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3.4 Asexual Reproduction: Copies and Clones
Pages 94-98
Asexual Reproduction
roots or shoots develop into new plants (quick and easy)
budding (hydra, yeast) aphids females can give live birth to females Fragmentation: in fungi, parts break off and
grow
Cell Division
Mitosis: the genetic material in the nucleus of the parent cell is divided equally into two new nuclei.
Cytokinesis: the splitting of the cytoplasm and its contents into two new daughter cells.
Cell Cycle
Interphase
-cell growth and regular cell activitiesDNA is thread-like (chromatin)DNA replication-Sister chromatids remain attached at centromere…known as a chromosome
Prophase
-chromosomes shorten and thicken-centrioles separate and migrate to the poles-spindle fibres begin to form-nuclear membrane begins to dissolve
Metaphase
Spindle fibres work to align the chromosomes along the equatorial plate of the cell.
Anaphase
Centromeres divideChromosomes move to opposite sides of the cell
Telophase
Chromosomes begin to unwind.Spindle fibres dissolveNuclear membranes form around the nucleiPinching in of cell membrane in animal cellsCell Plate forms in plant cells
Cloning
producing a genetically-identical copy of a living organism
Animal Cloning
• Dolly the sheep• July 1996• Often do not live as long as normal individuals
and suffer from health problems.
Implications
Goodmass production of high quality plants and animals leads to high yields
Bad• possibly expensive to achieve• Some traits are detrimental• Loss of genetic diversity • Consumer dissatisfaction
GMO’s
• Genetically modified organisms• Genes from one species are added to the
genes of another species in order to improve it.
• Ex. Certain yeast and bacteria have an added human insulin gene added to their DNA.
GMO’s
• A goat that produces spider silk protein.• A banana that contains a vaccine.• A pig that produces healthy omega-3 fat.• Potatoes that make starch for biodegradeable
plastic.
Issues
• Moral• Ethical• Health concerns
Endangered species
• Potential to increase population.
Pet clones