38602474-Test-1-Answer

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Answers and Explanations

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Essay Online - Practice Test #1

These sample essays were originally handwritten by students but are shown typed here for ease of reading. The essays are displayed exactly as students wrote them, without any corrections to spelling, punctuation, or syntax. One handwritten sample essay is provided to illustrate the need for legible and clear handwriting.

Exemplars:

Essay Prompt

Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt and the assignment below.

We often hear that we can learn much about someone or something just by casual observation. We are not required to look beneath the surface or to question how something seems. In fact, we are urged to trust our impressions, often our first impressions, of how a person or a situation seems to be. Yet appearances can be misleading. What seems isnt always what is.

Is the way something seems to be not always the same as it actually is? Plan and write an essay in which you develop your point of view on this issue. Support your position with reasoning and examples taken from your reading, studies, experience, or observations.


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View Answers and Explanations Online - Practice Test #1

1 Despite ------- on taking rare tamarins from their habitat, the illegal trade in the tiny monkeys remains -------.

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer E : Choice (E) is correct. "Prohibition" refers to something banned by legal authorities; "active" in this context means in place or functioning. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "Despite prohibitions on taking rare tamarins from their habitat, the illegal trade in the tiny monkeys remains active." Since the word "despite" at the beginning of the sentence indicates that the second missing term will describe an outcome of the first missing term, it makes sense to say that although taking tamarins from their habitat is prohibited, the illegal activity still goes on.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. "Commendations" means expressions of approval. "Obligatory" means legally or morally binding. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "Despite commendations on taking rare tamarins from their habitat, the illegal trade in the tiny monkeys remains obligatory." It is illogical to say that the illegal traders receive the approval of authorities or that the illegal trade is legally binding.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. "Consultations" means deliberations or discussions. "Predominant" means most common. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "Despite consultations on taking rare tamarins from their habitat, the illegal trade in the tiny monkeys remains predominant." Although it is possible to have "consultations" regarding the trade in tamarins, it does not logically follow to say the trade remains common in spite of these discussions.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. "Restrictions" means limits; "local" means confined to a certain place. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "Despite restrictions on taking rare tamarins from their habitat, the illegal trade in the tiny monkeys remains local." It is illogical to say that there are limitations on taking tamarins from their habitat and that the illegal trade remains confined to a particular place.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. "Penalties" means punishments prescribed by law; "illicit" means unlawful. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "Despite penalties on taking rare tamarins from their habitat, the illegal trade in the tiny monkeys remains illicit." It is not logical to say that the illegal trade in tamarins remains unlawful despite the punishments imposed on those who engage in it.

(A) commendations . . obligatory

(B) consultations . . predominant

(C) restrictions . . local

(D) penalties . . illicit

(E) prohibitions . . active


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2 Representing a round world on a flat surface is impossible without some -------: the Mercator projection map shows Greenland as over ten times larger than Mexico, a country in fact only slightly smaller than Greenland.

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer C : Choice (C) is correct. "Distortion" means a lack of proportionality. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "Representing a round world on a flat surface is impossible without some distortion: the Meractor projection map shows Greenland as over ten times larger than Mexico, a country in fact only slightly smaller than Greenland." The use of the colon in this sentence indicates that what follows it will be an explanation or definition of the missing word, and since the appearance of Greenland on the Mercator map clearly represents an instance of a lack of proportionality, choice (C) makes sense.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. "Oversight" means watchful care. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "Representing a round world on a flat surface is impossible without some oversight: the Mercator projection map shows Greenland as over ten times larger than Mexico, a country in fact only slightly smaller than Greenland." The use of the colon in this sentence indicates that what follows it will be an explanation or definition of the missing word; the appearance of Greenland on the Mercator map does not represent a case of careful watchfulness.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. "Simplification" means a lessening in scope or complexity. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "Representing a round world on a flat surface is impossible without some simplification: the Mercator projection map shows Greenland as over ten times larger than Mexico, a country in fact only slightly smaller than Greenland." The use of the colon in this sentence indicates that what follows it will be an explanation or definition of the missing word, and since the appearance of Greenland on the Mercator map represents not so much a lessening of complexity as a change in relative size, choice (B) is incorrect.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. "Sophistication" would in this context most likely mean an increase in development or cultivation. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "Representing a round world on a flat surface is impossible without some sophistication: the Mercator projection map shows Greenland as over ten times larger than Mexico, a country in fact only slightly smaller than Greenland." Since the appearance of Greenland on the Mercator map in no way represents a heightened development or level of complexity, choice (D) is incorrect.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. "Superficiality" means affecting only the surface. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "Representing a round world on a flat surface is impossible without some superficiality: the Mercator projection map shows Greenland as over ten times larger than Mexico, a country in fact only slightly smaller than Greenland." Since the appearance of Greenland on the Mercator map does not clearly represent a case of only the surface of something being affected or observed, choice (E) does not make sense.

(A) oversight

(B) simplification

(C) distortion

(D) sophistication

(E) superficiality

3 The highly publicized redesign of the car is essentially -------: the exterior has been updated, but the engine remains unchanged.

(A) intuitive

(B) cosmetic

(C) incoherent


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ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer B : Choice (B) is correct. "Cosmetic" means superficial, or lacking in true significance. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "The highly publicized redesign of the car is essentially cosmetic: the exterior has been updated, but the engine remains unchanged." The colon in this sentence introduces a definition or explanation of the missing term. "Cosmetic" makes sense in this context, since the changes to the car's exterior are more superficial than fundamental.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. "Intuitive" means perceived through instinct. If this term were inserted into the text, the sentence would read "The highly publicized redesign of the car is essentially intuitive: the exterior has been updated, but the engine remains unchanged." It makes little sense to say that the changes to a car's exterior design are "intuitive," or based on instinct.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. "Incoherent" means lacking orderliness or relevance. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "The highly publicized redesign of the car is essentially incoherent: the exterior has been updated, but the engine remains unchanged." It is illogical to say that the new design, which changes the exterior but not the engine, is lacking relevance.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. "Consequential" means significant. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "The highly publicized redesign of the car is essentially consequential: the exterior has been updated, but the engine remains unchanged." It does not make sense to say that the car's redesign is significant because the information after the colon suggests the opposite.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. "Retroactive" means extending to conditions that existed or originated in the past. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "The highly publicized redesign of the car is essentially retroactive: the exterior has been updated, but the engine remains unchanged." It makes little sense to say that the car's redesign reflects conditions that originated in the past.

(D) consequential

(E) retroactive

4 Many of our memories are -------, escaping our consciousness just as we strain to recall a face or a name.

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer A : Choice (A) is correct. "Elusive" means hard to apprehend or find. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "Many of our memories are elusive, escaping our consciousness just as we strain to recall a face or a name." Because the use of the comma in the sentence indicates that what follows it will be an explanation or definition of the missing word, it makes sense to say that memoriesbecause they often escape our consciousness at the moment when we are trying to grasp themare difficult to capture.

(A) elusive

(B) pervasive

(C) unvaried

(D) insensitive

(E) impractical


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Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. "Pervasive" means tending to permeate, or to spread throughout. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "Many of our memories are pervasive, escaping our consciousness just as we strain to recall a face or a name." This does not make sense, since the use of the comma in the sentence indicates that what follows will be an explanation or definition of the missing word, and "pervasive" means nearly the opposite of "escaping our consciousness."

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. "Unvaried" means uniform, or all of the same kind. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "Many of our memories are unvaried, escaping our consciousness just as we strain to recall a face or a name." It would not make sense here to speak of "uniform memories," certainly not of the tendency of such memories to escape, or elude, our consciousness.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. "Insensitive" means lacking in feeling or being tactless. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "Many of our memories are insensitive, escaping our consciousness just as we strain to recall a face or a name." It does not make sense to speak of memories as unfeeling or tactless; in addition, the word "insensitive" is not explained or defined by the material after the comma.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. "Impractical" means incapable of being put to use. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "Many of our memories are impractical, escaping our consciousness just as we strain to recall a face or a name." It is not logical to speak of memories as being useful or not useful; moreover, the word "impractical" is not explained by the material after the comma.

5Although Caroline Gordon was rigorously objective in her journalistic writing, her lively and ------- private correspondence ------- a delightful capacity for biting commentary on the social scene.

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer E : Choice (E) is correct. "Entertaining" means lively or amusing; "exhibited" means demonstrated. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "Although Caroline Gordon was rigorously objective in her journalistic writing, her lively and entertaining private correspondence exhibited a delightful capacity for biting commentary on the social scene." The word "although" indicates that the part of the sentence following the comma will contrast with the idea of "rigorous" objectivity, and the use of "and" before the first missing term indicates that this term will complement the word "lively." Therefore, it makes sense to say that Gordon's amusing private letters, in contrast to her straightforward and detached journalistic writing, demonstrated a pleasing subjective element.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. "Incisive" means clear or sharp; "disguised" means hidden or concealed. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "Although Caroline Gordon was rigorously objective in her journalistic writing, her lively and incisive private correspondence disguised a delightful capacity for biting commentary on the social scene." Although it does make sense to say that Gordon wrote "incisive" letters, it does not make sense to say that such a writing style hid a capacity for satire. On the contrary, this type of writing would more likely reveal such a capacity.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

(A) incisive . . disguised

(B) eloquent . . derided

(C) dispassionate . . demonstrated

(D) exuberant . . minimized

(E) entertaining . . exhibited


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Choice (B) is incorrect. "Eloquent" means vividly expressive; "derided" means ridiculed or treated with contempt. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "Although Caroline Gordon was rigorously objective in her journalistic writing, her lively and eloquent private correspondence derided a delightful capacity for biting commentary on the social scene." While it makes sense to say that Gordon wrote expressive letters, it is illogical to say that such a writing style "derided," or was contemptuous of, a talent for satirical writing.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. "Dispassionate" means unemotional; "demonstrated" means showed. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "Although Caroline Gordon was rigorously objective in her journalistic writing, her lively and dispassionate private correspondence demonstrated a delightful capacity for biting commentary on the social scene." Gordon's letters may have showed a capacity for satire, but letters cannot be both lively and "dispassionate."

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. "Exuberant" means extremely enthusiastic; "minimized" means to reduce to the least possible degree. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "Although Caroline Gordon was rigorously objective in her journalistic writing, her lively and exuberant private correspondence minimized a delightful capacity for biting commentary on the social scene." It is possible that Gordon's letters were both lively and enthusiastic, but it does not make sense to say that such a writing style reduced a capacity for satire.

6An effective member of a debating team must focus clearly on the ------- issue and avoid ------- arguments.

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer D : Choice (D) is correct. "Principal" means first in importance; in this context, "peripheral," means of minor importance. If these terms were inserted into the text, the sentence would read "An effective member of a debating team must focus clearly on the principal issue and avoid peripheral arguments." Since the structure of the sentence indicates that the missing terms should be opposites, it makes sense to say that debaters should focus on important issues and avoid less important issues.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. "Equivocal" means uncertain; "obstreperous" means unruly. If these terms were inserted into the text, the sentence would read "An effective member of a debating team must focus clearly on the equivocal issue and avoid obstreperous arguments." Since the structure of the sentence indicates that the missing terms should be opposites, it does not make sense to say that debaters should focus on uncertain issues while avoiding unruly or noisy arguments.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. "Designated" means chosen; "pertinent" means relevant. If these terms were inserted into the text, the sentence would read "An effective member of a debating team must focus clearly on the designated issue and avoid pertinent arguments." Since the structure of the sentence indicates that the missing terms should be opposites, it may make sense here to say that good debates would focus on the "designated," or specified, issue, but it does not make sense to say that good debates would avoid relevant arguments.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. "Comprehensive" means inclusive; in this context, "general," means applicable to the whole. If these terms were inserted into the text, the sentence would read "An effective member of a debating team must focus clearly on the comprehensive issue and avoid general arguments." Since the structure of the sentence indicates that the missing terms should be opposites, it

(A) equivocal. . obstreperous

(B) designated . . pertinent

(C) comprehensive . . general

(D) principal . . peripheral

(E) subtle. . significant


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does not make sense to say that debaters should focus on the inclusive topic while avoiding arguments that pertain to the whole. Rather than being opposites, these terms are somewhat synonymous.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. "Subtle" means refined or artful; "significant" means meaningful. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "An effective member of a debating team must focus clearly on the subtle issue and avoid significant arguments." Since the structure of the sentence indicates that the missing terms should be opposites, it does not make sense to say that debaters should focus on artful, or crafty, issues while avoiding significant arguments. Although the missing terms are somewhat opposite in meaning, they are presented in the wrong order to work in the sentence.

7The ------- with which merchants and landowners in early-nineteenth-century Maryland and Virginia ------- Joshua Johnstons professional services attests to his artistic skill as a portrait painter.

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer A : Choice (A) is correct. "Avid" means very eager; "to seek" means to go in search of. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "The avidness with which merchants and landowners in early-nineteenth-century Maryland and Virginia sought Joshua Johnston's professional services attests to his artistic skill as a portrait painter." Since the structure of the sentence indicates that the first missing term modifies or describes the second missing term, it is logical to say that people looking for a skilled portrait painter went in search of Johnston with great eagerness.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. "Diffidence" means the quality or state of being hesitant; "purchased" means bought. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "The diffidence with which merchants and landowners in early-nineteenth-century Maryland and Virginia purchased Joshua Johnston's professional services attests to his artistic skill as a portrait painter." This does not make sense, since hesitance on the part of patrons to buy Johnston's work would not be proof of his skill.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. "Patience" is a willingness to wait; "to replace" means to put something new in the place of. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "The patience with which merchants and landowners in early-nineteenth-century Maryland and Virginia replaced Joshua Johnston's professional services attests to his artistic skill as a portrait painter." This does not make sense, since a willingness to put off or forestall replacing Johnston's work does not affirm his skill.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. "Elegant" means refined or graceful; "regarded" means observed. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "The elegance with which merchants and landowners in early-nineteenth-century Maryland and Virginia regarded Joshua Johnston's professional services attests to his artistic skills as a portrait painter." Patrons regarding, or looking at, Johnston's services with a graceful attitude would make little sense and would also not pertain to Johnston's skill as a painter.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. "Zealous" means emotionally intense; "overlooked" means failed to notice. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "The zealousness with which merchants and landowners in early-nineteenth-century Maryland and Virginia overlooked Joshua Johnston's professional services

(A) avidness . . sought

(B) diffidence . . purchased

(C) patience . . replaced

(D) elegance . . regarded

(E) zealousness . . overlooked


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attests to his artistic skill as a portrait painter." It makes no sense to say that patrons exercised great intensity in failing to notice Johnston's services.

8 The mans colleagues characterized him as ------- because he had an irritable, quarrelsome disposition.

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer D : Choice (D) is correct. "Cantankerous" means ill-tempered and quarrelsome, or argumentative. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "The man's colleagues characterized him as cantankerous because he had an irritable, quarrelsome disposition." A man with "an irritable, quarrelsome disposition" could correctly be characterized as cantankerous.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. "Tyrannical" means harsh in the use of power. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "The man's colleagues characterized him as tyrannical because he had an irritable, quarrelsome disposition." While a "tyrant," or harsh authority figure, might very well have an irritable disposition, not all people with such a disposition possess enough power to be tyrannical.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. "Disingenuous" means insincere or calculating. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "The man's colleagues characterized him as disingenuous because he had an irritable, quarrelsome disposition." A person described as "disingenuous" by others would not likely have a quarrelsome disposition, but would more probably hide his dishonesty behind a superficially pleasing manner.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. To be "sanctimonious" means to affect, or feign, piety or devoutness. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "The man's colleagues characterized him as sanctimonious because he had an irritable, quarrelsome disposition." A person described as "sanctimonious" by others would almost certainly not have a quarrelsome disposition, but would instead maintain a superficially pious or virtuous manner.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. To be "morose" means to have a gloomy disposition. If one were to insert this term into the text, the sentence would read "The man's colleagues characterized him as morose because he had an irritable, quarrelsome disposition." A person described as "morose" by others would more likely have a disposition that was more superficially sullen, or somber, than quarrelsome and irritable.

(A) tyrannical

(B) disingenuous

(C) sanctimonious

(D) cantankerous

(E) morose

Passage 1 is by Dorothy Sayers; Passage 2 is adapted from a work by Raymond Chandler.

Passage 1

The detective story does not and cannot attain the

loftiest level of literary achievement. Though it deals


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Passage 2

with the most desperate effects of rage, jealousy, and

Linerevenge, it rarely touches the heights and depths of

5human passion. It presents us with an accomplished

fact, and looks upon death with a dispassionate eye. It

does not show us the inner workings of the murderers

mindit must not, for the identity of the criminal is

hidden until the end of the book. The most successful

10writers are those who contrive to keep the story running

from beginning to end upon the same emotional level,

and it is better to err in the direction of too little feeling

than too much.

I think what was really gnawing at Dorothy Sayers in

15her critique of the detective story was the realization that

her kind of detective story was an arid formula unable to

satisfy its own implications. If the story started to be about

real people, they soon had to do unreal things to conform

to the artificial pattern required by the plot. When they did

20unreal things, they ceased to be real themselves. Sayers

own stories show that she was annoyed by this triteness.

Yet she would not give her characters their heads and let

them make their own mystery.

9

Which best describes the relationship between the two passages?

(A) Passage 1 explains the evolution of a genre, while Passage 2 challenges the notion of a distinct genre.

(B) Passage 1 discusses the constraints of a genre, while Passage 2 contends that many of these constraints are self-imposed.

(C) Passage 1 celebrates a genre, while Passage 2 points out its deficiencies.

(D) Passage 1 explains the popularity of a genre, while Passage 2 questions its commercial success.

(E) Passage 1 compares a genre unfavorably to other types of writing, while Passage 2 argues that the genre has unique features.


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ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer B : Choice (B) is correct. In Passage 1 Sayers identifies the constraints felt by "the most successful writers" of detective stories to "contrive to keep the story running from beginning to end upon the same emotional level." Passage 2 argues that Sayers seemed unable to free her own stories from that "arid formula."

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. Passage 1 describes certain aspects of writing in the detective genre but does not address how the genre changed over time, while Passage 2 further elaborates on those same aspects of the genre.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. While Passage 2 does discuss certain deficiencies in the approach of some writers who work in the genre, Passage 1 focuses on the constraints inherent in writing in the detective genre, and so could not be said to be celebrating it.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. While Passage 1 does mention the approach taken by "the most successful writers," Passage 2 confines its discussion to the artistic rather than commercial successes of those writers.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. While Passage 1 says that the detective genre "does not and cannot attain the loftiest level of literary achievement," Passage 2 does not make the argument that the genre has features that distinguish it from other fiction.

10The author of Passage 2 would most likely respond to the statement in lines 4-5, Passage 1 (it rarely . . . passion), by

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer A : Choice (A) is correct. The author of Passage 2 argues that authors like Sayers fail in that they do not give their "characters their heads and let them make their own mystery" in other words, that these authors do not let their characters grow and show the full range of human emotions.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. The author of Passage 2 says that Sayers and, by implication, similar writersdoes use formulas.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. The author of Passage 2, rather than accepting the view expressed in Passage 1 that strong emotions are inappropriate in detective fiction, holds that such an approach is formulaic and that characters in detective stories should "be real."

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. The author of Passage 2 is not concerned with the commercial success or failure of detective stories, but with their artistic integrity.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. Although the author of Passage 2 does mention plot, he

(A) arguing that this approach limits the characters development(B) denying that most writers of detective stories rely on formulas

(C) agreeing that strong emotions are out of place in detective stories

(D) conceding that great literature is seldom commercially successful

(E) concurring that readers are primarily interested in plot


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does not discuss the attitude of readers toward plots in detective stories.

11 Which of the following characteristics of detective stories presented in Passage 1 would be LEAST likely to be attributed to the pattern mentioned in line 19, Passage 2 ?

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer B : Choice (B) is correct. The intense emotions resulting from rage, jealousy, and revenge are very unlikely to appear in detective stories written following the "artificial pattern" mentioned in Passage 2.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. It is unlikely that a story created following the "artificial pattern," with its "unreal" characters, would be able to achieve the level of high literary art.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. Detective stories created according to the "artificial pattern" would be more likely to focus on facts than on emotional responses.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. It is very likely that detective stories created following the "pattern" would display a "dispassionate," or unemotional, attitude toward dramatic events.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. The "artificial pattern," in order to avoid emotional ups and downs in a story, would probably recommend avoiding insights into the "inner workings of the murderer's mind."

(A) cannot attain the loftiest level of literary achievement (lines 1-2)

(B) deals with the most desperate effects of rage, jealousy, and revenge (lines 2-4)

(C) presents us with an accomplished fact (lines 5-6)(D) looks upon death with a dispassionate eye (line 6)

(E) does not show us the inner workings of the murderers mind (lines 7-8)

12 Passage 1 suggests that Sayers would most likely respond to lines 17-20, Passage 2 (If the story started . . . themselves), by pointing out that

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer C : Choice (C) is correct. Sayers states that "the most successful writers" are those who keep their stories at an even "emotional level" until the very end, and even that "it is better to err in the direction of too little feeling than too much." These lines suggest that plot should always take precedence over character development.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. Sayers argues that unlike great literary fiction, detective

(A) great writers seldom explore the range of human emotions

(B) detective stories do not address the consequences of peoples emotions(C) detective stories are driven by the plot, not by the characters

(D) readers of detective stories prefer unrealistic situations

(E) real people often act in ways that are unexpected


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fiction "rarely touches the heights and depths of human passion."

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. Sayers states that detective stories deal "with the most desperate effects of rage, jealousy, and revenge."

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. Although Sayers might agree with the view that readers prefer the formalized and unrealistic situations found in many detective stories, she does not address this issue in the passage.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. Although Sayers might agree with the notion that "real people often act in ways that are unexpected," she argues in the passage that the successful approach to writing detective stories necessarily involves the creation of unreal and constrained characters.

This passage is adapted from a series in which a college professor dramatizes the lectures of famous scientists from the past. Here he speaks as Louis Pasteur (1822-1895). In this part of the lecture, Pasteur has just described his discovery of the effect of heating certain microbes that infect bottled beverages (the process later named pasteurization).

But these undesirable microbes! Where and how did

they arise? By spontaneous generation,* as

some believe?

When I began to ask these questions of myself and of my

Linestudents and colleagues, my close friends said: Oh, no,

5do not waste your time on such worthless philosophical

problems. Many a scientist has floundered and perished in

the quagmire of spontaneous generation. I replied: But

the origin of life is a profound problem. With few excep-

tions, past discourses on spontaneous generation have been

10metaphysical exercises conducted with great passion, but

without adding to our scientific knowledge.

I could not set aside my burning desire to bring a little

stone, God willing, to the frail edifice of our knowledge of

the deep mysteries of life and death, where all our intellects

15have so lamentably failed. In defense of nonapplied science

I have repeatedly told my students that without theory,

practice is but routine. Only theory is able to cause the spirit of invention to arise and develop. It is


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important that

students should not share the opinion of those who disdain

20everything in science that has no immediate application. In

science, chance favors only the mind that is prepared.

I repeat: in science, chance favors only the mind that

is prepared.

I first confirmed the experiments of the Italian abb,

25Lazzaro Spallanzani, known also for his studies in gastric

digestion. I made a nutritious broth, put it in a flask such

as this [Pasteur holds up a large flask containing a brown

solution], heated it to violent boiling, and then sealed the

neck of the flask in a flame. My results agreed with those

30of Spallanzani: the broth remained pure. But if the neck

be broken to admit air, the broth soon became putrid. My

critics said that the heating made the air in the flask unfit

for spontaneous generation. Only when fresh air is admitted

can life begin anew. I argued in vaineven before our

35Academy of Sciencesthat the putrefaction was caused by

admission of bacteria. More convincing experiments were

needed.

I opened flasks of sterilized broth in the cellar of the

Paris observatory, where the air was still. Only one flask

40out of ten became putrid, whereas eleven flasks out of

eleven opened in the courtyard quickly acquired a rich

growth of bacteria. I journeyed to Mt. Montanvert in the

Alps, where I opened twenty flasks of sterilized broth. Only

one became putrid. I concluded that the air in the cellar and

the air above the glacier were freer of bacteria


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45 than the air

in the city streets. But my adversaries performed similar

experiments with different results. Perhaps they were not

careful to follow my procedures. The neck of the flask must

be heated first to kill the bacteria on the glass; then a heated

50instrument must be used to break the tip of the flask as it is

held high above the head. Immediately thereafter the flask

must be sealed again in a flame [Pasteur demonstrates the

procedure]. In these difficult researches, while I sternly

object to frivolous contradictions, I feel nothing but grat-

55itude toward those who warn me if I should be in error.

I then devised a conclusive experiment. I boiled a nutri-

tious infusion in a flask with a long curved neck like this

one. The tip of the neck was not sealed but left open to the

outside air. Thus, there was no hindrance to the entrance of

60fresh air with its vital force as claimed by the advocates

of spontaneous generation. But bacteria in the entering air

would be trapped by the walls of the long glass tube. The

fluid remained sterile so long as the flask was maintained

in the vertical position. If, however, I contaminated the

65broth by allowing some of it to flow into the neck and then

back into the flask, putrefaction promptly followed. So we

see that life does not arise spontaneously. Life comes only

from life.

* The supposed origination of living matter directly from lifeless matter

13 The focus of the lecture is on how Pasteur


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ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer A : Choice (A) is correct. The lecture details how Pasteurs experiments "disproved," or proved wrong, the "erroneous," or incorrect, theory of spontaneous generation.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. The lecture does not discuss the documentation or publication of Pasteurs experiments, but it does discuss what they proved.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. Pasteurs experiments were concerned not with killing "microbes," or tiny organisms, but with discovering how and why they come to grow in previously sterile, or clean, liquids.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. Although Pasteur may have later applied his findings to new problems, this passage is concerned only with how Pasteur proved the theory of spontaneous generation to be inaccurate.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. The lecture is concerned not with the improvement of laboratory standards but with Pasteurs study of the growth of bacteria.

(A) disproved an erroneous theory

(B) documented and published his experiments

(C) developed a process for killing microbes

(D) applied his findings on spontaneous generation to new problems

(E) contributed to the improvement of laboratory research standards

14 In the lecture, Pasteur concludes that the answer to the question Where and how did they arise? (lines 1-2) is

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer B : Choice (B) is correct. At the end of the lecture, Pasteur declares that [l]ife comes only from life, or that microbes that are observed in liquid broth have migrated there from the air.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. In the lecture, Pasteur concludes just the opposite: bacteria do not arise "spontaneously," or suddenly, without outside influence.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. Pasteur does not conclude that "impurities," or unclean elements, in the original broth caused the growth of bacteria. Rather, his experiment shows that existing bacteria in the air were the source of bacteria in the broth.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. The curved neck of the flask helped Pasteur better conduct his experiment but was itself not responsible for the growth of bacteria in the broth.

(A) spontaneously

(B) from airborne bacteria

(C) from impurities in the original broth

(D) from the curved neck of a flask

(E) from a broken flask


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Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. The broken flask helped Pasteur to control the way that air and bacteria passed into the broth, but it does not explain where and how the bacteria grew.

15 In the first two paragraphs (lines 1-23), Pasteur is primarily concerned with

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer C : Choice (C) is correct. Pasteur uses the first two paragraphs of his lecture to explain his "motivation," or reason, for studying the microbesthat he wanted to contribute to the scientific knowledge of the origins of life.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. The first two paragraphs do not explain the results of Pasteurs experiments. Rather, they explain why he undertook the study.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. The opposite is true: Pasteur criticizes those who have passion but have failed to increase scientific knowledge.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. Although Pasteur mentions that he was faced with criticism, nowhere in these paragraphs does he attack his detractors.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. The purpose of these paragraphs is not to counter a false impression concerning Pasteurs interest in applied or nonapplied science but to explain why he chose to study the growth of bacteria.

(A) summarizing the results of his experiments about spontaneous generation

(B) criticizing those who have taken the passion out of science

(C) establishing his motivation for studying the origin of microbes

(D) attacking critics of his experiments

(E) correcting the impression that he is concerned only with experiments that have immediate application

16The word "quagmire" (line 7) is used primarily to emphasize the

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer B : Choice (B) is correct. It makes sense to describe spontaneous generation, a frustrating area of research, as a "quagmire," or complicated situation from which it is difficult to escape.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. In this context, "quagmire" refers to the problem of spontaneous generation, not to the general state of scientific ignorance, or lack of knowledge.

(A) state of scientific ignorance in the 1800s(B) futility of a particular line of research

(C) moral dilemma faced by scientists like Pasteur

(D) failure of some to distinguish between pure and applied science

(E) tendency of unsuccessful scientists to look for simple solutions


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Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. "Morality," or standards of right and wrong, is unrelated to Pasteurs concerns respecting spontaneous generation

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. Whether or not some people differentiate between "pure," or theoretical, and "applied," or practical, science is unrelated to the difficulty of the problem of spontaneous generation itself.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. Pasteur does not criticize proposed solutions to the problem of spontaneous generation on grounds of simplicity; rather, he says they were "metaphysical" and not truly scientific.

17 Pasteur characterizes past discourses on spontaneous generation (line 9) as having

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer D : Choice (D) is correct. Pasteur acknowledges that past experiments had been conducted with passion but argues that they were not tested in the laboratory and therefore did not increase the body of scientific knowledge on the subject.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. Pasteur does not describe past research as demonstrating the "futility," or pointlessness, of practical studies. On the contrary, he criticizes past studies for failing to be practical or scientific.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. "Nowhere" in his discussion of past research on spontaneous generation does Pasteur mention the sterilization of any laboratory apparatus, or tool.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. Pasteur does not discuss his own early experiments in the context of past research on spontaneous generation.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. Pasteur claims that past experiments failed to increase scientific knowledge. Therefore, it does not make sense to say that they "resolved," or settled, the "controversy," or debate, around the question of spontaneous generation.

(A) demonstrated the futility of practical scientific studies

(B) failed because of incomplete knowledge about sterilization of apparatus

(C) enabled him to understand inconsistencies in his early experiments

(D) failed to increase scientific knowledge

(E) resolved much of the controversy surrounding the issue

18The little stone (lines 12-13) refers to the

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

(A) slight addition that Pasteur hoped to make to the existing body of facts

(B) small effect that Pasteur wanted to have on one persons learning(C) minor disappointment Pasteur felt at being rebuffed by his colleagues

(D) narrow-mindedness of those who cling to scientific fallacies

(E) imperceptible progress that Pasteur had made in understanding spontaneous generation


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Explanation for Correct Answer A : Choice (A) is correct. Pasteur refers to his desire to bring a little stone to the frail edifice, or unsteady structure, of the human knowledge of life and death. In other words, the goal of his research was to make a contribution to the existing body of scientific fact, thereby increasing human knowledge.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. Pasteur does not want to have a small effect on one person; he wants to have an effect on scientific knowledge in general.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. The little stone Pasteur is speaking of is his own potential contribution to science, not the "rebuff," or criticism, he received at the hands of his fellow scientists.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. It does not make sense to say that Pasteur desired to contribute to the narrow-mindedness of others.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. The little stone refers to the contribution Pasteur desired to make when he began his research, not the results of his experiments.

19 Pasteurs pronouncement about preparation and chance in lines 20-23 implies that

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer D : Choice (D) is correct. In the lecture, Pasteur encourages his students to pursue projects whose applications are not yet known so that they will be better able to recognize and "exploit," or take advantage of, chance discoveries in the laboratory.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. The opposite is true: Pasteur believes that pursuing projects without immediate applications prepares a scientist for future discoveries and is as important as the practical work itself.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. According to the lecture, it is not practice but a solid grounding in theory that prepares a scientist to make "significant," or important, discoveries.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. The statement is concerned not with the number of scientists who create useful theories but with the best way to prepare oneself for scientific discovery.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. Pasteur does not claim that good luck and timing result in discoveries of any kind. Rather, he argues that pursuing research whose applications are unknown prepares a scientist to better understand and make use of later discoveries.

(A) only projects that have an immediate application are important

(B) practice improves a scientists chances of making a significant discovery(C) few scientists are lucky enough to devise useful theories

(D) work on projects that have no immediate application prepares scientists to exploit chance discoveries

(E) most scientific discoveries that have no immediate application are the result of good luck and timing

20 In context, the reference to the Academy of Sciences (line 35) serves to suggest why


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ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer D : Choice (D) is correct. The passage indicates that after failing to convince the academy of his findings, Pasteur felt it was necessary to design more "persuasive," or convincing, experiments.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. The fact that Pasteur argued unsuccessfully for his research before the academy may have motivated him to prove his critics wrong, but it does not explain his initial desire to contribute to scientific knowledge.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. Pasteur "replicated," or repeated, Spallanzanis experiments before he presented his findings to the academy.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. The reference to the academy illustrates how difficult it was for Pasteurs experiments to be accepted by the scientific community, not that his research joined with that of others who were also disproving spontaneous generation.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. The incident at the Academy of Sciences does not suggest that Pasteurs colleagues thought spontaneous generation was an inappropriate research project. Rather, it shows that they were not convinced by his findings.

(A) Pasteur was so determined to make a significant contribution to scientific knowledge

(B) Pasteur felt compelled to replicate Spallanzanis experiments

(C) spontaneous generation had already begun to be discredited when Pasteur began his experimentation

(D) Pasteur believed he needed to design experiments that were more persuasive

(E) spontaneous generation was viewed by Pasteurs colleagues as a topic that was unfit for scientific study

21 In line 41, "rich" most nearly means

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer C : Choice (C) is correct. In this context, which speaks of "a rich growth of bacteria," "rich" means abundant, or existing in large quantities.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. It does not make sense to describe the growth of bacteria as "precious," or rare.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. "Vital," or indispensable for survival, does not describe the growth of bacteria in Pasteurs flasks.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. Although the presence of bacteria was "meaningful," or

(A) precious

(B) vital

(C) abundant

(D) meaningful

(E) productive


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significant, for Pasteurs research, it does not make sense to describe the growth itself as such.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. In this context, "rich" is used to describe the quantity of bacteria present. It does not make sense to define that amount as "productive," or able to create something.

22 The "conclusive experiment" (line 56) performed by Pasteur was designed to answer critics who argued that

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer E : Choice (E) is correct. Pasteur's critics claimed that by using heat to seal the neck of the bottle in earlier experiments, Pasteur had made the air unsuitable for spontaneous generation to take place. In his last experiment, he answered this opposition by using a special flask that permitted fresh air, but not bacteria, to come into contact with the liquid.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. Pasteur's critics argued that sterilizing, or purifying, the flasks had made the air unfit for spontaneous generation. In other words, there had been too much sterilization, not an inadequate amount.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. The last experiment was designed to answer critics who maintained confidence in the theory of spontaneous generation, not those who argued against nonapplied science.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. The "conclusive experiment" was not designed to address inconsistencies between Pasteur's and his colleagues' data, which the passage attributes to carelessness. It was designed to satisfy those who argued that the liquid must come into contact with fresh air in order for spontaneous generation to occur.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. The nutritional content of the various broths is unrelated to the results or design of the experiments.

(A) the apparatus used in Pasteur's earlier experiments had not been adequately sterilized

(B) Pasteur's experiments related to spontaneous generation had no immediate application

(C) the results of Pasteur's experiments in the Alps and in the cellar could not be replicated

(D) the broth in the flasks of Pasteur's earlier experiments was not nutritious enough

(E) heating made the air in the flasks of the earlier experiments unfit for spontaneous generation

23In the context of the passage as a whole, the vital force (line 60) is best described as

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

(A) what Pasteur called the basic unit of life

(B) a term that was outdated in Pasteurs time(C) nutrients necessary for sustaining life

(D) that which has the power to destroy life

(E) what opponents of Pasteur believed to be a source of life


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Explanation for Correct Answer E : Choice (E) is correct. In the context of the passage, it makes sense to say that the vital force is the element that Pasteurs opponents believed to be responsible for the spontaneous generation of life.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. The vital force is not what Pasteur called the basic unit of life; that was his fellow scientists word for an energy or substance that caused living matter to appear.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. Nothing in the passage indicates that this term was no longer in use in Pasteurs time. On the contrary, the fact that it was used by his colleagues indicates that it was a popular notion.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. The vital force is what was thought to cause life, not the nutrients, or nourishing material.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. The vital force was not seen as something that detroys life but as something that brings life into being.

24 In his conclusive experiment, Pasteur kept the flasks vertical (line 64) in order to

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer C : Choice (C) is correct. When kept in the vertical position, the design of the flasks prevented the fluid in the bowl from touching bacteria trapped in the curved neck.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. The opposite of this statement is true. The passage states that in the vertical position, there was no "hindrance," or obstacle, to the entrance of fresh air.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is incorrect. Pasteur did not position the flasks vertically to "retain," or keep, the liquid inside; he did it to control the flow of air and bacteria.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. Pasteur kept the flasks in the vertical position not to avoid disturbing the liquid but to trap the bacteria and prevent it from coming into contact with the liquid.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. Pasteur revised his method and used the curved flask not to "replicate," or repeat, his previous experiments but to improve upon them.

(A) prevent fresh air from entering them

(B) retain the boiling liquid inside the flasks

(C) prevent the fluid from touching trapped bacteria

(D) avoid disturbing the solution inside

(E) replicate his previous experiments exactly




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Test Sections

Section 1

Section 2

Section 3

Section 5

Section 6

Section 7

Section 8

Section 9

Section 10



1 Which of the following represents the total cost, in dollars, of compact discs at each and compact disc cases at each? (Disregard sales tax.)

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer A : Choice (A) is correct. The cost of the compact discs (CDs) purchased at a price of each is dollars. The cost of the CD cases purchased at

a price of each is dollars. Therefore, the total cost, in dollars, is

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is not correct. There were CDs purchased (not ), and CD cases purchased (not ).

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is not correct. This equation corresponds to the situation where all the items purchased had a price of not the situation where some had a

price of and others had a price of .

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is not correct. See the explanation for the correct response (A).

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is not correct. See the explanation for the correct response (A).

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

2

If the areas of the two rectangles in the figure above are equal, which of the following could be the coordinates of point ?

(A)


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ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer C : Choice (C) is correct. Since is in the second quadrant, it must have a negative -coordinate and a positive -coordinate. If has coordinates

then the area of the rectangle in the second quadrant is For

the two rectangles to be of equal area, must equal The only

answer choice that fits both of these criteria is

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Choice (A) is not correct. is in the second quadrant, and is a

point in the third quadrant.


Choice (B) is not correct. If has coordinates then the rectangle in

the second quadrant has only half the area of the rectangle in the first quadrant, and the problem requires that they have the same area.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Choice (D) is not correct. is in the second quadrant, and is a

point in the fourth quadrant.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (E) is not correct. is in the second quadrant, and is a point

in the first quadrant.

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

3 A box contains solid-colored marbles that are either orange, blue, or green. If percent of the marbles are orange and percent of the marbles are blue, what

percent are green?

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer B : Choice (B) is correct. Since percent of the marbles are orange, percent are blue, and the remaining marbles are green, it follows that

percent of the marbles are green.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is not correct. This is the percentage of the marbles that are blue (and also the percentage of the marbles that are orange).

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is not correct. See the explanation for the correct response (B).


(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)


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Choice (D) is not correct. This is the percentage of the marbles that are not green.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is not correct. This is the percentage of the marbles that are not orange (and also the percentage that are not blue).

4

Sets and are shown above. If is a member of set and is a member of

set , which of the following CANNOT be equal to the product

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer A : Choice (A) is correct. The only ways to write as the product of two positive integers (ignoring the order of the factors) are or

While and are both members of neither nor is a

member of Also, while is a member of is not a member of Therefore, cannot be written as the product of two integers such that one is a member of and the other is a member of

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is not correct. The number can be written as where is a member of and is a member of The question asks for a number that cannot be written as the product of a member of with a member of

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is not correct. The number can be written as where is a member of and is a member of The question asks for a number that cannot be written as the product of a member of with a member of

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is not correct. The number can be written as where is a member of and is a member of The question asks for a number that cannot be written as the product of a member of with a member of

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is not correct. The number can be written as where is a member of and is a member of The question asks for a number that cannot be written as the product of a member of with a member of

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

5If then could be which of the following?


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ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer E :

Choice (E) is correct. If then Of the choices,

the only value of that satisfies this condition is


Choice (A) is not correct. If then However,


Choice (B) is not correct. If then However,

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) is not correct. If then However,


Choice (D) is not correct. If then However,

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

6

If which of the following must be true?

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer B : Choice (B) is correct. The right side of the equation can be expanded:

Then can be subtracted from both sides, leaving

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is not correct. See the explanation for the correct response (B).

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)


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Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is not correct. If were substituted for then the equation would be which simplifies to So could be equal to but the equation is only true when is

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is not correct. If were substituted for then the equation would be which simplifies to So could be equal to but the equation is only true when is

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is not correct. If were substituted for then the equation would be which simplifies to So could be equal to but the equation is only true when is

Questions 7-9 refer to the following definition.

Let be defined by for all numbers and

7

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer C :

Choice (C) is correct.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is not correct. but is not equal to


Choice (B) is not correct. but is not equal to

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is not correct. but

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is not correct. but is not equal to

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

8

If then

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer A : Choice (A) is correct. Since this expression is equal to it follows that Therefore, which

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)


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gives so .

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is not correct. If then but the problem states that

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is not correct. If then but the problem states that

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is not correct. If then but the problem states that

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is not correct. If then but the problem states that

9 For what value of is the statement always true?

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer B : Choice (B) is correct. Since the equation can be rewritten as Subtracting from both sides yields

or Thus, either or Therefore, the

only value of that always makes true is

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is not correct. If then This is only equal to or in this case when but the question asks for a value of that will make the equation true for all values of

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is not correct. If then This is only equal to or in this case when but the question asks for a value of that will make the equation true for all values of

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is not correct. If then This is only equal to or in this case when but the question asks for a value of that will make the equation true for all values of

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is not correct. If then This is only equal to or in this case when but the question asks for a value of that will make the equation true for all values of

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

10


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In the equation above, is a constant. If the roots of the equation are and what is the value of

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer A : Choice (A) is correct. Recall that a root of an equation is a number that, when substituted for the variable in the equation, reduces the equation to an

identity. If and are the roots of the equation then

and Since the left-hand sides are

each equal to zero, it follows that Since is a constant, this is true for all values of not merely and

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is not correct. See the explanation for the correct response (A).

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is not correct. See the explanation for the correct response (A).

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is not correct. See the explanation for the correct response (A).

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is not correct. See the explanation for the correct response (A).

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

11 Which of the following represents the area, of a circle as a function of its diameter,

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer E : Choice (E) is correct. The area of a circle is given by the formula where is the radius of the circle. The diameter of a circle, is twice the

radius, so Substituting for gives the equation

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)


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Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is not correct. If is the radius of the circle, then

This is the circumference of the circle.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is not correct. If is the radius of the circle, then

This is twice the circumference of the circle.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is not correct. If is the radius of the circle, then

This is four times the area of the circle.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is not correct. If is the radius of the circle, then

This is twice the area of the circle.

12

The table above shows some values for the functions and If and are linear functions, what is the value of

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer C :

Choice (C) is correct. Since is a linear function, it can be written in the

form From two of the data points in the table, you can write

two equations: and Substituting for yields the equation which simplifies to and

further to so Since it follows that

and Knowing the values of and you can

calculate Therefore,

Similarly, since is a linear function, it can be written in the form

From two of the data points in the table, you can write two

equations: and Substituting for yields the

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)


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equation which simplifies to and further to

so Since it follows that and

Knowing the values of and you can calculate

Therefore,

Therefore,

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is not correct. See the explanation for the correct response (C).

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is not correct. See the explanation for the correct response (C).

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is not correct. See the explanation for the correct response (C).

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is not correct. See the explanation for the correct response (C).

13

The depth of a lake is the difference between the altitude at the surface and at the lowest point of the lake. If the five lakes in the graph above were listed in order from the greatest depth to the least depth, which lake would be third in the list?

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer D : Choice (D) is correct. To determine the lake with the third greatest depth, you must determine the depth of each lake by subtracting the lowest point from the highest point. The depth of Lake Superior is

the depth of Michigan is the depth of Huron is

the depth of Erie is and the depth of

Ontario is Ontario is the lake with the third greatest depth, at feet.

(A) Erie

(B) Huron

(C) Michigan

(D) Ontario

(E) Superior


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Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is not correct. See the explanation for the correct response (D).

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is not correct. See the explanation for the correct response (D).

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is not correct. See the explanation for the correct response (D).

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is not correct. See the explanation for the correct response (D).

14

In the figure above, and If is an integer, what is the greatest

possible value of

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer B : Choice (B) is correct. Since the fact that implies

or The equation can be rewritten as Substituting for in the previous inequality yields

which can be simplified to Since is an integer,

it follows that must also be an integer, and the greatest integer that satisfies the inequality is

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is not correct. Although is a possible value for there are greater possible values of and the question asks for the greatest possible value.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is not correct. If then and

However, the problem states that

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is not correct. If then and


Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is not correct. If then and


(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

15Molly is inches tall. At 10:00 A.M. one day, her shadow is inches long, and


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the shadow of a nearby tree is inches long. In terms of what is the height, in inches, of the tree?

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer D : Choice (D) is correct. The ratio of Mollys height ( inches) to the length of her shadow ( inches) is proportional to the ratio of the trees height (

) to the length of its shadow ( ). So This simplifies to

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is not correct. Height is proportional to the length of the shadow; it is not the length of the shadow plus a constant.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is not correct. See the explanation for the correct response (D).

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is not correct. The height of the tree is times the length of its

shadow, not the length of its shadow.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is not correct. See the explanation for the correct response (D).

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D) 4s

(E)

16If a number is chosen at random from the set what is the

probability that it is a member of the solution set of both and

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer C : Choice (C) is correct. To determine this probability, you must first look at the solution sets of the inequalities. The inequality simplifies to and simplifies to Of the five numbers in the set, only

and are greater than and less than Therefore, the probability of picking a number from the set that is in the solution set of both these

inequalities is

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)


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Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is not correct. See the explanation for the correct response (C).

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is not correct. See the explanation for the correct response (C).


17 If the length of is and the length of is which of the following could be

the length of

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer A : Choice (A) is correct. If and lie on a line, the greatest possible

length of is If and do not lie on the same line,

then a triangle is formed by these three points, and the length of must

be less than the sum of the lengths of and which is The only

choice that is less than or equal to is

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is not correct. The greatest possible length of is equal to

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is not correct. The greatest possible length of is equal to

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is not correct. The greatest possible length of is equal to

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is not correct. The greatest possible length of is equal to

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

18


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In triangle above, if and what is the area of triangle

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer C : Choice (C) is correct. If the base of triangle is then its height is Substituting the values given in the problem, the area of triangle

is


Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is not correct. This is the area of triangle

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is not correct. This is the area of triangle


(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

19

If and are two different integers and the product is the square of an integer, which of the following could be equal to

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer D :

Choice (D) is correct. The prime factorization of is Thus, since

is the square of an integer, where is an

integer. It follows that If then


Choice (A) is not correct. which is not an integer.

The question asks for a value of that makes the square of an integer.

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)


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Choice (B) is not correct. which is not an

integer. The question asks for a value of that makes the square of an integer.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) is not correct. which is not an


Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (E) is not correct. which is not an


20

On the number line above, the tick marks are equally spaced. Which of the lettered points represents

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer E : Choice (E) is correct. Regardless of the position of on the number line,

which is the average of and will always be exactly halfway

between and Since is units to the left of the point labeled

it follows that must be units to the right, or at the point labeled .

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is not correct. See the explanation for the correct response (E).

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B : Choice (B) is not correct. See the explanation for the correct response (E).

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is not correct. See the explanation for the correct response (E).

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is not correct. See the explanation for the correct response (E).

(A) A

(B) B

(C) C

(D) D

(E) E


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Test Sections

Section 1

Section 2

Section 3

Section 5

Section 6

Section 7

Section 8

Section 9

Section 10



1

After winning the lottery, John bought sports cars, built a mansion, and wore designer suits; however, by thus ------- his -------, he alienated his friends.

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS Explanation for Correct Answer B : Choice (B) is correct. "Flaunting" means displaying showily or pretentiously, and "prosperity" means economic well-being. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "After winning the lottery, John bought sports cars, built a mansion, and wore designer suits; however, by thus flaunting his prosperity, he alienated his friends." The word "thus" indicates that the missing terms will paraphrase John's actions after he won the lottery, so it makes sense to say that John's pretentious displays of wealth alienated, or aroused hostile feelings in, his friends.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A : Choice (A) is incorrect. "Enduring" means undergoing or tolerating, and "hardship" means misfortune. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "After winning the lottery, John bought sports cars, built a mansion, and wore designer suits; however, by thus enduring his hardship, he alienated his friends." It makes little sense to say that winning a lottery is a misfortune that has to be endured.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C : Choice (C) is incorrect. "Undermining" means weakening gradually and secretly, and "image" means impression. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "After winning the lottery, John bought sports cars, built a mansion, and wore designer suits; however, by thus undermining his image, he alienated his friends." It is more probable that John made these showy purchases to build, not undermine, his image.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D : Choice (D) is incorrect. "Calculating" means figuring out or estimating, and "successes" are things that turn out well. If one were to insert these terms into the text, the sentence would read "After winning the lottery, John bought sports cars, built a mansion, and wore designer suits; however, by thus calculating his successes, he alienated his friends." Even though, John may have calculated his successess, this probably would not have been why he alienated his friends.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E : Choice (E) is incorrect. "Moderating" means lessening in extent or intensity, and "consumpti

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