3/2003 Rev 3/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.4 – slide IV.2.4 – slide 1 of 84 of 84 Part IV Principles of Radiation Protection and the International Framework Module 2 The Role of International Organizations in Radiation Protection Session 4 ILO/WHO/PAHO/FAO/NEA Session IV.2.4 Session IV.2.4 IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources
Transcript
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Part IV Principles of Radiation Protection and theInternational Framework
Module 2 The Role of International Organizations inRadiation Protection
Session 4 ILO/WHO/PAHO/FAO/NEA
Session IV.2.4Session IV.2.4
IAEA Post Graduate Educational CourseIAEA Post Graduate Educational CourseRadiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation SourcesRadiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources
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We will discuss the missions of the following We will discuss the missions of the following organizations:organizations:
International Labour Organization (ILO)International Labour Organization (ILO) World Health Organization (WHO)World Health Organization (WHO) Pan American Health Orgnization (PAHO)Pan American Health Orgnization (PAHO) Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) of the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) of the
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)Development (OECD)
OverviewOverview
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The protection of the worker The protection of the worker against sickness, disease and against sickness, disease and injury arising out of employment is injury arising out of employment is one of the tasks assigned to theone of the tasks assigned to the
ILOILO
ILO in the words of the Preamble of its ILO in the words of the Preamble of its Constitution. Over the years, the ILO concern Constitution. Over the years, the ILO concern for protection of the worker has evolved to for protection of the worker has evolved to assume a broader coverage of the fundamental assume a broader coverage of the fundamental objectives embodied in the ILO Constitution and objectives embodied in the ILO Constitution and the Declaration of Philadelphiathe Declaration of Philadelphia
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ILOILO
The ILO was established in 1919 by the Treaty of The ILO was established in 1919 by the Treaty of Versailles to bring governments, employers and trade Versailles to bring governments, employers and trade unions together for united action in the cause of unions together for united action in the cause of social justice and better living conditions everywheresocial justice and better living conditions everywhere
It is a tripartite organization, with worker and It is a tripartite organization, with worker and employer representatives taking part in its work on employer representatives taking part in its work on equal status with those of governmentsequal status with those of governments
The ILO was an autonomous part of the League of The ILO was an autonomous part of the League of Nations and in 1946 it became the first specialized Nations and in 1946 it became the first specialized agency associated with the United Nationsagency associated with the United Nations
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ILOILO
The protection of the worker against sickness, The protection of the worker against sickness, disease and injury arising from employment is one of disease and injury arising from employment is one of the tasks assigned to the ILO in the words of the the tasks assigned to the ILO in the words of the Preamble of its ConstitutionPreamble of its Constitution
One of the main features of the ILO, in addition to its One of the main features of the ILO, in addition to its tripartite structure, is its standard-setting activitytripartite structure, is its standard-setting activity
Some sixty international conventions and Some sixty international conventions and recommendations concern the protection of workers recommendations concern the protection of workers against occupational hazardsagainst occupational hazards
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ILOILO
In 1949, the ILO published a set of practical In 1949, the ILO published a set of practical international standards on radiation protection which international standards on radiation protection which were revised and considerably extended in 1957 and were revised and considerably extended in 1957 and were incorporated into the ILO Manual of Industrial were incorporated into the ILO Manual of Industrial Radiation ProtectionRadiation Protection
In 1960, the International Labour Conference adopted In 1960, the International Labour Conference adopted the Radiation Protection Convention (No. 115) and the Radiation Protection Convention (No. 115) and Recommendation (No. 114)Recommendation (No. 114)
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ILOILO
The Convention applies to all activities involving The Convention applies to all activities involving exposure of workers to ionizing radiations in the exposure of workers to ionizing radiations in the course of their work and provides that all appropriate course of their work and provides that all appropriate steps shall be taken to ensure effective protection of steps shall be taken to ensure effective protection of workers in the light of knowledge available at the timeworkers in the light of knowledge available at the time
The Recommendation adds that due regard should be The Recommendation adds that due regard should be given to the recommendations made from tune to time given to the recommendations made from tune to time by the International Commission on Radiological by the International Commission on Radiological Protection and standards adopted by other competent Protection and standards adopted by other competent organizationsorganizations
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ILOILO
In 1986, the ILO Governing Body approved the In 1986, the ILO Governing Body approved the publication of a Code of Practice for the radiation publication of a Code of Practice for the radiation protection of workers (ionizing radiations) which gives protection of workers (ionizing radiations) which gives practical guidance on the implementation of a practical guidance on the implementation of a radiation protection programme at the enterprise level radiation protection programme at the enterprise level and takes into account the provisions of the IAEAand takes into account the provisions of the IAEAs s Basic Safety Standards for Radiation Protection (1982)Basic Safety Standards for Radiation Protection (1982)
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ILOILO
Some other international labour standards of the ILO Some other international labour standards of the ILO are also relevant to the protection of workers against are also relevant to the protection of workers against ionizing radiations, notably:ionizing radiations, notably:
the Occupational Cancer Convention and the Occupational Cancer Convention and Recommendation (1974);Recommendation (1974);
the Working Environment (air pollution, noise and the Working Environment (air pollution, noise and vibration) Convention and Recommendation vibration) Convention and Recommendation (1977); and(1977); and
the List of Occupational Diseases appended to the the List of Occupational Diseases appended to the Employment Injury Benefit Convention (1964)Employment Injury Benefit Convention (1964)
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ILOILO
The 1984 International Labour Conference Resolution The 1984 International Labour Conference Resolution concerning the improvement of the working concerning the improvement of the working conditions and environment, laid down the following conditions and environment, laid down the following principles: principles:
work should take place in a safe and healthy work should take place in a safe and healthy working environment working environment
conditions of work should be consistent with conditions of work should be consistent with workers' well‑being and human dignity workers' well‑being and human dignity
work should offer real possibilities for personal work should offer real possibilities for personal achievement, self‑fulfillment and service to achievement, self‑fulfillment and service to societysociety
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ILOILO
The Occupational Safety and Health Branch of the The Occupational Safety and Health Branch of the ILO aims to increase the capacity in member States to ILO aims to increase the capacity in member States to prevent occupational accidents and work‑related prevent occupational accidents and work‑related diseases and improve the working conditionsdiseases and improve the working conditions
The Occupational Safety and Health Branch develops The Occupational Safety and Health Branch develops international labour standards and formulates international labour standards and formulates guidanceguidance
The development of international standards in the The development of international standards in the form of Conventions and Recommendations is one of form of Conventions and Recommendations is one of the main functions of the ILOthe main functions of the ILO
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ILOILO
Between 1919 and 1997, 181 Conventions and 188 Between 1919 and 1997, 181 Conventions and 188 Recommendations were adopted among them Recommendations were adopted among them Convention No. 115 and Recommendation No. 114 Convention No. 115 and Recommendation No. 114 which deal specifically with the protection of workers which deal specifically with the protection of workers against radiation (ionizing)against radiation (ionizing)
Conventions are comparable to multilateral Conventions are comparable to multilateral international treaties; they are open to ratification by international treaties; they are open to ratification by member States and, once ratified, become binding member States and, once ratified, become binding obligationsobligations
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ILOILO
A government that has ratified a Convention is A government that has ratified a Convention is expected to apply its provisions through legislation expected to apply its provisions through legislation or other appropriate means as indicated in the text of or other appropriate means as indicated in the text of the Conventionthe Convention
Conventions that have not been ratified have the Conventions that have not been ratified have the same value as Recommendationssame value as Recommendations
Further guidance is provided in codes of practice to Further guidance is provided in codes of practice to be used as reference work by anyone in charge of be used as reference work by anyone in charge of formulating detailed regulations or responsible for formulating detailed regulations or responsible for occupational safety and healthoccupational safety and health
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ILOILO
In 1934, the ILO adopted an international instrument In 1934, the ILO adopted an international instrument providing that persons sustaining occupational providing that persons sustaining occupational injuries caused by ionizing radiations would receive injuries caused by ionizing radiations would receive compensation and Convention No. 121 (1964) compensation and Convention No. 121 (1964) concerning benefits in the case of employment injury concerning benefits in the case of employment injury includes, under its Schedule 1, the compensation of includes, under its Schedule 1, the compensation of diseases caused by ionizing radiationsdiseases caused by ionizing radiations
In 1949, the ILO published what is probably one of the In 1949, the ILO published what is probably one of the first sets of practical international standards on first sets of practical international standards on radiation protection which were incorporated into the radiation protection which were incorporated into the "Model Code of Safety Regulations for Industrial "Model Code of Safety Regulations for Industrial Establishment"Establishment"
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ILOILO
These provisions were revised and extended in 1957 These provisions were revised and extended in 1957 and were incorporated as Part II in the ILO Manual of and were incorporated as Part II in the ILO Manual of Industrial Radiation ProtectionIndustrial Radiation Protection
Other parts of this manual consisted of guides on Other parts of this manual consisted of guides on radiation protection in industrial operations radiation protection in industrial operations particularly concerning the use of industrial X‑ray particularly concerning the use of industrial X‑ray and gamma‑ray radiography and fluoroscopic and gamma‑ray radiography and fluoroscopic equipment and the use of luminous compoundsequipment and the use of luminous compounds
In 1960, the International Labour Conference adopted In 1960, the International Labour Conference adopted Convention (No. 115) and Recommendation (No. 114) Convention (No. 115) and Recommendation (No. 114) concerning the protection of workers against concerning the protection of workers against ionizing radiationsionizing radiations
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ILOILO
The ILO has published jointly with IAEA a Code of The ILO has published jointly with IAEA a Code of Practice on Radiation Protection in the Mining and Practice on Radiation Protection in the Mining and Milling of Radioactive Ores which was revised in Milling of Radioactive Ores which was revised in cooperation with the WHO in 1983cooperation with the WHO in 1983
Together with the IAEA and the WHO, the ILO has Together with the IAEA and the WHO, the ILO has taken part in the production of a number of guides on taken part in the production of a number of guides on radiation protection in hospitals and general practiceradiation protection in hospitals and general practice
Brochure No. 55 of the ILO Occupational Safety and Brochure No. 55 of the ILO Occupational Safety and Health Series presents the BSS in simple language, so Health Series presents the BSS in simple language, so that it can reach those directly concerned with the that it can reach those directly concerned with the protection of workers against ionizing radiations, protection of workers against ionizing radiations, even if they are not specialists in this fieldeven if they are not specialists in this field
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ILOILO
In 1986 the Interagency Committee for Nuclear In 1986 the Interagency Committee for Nuclear Accident Response (IAC/NR) later renamed as the Accident Response (IAC/NR) later renamed as the Interagency Committee for the Response to Nuclear Interagency Committee for the Response to Nuclear Accidents (ICRNA) was established and the Accidents (ICRNA) was established and the Interagency Committee on Radiation Safety (IACRS) Interagency Committee on Radiation Safety (IACRS) was established in 1990was established in 1990
The establishment of the IACRS a forum for The establishment of the IACRS a forum for consultation on and collaboration in radiation safety consultation on and collaboration in radiation safety matters between international organizations was an matters between international organizations was an important step towards international harmonization of important step towards international harmonization of radiation protection and safetyradiation protection and safety
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Radiation protection of workers (ionizing radiations). Radiation protection of workers (ionizing radiations). Geneva, 1987Geneva, 1987
Guidelines for the radiation protection of workers in Guidelines for the radiation protection of workers in industry (ionizing radiations) (OSH Series, No. 62) industry (ionizing radiations) (OSH Series, No. 62) Requirements for control of exposure to radiation of Requirements for control of exposure to radiation of workers engaged in radiation work in specific workers engaged in radiation work in specific installations and practices. Geneva, 1989installations and practices. Geneva, 1989
Radiation protection in the mining and milling of Radiation protection in the mining and milling of uranium and thorium. 1976uranium and thorium. 1976
ILO and IAEA/ILO PublicationsILO and IAEA/ILO Publications
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FAO / IAEA / ILO / OECD‑NEA / PAHO / WHO: FAO / IAEA / ILO / OECD‑NEA / PAHO / WHO: International Basic Safety Standards for Protection International Basic Safety Standards for Protection against Ionizing Radiation and for the Safety of against Ionizing Radiation and for the Safety of Radiation Sources, IAEA Safety Series No. 115, Radiation Sources, IAEA Safety Series No. 115, Vienna, 1996Vienna, 1996
FAO / IAEA / ILO / OECD‑NEA / PAHO / WHO: Safety FAO / IAEA / ILO / OECD‑NEA / PAHO / WHO: Safety Fundamentals: Radiation Protection and the Safety of Fundamentals: Radiation Protection and the Safety of Radiation Sources, IAEA Safety Series No. 120, Radiation Sources, IAEA Safety Series No. 120, Vienna, 1996Vienna, 1996
ILO and IAEA/ILO PublicationsILO and IAEA/ILO Publications
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WHOWHO
WHO’s role is to achieve safe, WHO’s role is to achieve safe, sustainable and healthy human sustainable and healthy human environments, protected from environments, protected from biological, chemical and physical biological, chemical and physical hazards, and secure from the hazards, and secure from the adverse effects of global and local adverse effects of global and local environmental threatsenvironmental threats
As the directing and coordinating authority on As the directing and coordinating authority on international health work within the United Nations international health work within the United Nations system, WHO evaluates all health risks related to system, WHO evaluates all health risks related to radiation exposure and provides advice to national radiation exposure and provides advice to national authoritiesauthorities
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WHOWHO
WHO has a clear mandate to do everything in its WHO has a clear mandate to do everything in its power to mitigate the health consequences of power to mitigate the health consequences of emergencies, wherever they occuremergencies, wherever they occur
As the lead United Nations agency for health issues, As the lead United Nations agency for health issues, the World Health Organization has accepted the the World Health Organization has accepted the responsibility for shaping, coordinating and putting responsibility for shaping, coordinating and putting into operation health‑related emergency assistance into operation health‑related emergency assistance programmes at the global levelprogrammes at the global level
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WHOWHO
The WHO had its origin in the proposal made at the The WHO had its origin in the proposal made at the United Nations Conference held in San Francisco in United Nations Conference held in San Francisco in 1945 that a specialized agency be created to deal 1945 that a specialized agency be created to deal with all matters relating to healthwith all matters relating to health
The Constitution came into force on 7 April 1948, the The Constitution came into force on 7 April 1948, the first World Health Assembly met in Geneva in June first World Health Assembly met in Geneva in June 1948, and on I September 1948 the permanent 1948, and on I September 1948 the permanent Organization was establishedOrganization was established
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WHOWHO
The work of the Organization is carried out by three The work of the Organization is carried out by three organs:organs:
the World Health Assembly, the supreme the World Health Assembly, the supreme authority, to which all Member States send authority, to which all Member States send delegates;delegates;
the Executive Board, the executive organ of the the Executive Board, the executive organ of the Health Assembly; andHealth Assembly; and
a Secretariat under the Director-Generala Secretariat under the Director-General
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WHOWHO
Through this Organization, the health professionals Through this Organization, the health professionals of nearly 180 countries exchange knowledge and of nearly 180 countries exchange knowledge and experience, with the aim of making possible the experience, with the aim of making possible the attainment by all citizens of the world of a level of attainment by all citizens of the world of a level of health that will permit them to lead a socially and health that will permit them to lead a socially and economically productive lifeeconomically productive life
WHO works through a decentralized organizational WHO works through a decentralized organizational structure, with its headquarters in Geneva, and six structure, with its headquarters in Geneva, and six regional offices - Africa, Americas, Eastern regional offices - Africa, Americas, Eastern Mediterranean, Europe, South-East Asia and the Mediterranean, Europe, South-East Asia and the Western Pacific, plus field offices in many countriesWestern Pacific, plus field offices in many countries
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WHOWHO
In addition to the use of its regular multinational staff In addition to the use of its regular multinational staff to carry out its work, WHO depends upon:to carry out its work, WHO depends upon:
co-operative efforts with other international co-operative efforts with other international organizations;organizations;
its WHO Collaborating Centres;its WHO Collaborating Centres;
its panels of expert advisers; andits panels of expert advisers; and
various non-governmental scientific and various non-governmental scientific and professional organizations, among which are the professional organizations, among which are the International Society of Radiology, the International Society of Radiology, the International Society of Radiographers and International Society of Radiographers and Radiological Technicians, and the International Radiological Technicians, and the International Organization for Medical PhysicsOrganization for Medical Physics
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WHOWHO
By means of direct technical co-operation with its By means of direct technical co-operation with its Member States, and by stimulating such co-operation Member States, and by stimulating such co-operation among them, WHO promotes the development of among them, WHO promotes the development of comprehensive health services, the prevention and comprehensive health services, the prevention and control of diseases, the improvement of control of diseases, the improvement of environmental conditions, the development of health environmental conditions, the development of health manpower, the coordination and development of manpower, the coordination and development of biomedical and health services research, and the biomedical and health services research, and the planning and implementation of health programmesplanning and implementation of health programmes
In the radiological area, WHOIn the radiological area, WHOs interests cover the s interests cover the use of radiation in medicine as well as radiation use of radiation in medicine as well as radiation hygiene.hygiene.
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WHOWHO
WHO activities related to radiation WHO activities related to radiation emergencies are emphasised not only on emergencies are emphasised not only on emergency response, but also on emergency response, but also on preparedness and rehabilitation linked to preparedness and rehabilitation linked to sustainable developmentsustainable development
This WHO approach is based on the UN This WHO approach is based on the UN General Assembly's Resolution 46/182 (1991)General Assembly's Resolution 46/182 (1991)
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In 1988, WHO took the decision to accede to In 1988, WHO took the decision to accede to the Convention on Early Notification of a the Convention on Early Notification of a nuclear accident and to the Convention on nuclear accident and to the Convention on assistance in the case of a nuclear accident assistance in the case of a nuclear accident or radiological emergencyor radiological emergency
The specific role of WHO in the family of UN The specific role of WHO in the family of UN Organizations is to address aspects directly Organizations is to address aspects directly relevant to the medical community and relevant to the medical community and health authorities in Member Stateshealth authorities in Member States
WHOWHO
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WHOWHO
Sample Radiation Accidents and Emergencies:Sample Radiation Accidents and Emergencies:
Depleted uranium:Depleted uranium: Factsheet No. 257, Jan 2001Factsheet No. 257, Jan 2001 Kosovo mission reportKosovo mission report
Nuclear Reactor:Nuclear Reactor: Health consequences of the Chernobyl Health consequences of the Chernobyl
accidentaccident Medical relief for children affected by the Medical relief for children affected by the
Chernobyl accident Chernobyl accident
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A network of WHO collaborating centres and A network of WHO collaborating centres and liaison institutions which promote among liaison institutions which promote among Member States medical preparedness for Member States medical preparedness for radiation accidents, provide advice and medical radiation accidents, provide advice and medical assistance, and disseminate information, advice, assistance, and disseminate information, advice, emergency planning and training materials to emergency planning and training materials to relevant institutions throughout the worldrelevant institutions throughout the world
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The primary objectives of REMPAN are:The primary objectives of REMPAN are:
To promote the preparedness for radiation accidents To promote the preparedness for radiation accidents among WHO Member Statesamong WHO Member States
To provide advice and assistance in the case of a To provide advice and assistance in the case of a radiation accident and radiological emergency radiation accident and radiological emergency
To assist in follow‑up studies and rehabilitation To assist in follow‑up studies and rehabilitation
REMPANREMPAN
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Three activities within REMPANThree activities within REMPAN
strengthening of radiation emergency medical strengthening of radiation emergency medical preparedness and assistance to treat and monitor preparedness and assistance to treat and monitor acutely exposed individualsacutely exposed individuals
improvement of public health advice to mitigate the improvement of public health advice to mitigate the long‑term effects of exposure to low and protracted long‑term effects of exposure to low and protracted dosesdoses
analysis of radiation emergencies and development of analysis of radiation emergencies and development of recommendations for long‑term follow‑up studies of recommendations for long‑term follow‑up studies of radiation medical consequences and improvement of radiation medical consequences and improvement of medical care of affected populationmedical care of affected population
REMPANREMPAN
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REMPAN consists of 16 WHO Collaborating Centres REMPAN consists of 16 WHO Collaborating Centres located in specialized radiological institutions in:located in specialized radiological institutions in:
ArgentinaArgentina GermanyGermanyArmeniaArmenia JapanJapanAustraliaAustralia Russian FederationRussian FederationBrazilBrazil United KingdomUnited KingdomFranceFrance USA USA
As a rule, each WHO collaborating centre is based in As a rule, each WHO collaborating centre is based in one of the national institutionsone of the national institutions
REMPANREMPAN
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However, in several cases, a WHO/REMPAN However, in several cases, a WHO/REMPAN collaborating centre includes several national collaborating centre includes several national specialized institutionsspecialized institutions
Thus, the WHO/REMPAN collaborating centre in Thus, the WHO/REMPAN collaborating centre in France has been established on the basis of three France has been established on the basis of three independent institutions:independent institutions:
Institute CurieInstitute Curie Atomic Energy Commission with its Institute of Atomic Energy Commission with its Institute of
Radiation Protection and Nuclear SafetyRadiation Protection and Nuclear Safety the Office of Radiation Protectionthe Office of Radiation Protection
REMPANREMPAN
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serve as a focal point for advice and possible medical serve as a focal point for advice and possible medical care in cases of radiation injuries in humanscare in cases of radiation injuries in humans
facilitate the development of equipment and the facilitate the development of equipment and the formation of specialized staff in human formation of specialized staff in human radiopathologyradiopathology
assist in the elaboration of national and international assist in the elaboration of national and international medical emergency plans for major nuclear accidentsmedical emergency plans for major nuclear accidents
REMPANREMPAN
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initiate and carry out coordinated studies on human initiate and carry out coordinated studies on human radiopathology and epidemiological studiesradiopathology and epidemiological studies
assist WHO and Member States in the preparation of assist WHO and Member States in the preparation of relevant documents and guidelines relevant documents and guidelines
provide training at national and international levels provide training at national and international levels
distribute relevant information distribute relevant information
help in developing environmental monitoring help in developing environmental monitoring
scientific investigations on radiation effects on man scientific investigations on radiation effects on man
REMPANREMPAN
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Treatment of acute radiation Treatment of acute radiation syndromesyndrome
France, Russia, Ukraine, France, Russia, Ukraine, USA, Brazil USA, Brazil
Treatment of radiation burnsTreatment of radiation burns France, Russia, Ukraine, France, Russia, Ukraine, USA, Brazil, Armenia, USA, Brazil, Armenia, Germany Germany
Long‑term follow‑up of Long‑term follow‑up of over‑exposed population over‑exposed population and epidemiological studiesand epidemiological studies
Japan, Russia, Ukraine, Japan, Russia, Ukraine, Brazil, UK Brazil, UK
Protecting public health Protecting public health (iodine prophylaxis, (iodine prophylaxis, psychosocial risks etc)psychosocial risks etc)
Finland, UK Finland, UK
Areas of SpecializationAreas of Specialization
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WHO international database WHO international database on signs and symptoms of on signs and symptoms of radiation injuriesradiation injuries
Germany, Russia, Ukraine Germany, Russia, Ukraine
Dosimetry and monitoring of Dosimetry and monitoring of radioactivity in environmentradioactivity in environment
France, Australia, Brazil, France, Australia, Brazil, Argentina Argentina
Training in radiation Training in radiation emergency medical emergency medical preparedness and responsepreparedness and response
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A major release of material from a nuclear reactorA major release of material from a nuclear reactor
provide assistance and advice in the management of provide assistance and advice in the management of exposed individuals exposed individuals
provide a team for on‑site emergency treatment provide a team for on‑site emergency treatment transfer of severely exposed patients to collaborating transfer of severely exposed patients to collaborating
centres for specialised medical care centres for specialised medical care survey team for rapid external radiation monitoring survey team for rapid external radiation monitoring
and/or contamination surveys and/or contamination surveys facilities/staff for medical investigations & treatment facilities/staff for medical investigations & treatment development of measures to limit health effectsdevelopment of measures to limit health effects follow‑up medical supervision and treatmentfollow‑up medical supervision and treatment
Roles of theRoles of theCollaborating CentreCollaborating Centre
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The loss of high activity sources leading to severe The loss of high activity sources leading to severe exposure of some individualsexposure of some individuals
visit the accident site to identify and isolate the visit the accident site to identify and isolate the source of irradiation source of irradiation
assessment of likely exposureassessment of likely exposure recommendation of appropriate medical treatment recommendation of appropriate medical treatment transfer of patients to specialized medical facilities transfer of patients to specialized medical facilities development of procedures to strengthen the development of procedures to strengthen the
countries' abilities to manage such accidentscountries' abilities to manage such accidents
Roles of theRoles of theCollaborating CentreCollaborating Centre
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Excessive exposure of patients and/or medical staff Excessive exposure of patients and/or medical staff from administration of radiation for medical purposesfrom administration of radiation for medical purposes
circulate information relating to such incidents for the circulate information relating to such incidents for the benefit of member states in general benefit of member states in general
Roles of theRoles of theCollaborating CentreCollaborating Centre
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WHOWHO
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WHOWHO
The IAEA is the prime coordinating agency for an The IAEA is the prime coordinating agency for an international agency response to radiation accidents international agency response to radiation accidents and eventsand events
In addition to the IAEA and WHO, the key In addition to the IAEA and WHO, the key international partners in this response are:international partners in this response are: the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) of the the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) of the
Organization on Economic Cooperation and Organization on Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)Development (OECD)
the United Nations Office for the Coordination of the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN OCHA)Humanitarian Affairs (UN OCHA)
the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
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PAHOPAHO
The Pan American Health The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) is an Organization (PAHO) is an international public health agency international public health agency with almost 100 years of experience with almost 100 years of experience working to improve health and living working to improve health and living standards of the people of thestandards of the people of the
Americas. It enjoys international recognition as part of Americas. It enjoys international recognition as part of the United Nations system, serving as the Regional the United Nations system, serving as the Regional Office for the Americas of the World Health Office for the Americas of the World Health Organization, and as the health organization of the Organization, and as the health organization of the Inter‑American System.Inter‑American System.
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PAHO is based in Washington, D.C., and has scientific PAHO is based in Washington, D.C., and has scientific and technical experts at its headquarters, in its 27 and technical experts at its headquarters, in its 27 country offices, and its nine scientific centers, all country offices, and its nine scientific centers, all working with the countries of Latin America and the working with the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean in dealing with priority health issuesCaribbean in dealing with priority health issues
The health authorities of PAHO's Member States set The health authorities of PAHO's Member States set PAHO's technical and administrative policies through PAHO's technical and administrative policies through its Governing Bodiesits Governing Bodies
PAHOPAHO
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PAHO Member States include all 35 countries in the PAHO Member States include all 35 countries in the Americas; Puerto Rico is an Associate MemberAmericas; Puerto Rico is an Associate Member
France, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, and the France, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland are Participating States, and Portugal and Spain are are Participating States, and Portugal and Spain are Observer StatesObserver States
PAHOPAHO
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PAHOPAHO
The Organization's essential mission is to The Organization's essential mission is to strengthen national and local health systems strengthen national and local health systems and improve the health of the peoples of the and improve the health of the peoples of the Americas, in collaboration with Ministries of Americas, in collaboration with Ministries of Health, other government and international Health, other government and international agencies, nongovernmental organizations, agencies, nongovernmental organizations, universities, social security agencies, universities, social security agencies, community groups, and many others.community groups, and many others.
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PAHOPAHO
PAHO, founded in 1902, initiated activities in PAHO, founded in 1902, initiated activities in radiological health in the l950s, promoting public radiological health in the l950s, promoting public health aspects of radiation and providing fellowships health aspects of radiation and providing fellowships for the training of physicians and other professionals for the training of physicians and other professionals in radiation medicinein radiation medicine
Owing to the introduction of various activities Owing to the introduction of various activities associated with the peaceful application of nuclear associated with the peaceful application of nuclear energy in the member countries, a Radiation energy in the member countries, a Radiation Protection Unit was established at the regional level Protection Unit was established at the regional level in 1960in 1960
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PAHOPAHO
The objectives of the unit were:The objectives of the unit were:
to encourage national health services to develop to encourage national health services to develop procedures and regulations and to adopt procedures and regulations and to adopt international standards for radiation protection international standards for radiation protection connected with the use of X rays and connected with the use of X rays and radioisotopes and for the disposal of radioactive radioisotopes and for the disposal of radioactive wastes;wastes;
to promote the teaching of basic health physics, to promote the teaching of basic health physics, radiobiology and radiation protection in medical, radiobiology and radiation protection in medical, dental, veterinary, public health and other dental, veterinary, public health and other professional schools, andprofessional schools, and
to foster the use of radioisotopes for medical to foster the use of radioisotopes for medical diagnosis, therapy and researchdiagnosis, therapy and research
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PAHOPAHO
The radiological health activities of PAHO cover all The radiological health activities of PAHO cover all aspects of diagnostic imaging, radiation therapy and aspects of diagnostic imaging, radiation therapy and nuclear medicine, including radiation protectionnuclear medicine, including radiation protection
Consultation is provided for planning radiological Consultation is provided for planning radiological services, including:services, including:
maintenance and repair of radiological maintenance and repair of radiological equipment:equipment:
review of diagnostic and therapeutic radiological review of diagnostic and therapeutic radiological procedures;procedures;
calibration of radiation beams for diagnosis and calibration of radiation beams for diagnosis and treatment;treatment;
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PAHOPAHO
Consultation is provided for planning radiological Consultation is provided for planning radiological services, including (cont):services, including (cont):
physical and clinical dosimetry;physical and clinical dosimetry; radioactive waste disposal for medical facilities;radioactive waste disposal for medical facilities; development and implementation of quality development and implementation of quality
the organization of and participation in courses, the organization of and participation in courses, workshops and seminars;workshops and seminars;
the publication and dissemination of radiation the publication and dissemination of radiation related publications and audiovisual programmes, related publications and audiovisual programmes, andand
the exchange of information on training the exchange of information on training programmesprogrammes
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PAHOPAHO
OrganizationOrganization
Health Systems and Services Development (HSP)Health Systems and Services Development (HSP)
Essential Drugs and TechnologyEssential Drugs and Technology Organization and Management of Health Systems Organization and Management of Health Systems
and Servicesand Services Human Resources DevelopmentHuman Resources Development
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PAHOPAHO
Essential Drugs and Technology (HSE)Essential Drugs and Technology (HSE)
provides guidelines for the organization and provides guidelines for the organization and development of imaging, development of imaging, radioprotectionradioprotection, and , and radiotherapy servicesradiotherapy services
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Radiology Services: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Radiology Services: Protocols and PracticesProtocols and Practices
Radiation Protection, Electromagnetic Fields Radiation Protection, Electromagnetic Fields and Other Non-Ionizing Radiationsand Other Non-Ionizing Radiations
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PAHOPAHO
Sample Activity related to Radiation ProtectionSample Activity related to Radiation Protection
Final Report of The SeminarFinal Report of The Seminar““Preparedness For Radiological Emergencies”Preparedness For Radiological Emergencies”
Havana, CubaHavana, CubaJuly 1997July 1997
Essential Drugs and Technology Program (HSE)Essential Drugs and Technology Program (HSE)Division of Health Systems and Services Division of Health Systems and Services
Development (HSP)Development (HSP)Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)
World Health Organization (WHO)World Health Organization (WHO)
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FAOFAO
The Food and Agriculture Organization The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations was founded in of the United Nations was founded in 1945 with a mandate to raise levels of 1945 with a mandate to raise levels of nutrition and standards of living, to nutrition and standards of living, to improve agricultural productivity, and to improve agricultural productivity, and to better the condition of rural populationsbetter the condition of rural populations
Today, FAO is one of the largest specialized agencies in Today, FAO is one of the largest specialized agencies in the United Nations system and the lead agency for the United Nations system and the lead agency for agriculture, forestry, fisheries and rural developmentagriculture, forestry, fisheries and rural development
An intergovernmental organization, FAO has 183 An intergovernmental organization, FAO has 183 member countries plus one member organization, the member countries plus one member organization, the European CommunityEuropean Community
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FAOFAO
The FAO was established in 1945 to The FAO was established in 1945 to supersede the International Institute of supersede the International Institute of AgricultureAgriculture
Among its aims is to secure improvements in Among its aims is to secure improvements in the efficiency of the production and the efficiency of the production and distribution of food and agricultural productsdistribution of food and agricultural products
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FAOFAO
FAOFAOs main tasks are:s main tasks are:
carrying out major programmes of technical carrying out major programmes of technical advice and assistance for the agricultural advice and assistance for the agricultural community;community;
collection, analysis and dissemination of collection, analysis and dissemination of information;information;
advising governments on policy and planning; advising governments on policy and planning; andand
providing opportunities for governments and providing opportunities for governments and experts to meet and discuss food and agricultural experts to meet and discuss food and agricultural issuesissues
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FAOFAO
FAO provides advice and assistance to its member FAO provides advice and assistance to its member governments, through a variety of formal and governments, through a variety of formal and informal channels, on all aspects of production, informal channels, on all aspects of production, distribution and consumption of food and distribution and consumption of food and agricultural products in accordance with current agricultural products in accordance with current needsneeds
In 1962, the FAO and the WHO established the Codex In 1962, the FAO and the WHO established the Codex Alimentarius Commission with the aims of:Alimentarius Commission with the aims of:
protecting the health of consumers and ensuring protecting the health of consumers and ensuring fair practices in the food trade;fair practices in the food trade;
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FAOFAO
In 1962, the FAO and the WHO established the Codex In 1962, the FAO and the WHO established the Codex Alimentarius Commission with the aims of (cont):Alimentarius Commission with the aims of (cont):
promoting co-ordination of all food standards promoting co-ordination of all food standards work and undertakings by international work and undertakings by international governmental and non-governmental governmental and non-governmental organizations;organizations;
determining priorities and initiating and guiding determining priorities and initiating and guiding the preparation of draft standards through and the preparation of draft standards through and with the aid of appropriate organizations and with the aid of appropriate organizations and publishing these standards in a Codex publishing these standards in a Codex Alimentarius; andAlimentarius; and
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FAOFAO
In 1962, the FAO and the WHO established the Codex In 1962, the FAO and the WHO established the Codex Alimentarius Commission with the aims of (cont):Alimentarius Commission with the aims of (cont):
amending published standards after appropriate amending published standards after appropriate survey in the light of developmentsurvey in the light of development
The major interests of FAO in the Standards relate to The major interests of FAO in the Standards relate to the Codex Alimentarius and to the subject of the Codex Alimentarius and to the subject of agricultural countermeasures in the event of a agricultural countermeasures in the event of a radiological accidentradiological accident
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Detection Methods for Irradiated Foods ‑ Current Status. Detection Methods for Irradiated Foods ‑ Current Status. The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, (1996)The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, (1996)
Acceptance, Control of and Trade in Irradiated Food. Acceptance, Control of and Trade in Irradiated Food. Proceedings of an International Conference, Geneva, Proceedings of an International Conference, Geneva, Switzerland, 1988. IAEA, Vienna (1989)Switzerland, 1988. IAEA, Vienna (1989)
Cost‑Benefit Aspects of Food Irradiation Processing. Cost‑Benefit Aspects of Food Irradiation Processing. Proceedings of a Symposium, Aix‑en‑Provence, France, Proceedings of a Symposium, Aix‑en‑Provence, France, March 1993. IAEA, Vienna (1993)March 1993. IAEA, Vienna (1993)
PublicationsPublications
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In Vitro Techniques for Selection of Radiation‑induced In Vitro Techniques for Selection of Radiation‑induced Mutants Adapted to Adverse Environmental ConditionsMutants Adapted to Adverse Environmental Conditions
This CRP aims to develop suitable This CRP aims to develop suitable in vitroin vitro techniques for inducing techniques for inducing mutations for resistance to stresses such as salinity, flooding, mutations for resistance to stresses such as salinity, flooding, drought, heat and cold in vegetatively propagated cropsdrought, heat and cold in vegetatively propagated crops
Use of Irradiated Sewage Sludge to Increase Soil Fertility Use of Irradiated Sewage Sludge to Increase Soil Fertility and Crop Yields and to Preserve the Environmentand Crop Yields and to Preserve the Environment
To study the inter-relationships between crop yields, application of To study the inter-relationships between crop yields, application of sewage sludge and changes in soil properties (particularly increases sewage sludge and changes in soil properties (particularly increases in organic matter content, water holding capacity and the availability in organic matter content, water holding capacity and the availability of N and P from sewage sludge to crops using of N and P from sewage sludge to crops using 1515N and N and 3232P isotope P isotope techniques)techniques)
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CRP on Standardized methods to Verify Absorbed Dose CRP on Standardized methods to Verify Absorbed Dose in Irradiated Fresh and Dried Fruits, Tree Nuts in Tradein Irradiated Fresh and Dried Fruits, Tree Nuts in Trade Irradiation is increasingly recognized by plant protection Irradiation is increasingly recognized by plant protection and quarantine authorities worldwide as an effective and quarantine authorities worldwide as an effective method for insect disinfestation of fresh and dried fruits method for insect disinfestation of fresh and dried fruits and tree nutsand tree nuts
It does not always result in killing the insects which may It does not always result in killing the insects which may be present but renders them sterile or unable to develop be present but renders them sterile or unable to develop to adultsto adults
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CRP on Standardized methods to Verify Absorbed Dose CRP on Standardized methods to Verify Absorbed Dose in Irradiated Fresh and Dried Fruits, Tree Nuts in Tradein Irradiated Fresh and Dried Fruits, Tree Nuts in Trade There is a need to develop a standardized method to There is a need to develop a standardized method to verify that the surviving insects have received the verify that the surviving insects have received the minimum radiation dose requiredminimum radiation dose required
Activities are concentrated on the development of a Activities are concentrated on the development of a quantitative 'label' dosimeter and hand‑held or simple quantitative 'label' dosimeter and hand‑held or simple on‑the‑spot reader, and to standardize its application on‑the‑spot reader, and to standardize its application that the dose read is accurately and reliably relatable to that the dose read is accurately and reliably relatable to the minimum dose received in the container which may the minimum dose received in the container which may harbour live insectsharbour live insects
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CRP on Standardized methods to Verify Absorbed Dose CRP on Standardized methods to Verify Absorbed Dose in Irradiated Fresh and Dried Fruits, Tree Nuts in Tradein Irradiated Fresh and Dried Fruits, Tree Nuts in Trade Two commercial label indicators have been evaluatedTwo commercial label indicators have been evaluated
Preliminary results have shown that at 125 Gy the word Preliminary results have shown that at 125 Gy the word 'Not" in "Not irradiated' disappears and the word 'Not" in "Not irradiated' disappears and the word 'irradiated' remains in Sterin‑125 and the same occurs 'irradiated' remains in Sterin‑125 and the same occurs with Sterin 300 at the dose of 300 Gywith Sterin 300 at the dose of 300 Gy
Also, several aromatic compounds which change colour Also, several aromatic compounds which change colour upon exposure to radiation are being evaluatedupon exposure to radiation are being evaluated
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Assist institutions in Africa investigate the use ofAssist institutions in Africa investigate the use ofirradiation to prevent losses of staple and export foodsirradiation to prevent losses of staple and export foods
The CRP aims are to determine:The CRP aims are to determine:
optimal pre‑ and post‑harvest conditions and optimal pre‑ and post‑harvest conditions and irradiation protocols to protect staple foods against irradiation protocols to protect staple foods against damage from sprouting or insect infestation; anddamage from sprouting or insect infestation; and
the economic feasibility of treating such products by the economic feasibility of treating such products by irradiation and, through market testing, to determine irradiation and, through market testing, to determine consumer acceptance of the irradiated productsconsumer acceptance of the irradiated products
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NEA/OECDNEA/OECD
The Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) is a The Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) is a specialised agency within the Organisation for specialised agency within the Organisation for Economic Co‑operation and Development Economic Co‑operation and Development (OECD), an intergovernmental organisation of (OECD), an intergovernmental organisation of industrialised countries, based in Paris, France industrialised countries, based in Paris, France
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NEA MissionNEA Mission
The mission of the NEA is to assist its Member The mission of the NEA is to assist its Member countries in maintaining and further developing, countries in maintaining and further developing, through international co‑operation, the through international co‑operation, the scientific, technological and legal bases scientific, technological and legal bases required for the safe, environmentally friendly required for the safe, environmentally friendly and economical use of nuclear energy for and economical use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposespeaceful purposes
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NEA/OECDNEA/OECD
To achieve this, the NEA works as:To achieve this, the NEA works as:
a forum for sharing information and a forum for sharing information and experience and promoting international experience and promoting international co‑operationco‑operation
a centre of excellence which helps Member a centre of excellence which helps Member countries to pool and maintain their technical countries to pool and maintain their technical expertiseexpertise
a vehicle for facilitating policy analyses and a vehicle for facilitating policy analyses and developing consensus based on its technical developing consensus based on its technical workwork
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NEA/OECDNEA/OECD
Current membership consists of 28 countries, in Current membership consists of 28 countries, in Europe, North America and the Asia‑Pacific regionEurope, North America and the Asia‑Pacific region
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Czech Rep
Denmark Finland
Slovak Rep
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
UK
USA
France
Germany Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
South Korea
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NEA/OECDNEA/OECD
As noted, the objective of the OECD/NEA is to further As noted, the objective of the OECD/NEA is to further the development of the production and uses of the development of the production and uses of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes through co-nuclear energy for peaceful purposes through co-operation between the participating countries and operation between the participating countries and harmonization of measures taken at the national levelharmonization of measures taken at the national level
One of the principal tasks of the NEA is “to contribute One of the principal tasks of the NEA is “to contribute to the promotion, by responsible national authorities, to the promotion, by responsible national authorities, of the protection of workers and the public against of the protection of workers and the public against the hazards of ionizing radiations and of the the hazards of ionizing radiations and of the preservation of the environment”, as well as “to preservation of the environment”, as well as “to contribute to the promotion of the safety of nuclear contribute to the promotion of the safety of nuclear installations and materials by responsible national installations and materials by responsible national authorities”authorities”
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NEA/OECDNEA/OECD
These tasks are discharged by the NEA through the These tasks are discharged by the NEA through the following standing technical committees:following standing technical committees:
Committee on Radiation Protection and Public Committee on Radiation Protection and Public Health (CRPPH);Health (CRPPH);
Committee on the Safety of Nuclear Installations Committee on the Safety of Nuclear Installations (CSNI);(CSNI);
Committee on Nuclear Regulatory Activities Committee on Nuclear Regulatory Activities (CNRA);(CNRA);
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NEA/OECDNEA/OECD
In particular, the CRPPH:In particular, the CRPPH:
provides a forum for the exchange of experience provides a forum for the exchange of experience in radiation protection policy issues,in radiation protection policy issues,
keeps all NEA activities under review from the keeps all NEA activities under review from the point of view of radiation protection and public point of view of radiation protection and public health,health,
promotes the establishment of radiation promotes the establishment of radiation protection standards and related data,protection standards and related data,
promotes studies and joint co-operative activities promotes studies and joint co-operative activities in various fields concerning the protection of in various fields concerning the protection of workers and members of the publicworkers and members of the public
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NEA/OECDNEA/OECD
Staff and budget Staff and budget
The NEA has a staff of 72The NEA has a staff of 72
The annual budget forThe annual budget for
the Main Secretariat is about 9.2 million the Main Secretariat is about 9.2 million Euros Euros
the Data Bank is about 2.6 million Eurosthe Data Bank is about 2.6 million Euros
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NEA areas of work NEA areas of work
Nuclear safety and regulation Nuclear safety and regulation Nuclear energy development Nuclear energy development Radioactive waste management Radioactive waste management Radiation protection and public health Radiation protection and public health Nuclear law and liability Nuclear law and liability Nuclear science Nuclear science The Data Bank The Data Bank Information and communicationInformation and communication
NEA/OECDNEA/OECD
3/2003 Rev 13/2003 Rev 1 IV.2.4 – slide IV.2.4 – slide 7777 of 84 of 84
To assist Member countries in maintaining and further To assist Member countries in maintaining and further developing the scientific, technical and regulatory developing the scientific, technical and regulatory knowledge base required to assess the safety of nuclear knowledge base required to assess the safety of nuclear reactors and fuel cycle facilities. reactors and fuel cycle facilities.
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NEA/OECDNEA/OECD
ObjectivesObjectives
To ensure an effective exchange of safety information To ensure an effective exchange of safety information among Member countries. among Member countries.
To identify generic issues and trends through To identify generic issues and trends through exchange of data on safety‑related operating exchange of data on safety‑related operating experience and related analyses. experience and related analyses.
To assist Member countries in the resolution of safety To assist Member countries in the resolution of safety issues. issues.
To promote, organise and co‑ordinate internationally To promote, organise and co‑ordinate internationally funded research projects in order to maintain an funded research projects in order to maintain an adequate level of capability and competence in adequate level of capability and competence in nuclear safety. nuclear safety.
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NEA/OECDNEA/OECD
Objectives (cont)Objectives (cont)
To obtain better understanding of national regulatory To obtain better understanding of national regulatory requirements, to harmonise regulations, and to requirements, to harmonise regulations, and to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the regulatory process. regulatory process.
To promote co‑operation with non‑member countries To promote co‑operation with non‑member countries with a view to advancing their nuclear safety with a view to advancing their nuclear safety technology and research and regulatory frameworks. technology and research and regulatory frameworks.
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NEA/OECDNEA/OECD
Radiation ProtectionRadiation Protection
GoalGoal
To assist Member countries in the regulation and To assist Member countries in the regulation and application of the radiation protection system by application of the radiation protection system by identifying and addressing conceptual, scientific, policy, identifying and addressing conceptual, scientific, policy, operational, and societal issues in a timely and operational, and societal issues in a timely and prospective fashion, and clarifying their implications.prospective fashion, and clarifying their implications.
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NEA/OECDNEA/OECD
ObjectivesObjectives
To promote understanding of identified issues, and To promote understanding of identified issues, and the exchange of information and experience in the exchange of information and experience in radiation protection. radiation protection.
To develop approaches for the efficient application of To develop approaches for the efficient application of the radiation protection system and to disseminate the radiation protection system and to disseminate good practice. good practice.
To advance policies that bring the system of radiation To advance policies that bring the system of radiation protection more in line with societal needs. protection more in line with societal needs.
To promote co‑operation in the evaluation of nuclear To promote co‑operation in the evaluation of nuclear emergency preparedness and occupational exposure.emergency preparedness and occupational exposure.
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NEA/OECDNEA/OECD
Committees Committees
Committee on the Safety of Nuclear Installations Committee on the Safety of Nuclear Installations (CSNI) (CSNI)
Committee on Nuclear Regulatory Activities (CNRA)Committee on Nuclear Regulatory Activities (CNRA) Committee on Radiation Protection and Public Committee on Radiation Protection and Public
Health (CRPPH)Health (CRPPH) Expert Group on the Evolution of the System of Expert Group on the Evolution of the System of
Radiation Protection (EGRP) Radiation Protection (EGRP) Expert Group on the Process of Stakeholder Expert Group on the Process of Stakeholder
Involvement in Radiation Protection Decision Involvement in Radiation Protection Decision Making (EGPSI) Making (EGPSI)
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NEA/OECDNEA/OECD
Committees Committees
Expert Group on the Implications of Effluent Release Expert Group on the Implications of Effluent Release Options (EGRO)Options (EGRO)
Expert Group on the Implications of ICRP Expert Group on the Implications of ICRP Recommendations (EGIR)Recommendations (EGIR)
Working Group on Nuclear Emergency Management Working Group on Nuclear Emergency Management (INEX)(INEX)
OECD Programmes and Joint Projects related to OECD Programmes and Joint Projects related to Radiation ProtectionRadiation Protection
Information System on Occupational Exposure Information System on Occupational Exposure (ISOE) (ISOE)
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Where to Get More InformationWhere to Get More Information
International Atomic Energy Agency, The Safe Use International Atomic Energy Agency, The Safe Use of Radiation Sources, Training Course Series No. 6, of Radiation Sources, Training Course Series No. 6, IAEA, Vienna (1995)IAEA, Vienna (1995)
