33357559 Proposal Writing

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Proposal

Writing

Muhammad Ahmed, Osama Hasan, Zainab Mazhar, Ammar Hussain, Khwaja Ameer Hamza Waqar ChE-01-A

School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME)

National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST)

HU-202 | Technical/Business Writing

Semester Project Presentation



Outline

� Answering the 5 Ws

� Types of Proposal

� Purpose and Audience Impact� Writing Process

� Elements of Business Proposal

� Elements of Research Proposal



What?

� Proposal is:

F ormal description of the creation, modification or

termination of a contract .

( (WebF inanceWebF inance, 2010) , 2010)

� May serve as,

blueprint for a future agreement

� M

ay be accepted or rejected by the entity or entities thatreceive it.



(Cont.)� Why?

± Targets audience to take specific action

� Where?

± Bureaucracy, NGOs, Academic Councils, Business

� When? ± Get Business, New Projects

, Partnership

� Who?

± Entrepreneur, Researcher, Department Head



Types

� Business Proposal

± A written offer from a seller to a prospective

buyer, whenever a buyer considers more than

price in a purchase( (Newman, 2006)Newman, 2006)

� Research Proposal

± A document written by a scientist that describes

in details the program for a proposed scientificinvestigation.



Business Proposal

� F ormally Solicited

± Written in response to published requirements,

contained in a Request for Proposal (RFP), Request

for Quotation (RFQ), or an Invitation For Bid (IFB).

� I nformally Solicited

± Result of conversations held between a vendor

and a prospective customer.

� U nsolicited Proposals

± Marketing brochures



Purpose

Reason ² why are you writing?

� Strategy Analysis, Cause/Effect Statements,Illustrations, Examples, Comparisons,

Description, Narration



Audience Impact

� Receptive Audience

± Direct Approach

�

Skeptical Audience ± Indirect Approach

± Buffer/Butter ;)

All audience have expectations



Proposal Writing Process

� Pre-write

� Write

�Rewrite

Prewriting Writing Rewriting



Proposal Writing Process: Prewriting

� Brainstorming

� Answers to 5 Ws and 1 H

�Mind mapping

� Surveys (optional)



Proposal Writing Process: Writing

� Reviewing Pre-write

� Organization of Data

�Formatting



Proposal Writing Process: Rewriting

� Adding Clarity

� Omissions

�Simplification

� Reformatting

� Corrections

� Rephrasing



Elements of A Business Proposal

� Title Page

� Cover Letter

�

Table of Contents� List of Illustrations

� Executive Summary

� Introduction

� Discussion

� Conclusion/recommendation



Business Proposal: Title Page

Someone said and we quote:

acts as a dust cover to keep the report neat

and clean. Includes:

± Title of the proposal

± Addressed audience

± Name of author and company

± Completion date



Business Proposal: Cover Letter

± Prefaces the proposal

± Provides overview

± Tells about:

� Writing

� Subject

� Importance

�

Planning� Action

� Timeline



Business Proposal: Table of Contents

± Flashes complete detail for topic specific readers

± Saves time and effort

± Provides exact brief of proposal

± May includes list of Illustrations



Business Proposal: Executive Summary

± Abstract

± Brief overview of proposals key points

± Get across a low-tech reader

± Contains 3 10 sentences

± Focuses:

� Problem

� Suggested Solution� Implementation





Business Proposal: Discussion

± Body of proposal

± Contains� Analyses

� Technical Descriptions/Instructions� Options

� Managerial Chains

� Corporate Credentials

�

Schedules� Cost Charts

� Projected Milestone



Business Proposal:

Conclusions/RecommendationsConclusions

� Provides closure

�Specific Reveals Impact, Percentages etc

Recommendations

� Suggests next plan of action

Should be well knit for both executives and low-tech readers





Elements of A Research Proposal

� Introduction

� Problem Statement

� Purpose of Study

� Literature Review

� Hypotheses

� Methodology

� Limitations and Delimitations

� Significance



Research Proposal: Introduction

± Provides readers with the background

± Establish a framework for the research(Wilkinson, 1991)(Wilkinson, 1991)

± Create interest in topic

± Foundation for problem relating to study(Creswell, 1994)(Creswell, 1994)



Research Proposal: Problem Statement

± Describes contacts for study

± Identifies general analysis approach( (WiersmaWiersma, 1995) , 1995)

± Issue that exists in literature, theory or practice(Creswell, 1994)(Creswell, 1994)



Research Proposal: Purpose of Study

± Accurate synopsis if overall purpose of study(Locke, 1987)(Locke, 1987)

± Incorporates rationale for study

( (PajaresPajares, 2007) , 2007)



Research Proposal: Literature Review

± Context for the research problem

± Establish needs for research( (WiersmaWiersma, 1995) , 1995)

± Shares results of prior studies( ( F raenkel F raenkel, 1990) , 1990)

± Relates topics to a larger horizon(Marshall, 1989)(Marshall, 1989)



Research Proposal: Hypothesis

± Research question

± Declarative statement of relation between two or

more variables( (Kerlinger Kerlinger, 1979) ( , 1979) (Krathwohl Krathwohl, 1988) , 1988)

Types

1. Literary null

2. Operational null3. Literary alternative

4. Operational alternative



Research Proposal: Methodology

± Heart of research proposal

± Maximum detailed description of activity( (WiersmaWiersma, 1995) , 1995)

Includes

i. Sampling

ii. Instrumentation

iii. Data Collection

iv. Data Analysis



Research Proposal:Limitations and Delimitations

Limitation

± Identifies� Potential weakness of study

� Threats to internal validity

Delimitation

± Addresses

� How a study narrows in scope

� How is it bound

� Undos

( (PajaresPajares, 2007) , 2007)



Research Proposal: Significance

± Indicates how research refines, revises, and

extends existing knowledge in investigation area

± Think pragmatically - $

± Focus both practitioners and peers( (PajaresPajares, 2007) , 2007)



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