3486285 Hard Landscape

Appreciation and Application of

HARD LANDSCAPE Elements

ALA1131 INTRODUCTION TO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE


The basic of structural integration in Landscape Design is to create

spaces, sequence and furnishing the space.

Spaces that are created are linked in sequence by route hence

furnishing the space.

Introduction


What is hard landscape?

• Elements that are designed and built to fulfill the functions of landscape as well as enhancing it.

The effect is spontaneous and quick.

• The floor and walls of an outdoor space

• Includes pavements and walls, comprised of concrete, masonry materials, and raw materials

like stone and gravel

• everything but plant material is considered hardscape


Functions of Hard Landscape

a) To cater the needs which could not be accommodated by soft landscape elements

b) To provide complimentary effect and to enhance the aesthetic of soft landscape


Types of Hard Landscape

a) Static Hardscape

elements that are used only to fulfill the function without reaction from the elements or he users

b) Interactive Hardscape

elements that are able to give reactions to users or vice versa


Categories of Hard Landscape (base on functions)

1. Separating and Enclosing elements2. Special surfaces3. Linkages4. Furnishing and Focal

Hard landscape can be divided into the categories below based on the functions of the hardscape

elements:


1. Separating Elements

Physical and visual barrier affects the physical & psychological in controlling the movement of men, vehicles and animals. Indirectly, physical barrier functions as climate, sound and pollution control.

Examples of physical barriers are:

•Water barrier – drainage ditch, moat (defensive ditch around castles), stream

•Landform – steep embankment 1:4 gradient


1. Separating ElementsMan-made structures – bollard/fence/safety railing/retaining structures/example of visual barriers are solid wall and fences






2. Special Surfaces

a) paving/pavement (gravel, cobbles, tarmac, paving units eg. bricks and pebbles)

Special surfaces are added features that functions to indicate activities, event, safety, maintenance

capabilities and etc.


2. Special Surfaces

a) paving/pavement (gravel, cobbles, tarmac, paving

units eg. bricks and pebbles)

b) Pedestrian walkway made of timber

Special surfaces are added features that functions to indicate activities, event, safety, maintenance

capabilities and etc.


3. Linkages

• Entrances• Crossings• Steps• Gateway/archway

Linkages or circulation systems are a combination of linear connectors/circulation paths, traffic generators and events along the connectors.


4. Furnishings

Structures that are added to spaces, to enhance and make

complete the spacesSeating

Dustbin

Lighting

Signage

Telephone booth

Focal elements: sculpture, fountain

Shelters


4. Furnishings

Planter Lighting Signage


Principles of Design

The principles of design are to compose the elements into a sound organization, focusing on

activities especially in intensive areas.

The characters of the components used, could it be organic or inorganic, are determined by

balance, basic organization as well as gradient (whether casual or control urban format).

Hard landscape describes the practical need for reinforcement and intensive, the aesthetic need

for control, permanent and ‘civic’.


Hard Landscape Elements

SeatingDustbinSignageLightingBridgePaving

Planter box/flower potsSteps

Carving/sculpturesShelter/kiosk

Fence, wall/retaining wall


Seating

Criteriaa) Provide highlight – seating could attract, as well as

highlight some garden designb) Relaxing point – used for relaxing viewing the

surrounding, reading books etcc) Design continuation – seating design based on the

garden design concept: form and materials


Seating


Seating

Design/Materials depend on:a) length of use – comfort is the main criteria in designb) Maintenance – materials used should be easily cleaned or

painted – design should avoid intricate corners & spacesc) Impairment – structure of materials should be durabled) Cost – construction & maintenance costs should compliment the

surrounding construction cost and landscape designe) Scale – scale or size should be able to accommodate load as

well as relate to the surrounding landscape scalef) Context – materials chosen: modern or traditional, to be used in

the urban or countryside.


SeatingLocation:• Shady – could be

accommodated under big trees (large canopy/foliage), near covered buildings, next to a wall, or plants sheltered from sunlight

• Windy – windy areas, not obstructed by other landscape elements


Seating

Location:

• View – places/sites/orientations that could be good and pleasant views

• Pedestrian route – easy access to pedestrian route to stop by or avoid noisy pedestrian route – easy supervision (parents): near the children playground


Dustbin

Function: easy access for garbage disposal and collection

Types:wall mounted, free standing, removable, big sized where population is high

Design/Material depends on:- placement and location- Method of collection or

maintenance- Relationship to the surrounding

landscape elements- Capacity


Dustbin

Materials commonly used: galvanized sheet metal, aluminium, timber, fibre glass, concrete

Location: near pedestrian access, with other facilities such as toilets and recreation area, where people gathers, picnic or relax, not too close to each other to avoid bad odour or flies or bad view of overflow garbage


SignagePrinciple:- standardised design, colour,

lettering- Location of each signage- Suitable size to convey

information- Signage should not obstruct

aesthetic of other elements

Types of information: informative, preventive/prohibit, warning

Materials depends on: cost, design, durability, maintenance


Lighting

Functions:- to illuminate dark and

insecure areas- To provide suitable mood for

occasions- To illuminate and enhance a

focal element or dangerous objects

Types:- roads and highways

illumination/lighting- Amenity lighting for

pedestrians- Decoration


Lighting

Design/Materials:Uniformity – variety but important

factors are safety and comfort

Material – durable material, weatherproof or vandal proof

Maintenance – alternative route for pedestrian users during maintenance to avoid mischief


Bridge

Functions:- To link access from one place to another- To avoid dangerous or disturbing element- To provide aesthetic value to landscape designPrinciple:- Easy to use and safe- Easily seen and built- Located at suitable areas or height, not vulnerable to damages

Design/Materials:Design – variety of design that consider safety and comfort as

important factorsMaterial – durable, weatherproof or vandal proofMaintenance – alternative route for pedestrian or users during

maintenance to avoid mischief


Bridge

Design/Materials:Design – variety of design that consider safety and comfort as

important factorsMaterial – durable, weatherproof or vandal proofMaintenance – alternative route for pedestrian or users during

maintenance to avoid mischief


Paving

Function:a) To indicate direction – by using suitable, comfortable surfaces

for pedestrian, compared to surfaces of other areab) To differentiate access – vehicles and pedestrian, by using

different surface finishesc) Hazard indicator – at junctions or meeting points of pedestrians

and vehicles. Different material or levels can be adoptedd) Stopping point/node – focal point for temporary stopping

point/pausee) Ownership – levels on surface differentiation to indicate area

ownerships


PavingChoice of Materials:Cost and availability – expensive but low maintenance

- easily available from nearest supplier

Furnishing & maintenance – surface finishes relate to the surrounding or function

Safety, sound and light reflection- rough finish to avoid and prevent slip- soft material with rough finish could reduce and absorb

noise/sound sources- Dark coloured surface finishes absorb light (avoid light reflection

but causing the material to absorb too much heat making material hot)


Paving

Pattern/Arrangement:Design continuation - use of existing related pattern and arrangement- Contrast by arranging a different pattern for new construction

accentuate

Indicate direction – can be arranged to accentuate direction of access

Scale – bigger area to use pattern but smaller area to use simple pattern


Planter box/Flower pots

Function:a) Planting location – where unsuitable soil for planting

- urban areas with hardscape elements

b) Subdivision – subdivide spaces into different areas

c) Direction indication – can be arranged to show direction or access

d) Scale – provide scale of surrounding landscape


Planter box/Flower pots

Design/Materials:a) Water drainage – drainage holesb) Size/scale – for aesthetic purposes or determined by the

surrounding, depend on plant usedc) Cost – expensive, should be suitable with landscape maintenance

and designd) Material – easily available, vandal proof, suitable with other

landscape elementse) Construction – durable with aesthetic value, easily constructedf) Moisture contain – able to contain enough water or moisture

Placement:a) Lighting – suitable area where plants lighting requirement metb) Noisy or hazy areas – able to absorb noise, purify air or bad odourc) Pedestrian access – avoid from making pedestrian route narrow


Steps

Functions:a) To link areas of different levelsb) To indicate access

Design/Materials:Height – avoid design that can cause tiredness or discomfort

- uniform steps- landing should be provided for high staircases, - well-thought safety precautions- design continuation – suitable with paving material


Carving/Sculptures

Functions:a) As an attractionb) To indicate owner’s wealthc) Conform the design theme/concept

Principle:- avoid using symbols or forms that offend the owner

(culture/religion)- Expensive; should be placed at safe and strategic place- Relates to the scale of park, garden


Carving/Sculptures

Design/Material:- theme/concept – relates to park (modern, abstract, classic or

traditional)- Construction – durable material and frame aesthetic value

maintain- Common material: concrete, aluminium, fiber glass, timber,

glass, perspex


Shelter/KioskFunction:- shelter/kiosk for relaxing and gathering- Viewing place- As an attraction- As a node, focal point

Design/Material:a) architecture/image

– relates to existing landscape or building design- relates to national identity or situation

b) Material - easily available and construct- Weather proof

c) Location- good and pleasant view- As a focal point- Where an area could secure (shelter)


Fence, Wall/Retaining Wall

Function:- Spaces or areas division- Ownership- To hinder unpleasant view and odour- Security from intruder- To prevent soil erosion

Design/Material:Architecture/image – relates to design objectives, concept of

landscape or existing building

Material – easily available, water proof and durable

Date post:	08-Mar-2015
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3486285 Hard Landscape

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