30 percent, or more

WHY STUDY STEEL DESIGN AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO ARCHITECTURE

As an Architecture student and future professional in the construction industry, the design process particularly the concept design is a relevant stage. By studying Structural Steel Design and its application to building design will explore limitless possibilities to the construction world. The versatility of steel gives architects the freedom to achieve their most ambitious visions. Structural steel is an essential component of moststadia,shopping centresandcommercial developments; steel cladding systemsadorn iconic, landmark structures worldwide. Steel is one of the mostsustainableconstruction materials. Its strength and durability coupled to its ability to berecycled, again and again, without ever losing quality make it truly compatible with long term sustainable development. Building owners value theflexibilityof steel buildings, and the value benefits they provide, such as the light, open, airy spaces that can be created, making it ideal for modernisation, reconfiguring, extending or adapting with minimal disruption, and without costly and sometimes harmful demolition and redevelopment. Even without these benefits, steel is often the first choice on the basis ofcostalone. Many of the advantages of steel construction are applicable to all building types and sectors.