© Fraunhofer ISE
©Fraunhofer ISE / Photo: Guido Kirsch
30 YEARSCALLAB PV CELLS AT FRAUNHOFER ISE
Dr. Klaus HeidlerHeidler Training Moderation
1981-1997 Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE
Founder of CalLab PV Cells in 1986
Intersolar 2016
Munich, June 22, 2016
www.ise.fraunhofer.de
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Contents
Reverence
Calibration Basics
Calibration Delicacies
Pioneer Stories
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REVERENCE
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41978 Prof. Goetzberger
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CALIBRATION BASICS
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Calibration Benefits
High precision benchmark and reproducibility for PV research, production, plant operation
Know how good you are
Save time – Know earlier if your are improving or not
Save money – 0,5 % are equivalent to 2 Mio Euro/year for a 100 MW plant
Increase trust in your promises – banks, customers, lawyers
=> Quality and confidence constantly grown during 30 years
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How to get the sun standardised?Standard Testing Conditions (STC, IEC 60904)
Spectral distribution AM1.5G
Temperature 25°C
Irradiance 1000 W/m²AM1.5g
Main sources of measurement uncertainty:
Spectral dependent values
Large areas
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 40000.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
Irrad
ianc
e[W
/(m²*
nm)]
Wavelength [nm]
AM1.5G Ed.2 (2008)
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Two Step Measurement ProcessCell Calibration
Short Circuit Current is spectrally selectiveand proportional to the irradiance.
Measurement of Spectral Response
Power at Standard Test Conditions
Measurement of I-V characteristic to determine efficiency
400 600 800 1000 12000.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
SR
[(m
A*m
²)/W
]
Wavelength [nm]
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 7000
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Cur
rent
[mA]
Voltage [mV]
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Measurement ProcessCell Calibration
SR
IV-Curve
JSC,
ISC,VOC,FF
Area
MM-corr
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Spectral Response Measurement on Large Cells Filter-Monochromator
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IV Measurements Class A Sun-Simulator
Class A Simulator (continuous)
Area: 6” (8”)
Stabilized Xenon Arc lamp
Monitoring System
AM1.5g, AM0, AM1.5 d
Using Spectral Mismatch Correction
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CALIBRATION DELICACIES
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New Cell Types
BCC (IBC, MWT,…)
New Geometry of Metallisation
Bifacial Solar Cells
Thin-film Solar Cells
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New Chuck for Bifacial Cells
Solar Cell
Chuck
200 400 600 800 1000 12000
10
20
30
40
50
60 black plastic foil brown anodized black anodized grey anodized
Ref
lect
ion
[%]
Wavelength [nm]
J. Hohl-Ebinger and W. Warta, Bifacial Solar Cells in STC Measurements. in Proceedings of the 25th EUPVSEC 2010. Valencia, Spain
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IV-Measurement Multi-Junction3-Source Simulator
tungsten lamp field 2
tun
gsten
lamp
field 1
xeno
n lam
p
multi-juncion solar cell400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
0500
1000150020002500
spec
tral i
rrad
ianc
e [W
/(m2
m)]
wavelength [nm]
xenon lamp
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 18000
200400600800
1000
wavelength [nm]
tungsten lamp field 1
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 18000
50100150200250
wavelength [nm]
tungsten lamp field 2
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Calibration under Concentration: Single Source Flash Simulator
0 5 10 15 200.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
inte
nsity
[a.u
.]
time [ms]
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.00.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
plateau
inte
nsity
[a.u
.]
time [ms]
Up to 10000 suns
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New EQE calibration facility at Fraunhofer ISE1
WL-Range: 250-2500 nm
Enhanced spectral range
Enhanced spectral power
Smaller bandwidths
Improved uniformity
Higher measurement signal
Enabling further, new measurement concepts?
New EQE Measurement SetupMonochromatic Radiation – Novel Laser-EQE Setup
1 Mundus et al., in EUPVSEC Proceedings, 2014
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Outdoor Test Set-Up in FreiburgCharacterization of Concentrator Modules
IV measurement of up to 20 modules
Simultaneous recording of all relevant meteorological data
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PIONEER STORIES
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201979 Fraunhofer IAF, outdoor test standfrom left: Wittwer, Lautenschlager, Zastrow, Brucker, Heidler
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1978 Low Precision Solar Sensor
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How to protect humans and devices when doing outdoor measurements?
Source: www.sunliner.de
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Foto Sonnenschirm
Geschichte Beschaffung
1979 Procurement of a Sunshade
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Foto Sonnenschirm
Geschichte Beschaffung
1979 Procurement of a Sunshade
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International PEP Round Robin – After Hour 1989
Scientific discussions betweenISE NREL
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26 1989 CalLab; Siegfried Kunzelmann
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1979 Indoor Test Stand, from left: Franz Pohl, Klaus Heidler
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Director Prof. Eicke R. Weber
Deputy DirectorsDr. Andreas Bett, Prof. Hans-Martin Henning
Fraunhofer Center for Sustainable Energy Systems CSE Boston, USA
Prof. Eicke Weber
Press and Public RelationsKarin Schneider M.A.
Solar Cells – Development and Characterization SECProf. Stefan Glunz
Photovoltaic Modules, Systems and Reliability PMZDr. Harry Wirth
PV Production Technology and Quality Assurance PTQDr. Ralf Preu
Hydrogen Technologies H2TDr. Christopher Hebling
Thermal Systems and Buildings TAGProf. Hans-Martin Henning
Electrical Energy Systems EES
Dr. Günther Ebert
Solar Thermal and Optics STO
Dr. Werner Platzer
Fraunhofer ISEOrganizational Structure
Status: March 2016
Materials – Solar Cells and Technologies MSTDr. Andreas Bett
Fraunhofer Center for
Silicon Photovoltaics CSP-LKT Halle/Saale
Prof. Peter Dold
Technology Center for Semiconductor Materials THM Freiberg
Dr. Andreas Bett
Laboratory and ServicecenterLSC GelsenkirchenDr. Dietmar Borchert
Scientific Technical CouncilProf. Bruno Burger
Board of Trustees
Business Administration Dr. Sonja Reidel
Facility ManagementJochen Vetter
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THANK YOU! (AM 38+)
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Service UnitsAccredited Test and Service Centers
Foto
s ©
Fra
unho
ferI
SE