38th SADC Summit - Knowledge for Development...Reviewing the application of the quota system is...

Implement SADC industrializationstrategyAn expected highlight of the Summit is thepresentation of a progress report on imple-mentation of the SADC IndustrializationStrategy and Roadmap 2015-2063.

The SADC industrialization strategy,adopted in April 2015, seeks to achievemajor economic and technologicaltransformation at national and regionallevels to accelerate economic growththrough industrial development.

A Costed Action Plan for the Strat-egy covering 2015-2030 was approvedin March 2017. The Action Plan de-tails the key actions, with reference tothe three pillars of the strategy and

the requisite activities, as well as the keyenablers needed to unlock the region’s in-dustrial potential.

continued on page 2...

POLICY 3

GENDER 4

ECONOMY 5

ENERGY 6

INDUSTRIALIZATION 7

BLUE ECONOMY 8-9

WATER 10

BIODIVERSITY 11

ELECTIONS 12

PEACE & SECURITY 13

SACU 14

EVENTS 15

HISTORY TODAY 16

SADC ToDAy Vol 20 No. 5 AuguST 2018

One of the three pillars of the industrial-ization strategy is Enhancing Infrastructure.The other two pillars are StrengtheningValue Chains, and Corridor Development.

Strengthen Infrastructure developmentProgress towards implementation of theSADC Regional Infrastructure DevelopmentMaster Plan (RIDMP) is pivotal to the socio-economic growth of the region, including theindustrialization agenda.

The RIDMP is the region’s strategyfor the development of integrated regional in-frastructure to meet projected demandby 2027, at an estimated cost of US$500 billion.

The historic decision to approve theRIDMP in 2012 was informed by the per-spective that infrastructure developmentand maintenance is a priority for acceleratedregional integration, economic development,industrialization and trade.

THE 38th SADC Summit of Heads of State and Government to be held in Windhoek,Namibia on 17-18 August will review progress towards regional integration and socio-economic development. This year’s theme builds on the focus of the past four SADCSummits that sought to advance industrial development. The theme also resonateswith one of the key pillars of the SADC Regional Indicative Strategic DevelopmentPlan (RISDP 2015-2020) in which integrated infrastructure networks are regarded asan important enabler of industrialization and market integration. This edition ofSouthern Africa Today looks at key issues expected for discussion during the Summit.

Promoting Infrastructure Development and Youth Empowerment for Sustainable Development

38th SADC Summit

2 SouTHErN AfriCA Today, August 2018

The SADC Secretariat is currently reviewing progress of the first five-year phase 2012-2017, and this is expected to add impetus to the imple-mentation of regional infrastructure projects.

SADC aims to develop cross-border infrastructure in the six priorityareas of energy, transport, tourism, water, information communicationtechnology and meteorology.

Power regional integration, industrializationEnergy limitations have presented barriers to socio-economic develop-ment, and the solution for the energy deficit is one of the main prioritiesof infrastructure development that the region must collectively tackle.

SADC has made significant progress in addressing power shortagesexperienced since 1999 which became more pronounced after 2007, andthe region produced surplus electricity generation in 2017 for the first timein a decade as a result of regional cooperation in energy planning.

SADC leaders will seek to deepen a coordinated approach to the pro-vision of energy in the region, as electricity is essential to advance the in-dustrialization agenda which aims to ensure that SADC achieves itslongstanding goal of a united, prosperous and integrated region.

Improve food securitySummit is expected to approve strategies for addressing food security inthe region, including the need to increase investment in high-impact in-terventions that address chronic food and nutrition insecurity.

According to a report released in July, the State of Food and Nutrition In-security and Vulnerability in Southern Africa, the SADC region is estimatedto have a cereal surplus of 6.3 million metric tonnes, down from 7.5 MTthe previous year.

The number of food insecure people in the 2018/19 consumption yearis 29 million, about 14 percent of the population in SADC according to thereport, thus reversing the improvement achieved in 2017/18.

Empower youthAs part of the theme for Summit, the leaders will explore ways of harness-ing the human capital dividend through youth empowerment. The youthmake up the majority of the population in SADC, hence their importancein advancing the regional integration agenda.

As the timespan of the SADC Industrialization Strategy and Roadmapprogresses towards 2063, the youth of today will reap the benefits of thekey elements contained in the strategy.

SADC strategies of today will enable the youth to take an active role inpromoting development and deepening integration.

Enhance peace and securityDevelopment needs peace and so another important issue for SADC lead-ers will be how to enhance peace and security as well as consolidatedemocracy and the rule of law in the region.

SADC is among the most stable and peaceful regions in Africa, how-ever there are pockets of instability that continue to hinder peace and de-velopment.

Summit will discuss constitutional reforms in the Kingdom of Lesotho,preparation for general elections in the Democratic Republic of Congo,and the political situation in Madagascar.

Develop resource mobilisation frameworkThe SADC Resource Mobilisation Framework (Alternative Sources ofFunding SADC Regional Programmes) is intended to determine how fiscalspace can be created to enable SADC Member States to finance regionalprogrammes, projects and activities.

The six options for innovative sources of financing regional integrationin SADC are the introduction of an export and import tax; a tourism levy;a financial transaction tax; a lottery system; philanthropy; and regionalevents.

It is estimated that SADC can earn in excess of US$1.2 billion annuallyfrom these alternative sources, a development expected to remove the cur-rent dependency on external funding.

According to the SADC Secretariat, lessthan 10 percent of regional projects are fundedby SADC Member States while the balancecomes from International Cooperating Part-ners.

The SADC Secretariat was tasked to finalizethe draft SADC Regional Resource Mobilisa-tion Framework for submission to the Com-mittee of Ministers of Finance and Investment, and ultimately to the SADCSummit of Heads of State and Government.

Finance Transfrontier Conservation Areas The SADC Secretariat was directed by Council of Ministers in March toprepare a mechanism to guide the implementation modalities of the Re-gional Financing Facility for SADC Transfrontier Conservation Areas(TFCAs) to ensure that regional conservation priorities are safeguarded.

There are 18 TFCAs across the SADC region at different stages of de-velopment, including the Kavango Zambezi (KAZA) which is the world’slargest conservation area and covers parts of five countries – Angola,Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

Other TFCAs being developed are ZIMOZA (Zimbabwe, Mozambiqueand Zambia); Selous-Niassa (Mozambique and United Republic of Tanza-nia); Lower Zambezi-Mana Pools (Zambia and Zimbabwe); and LiuwaPlain-Kameia (Angola and Zambia).

The proposed facility would be a flexible financial response mechanismto provide grants that can support the implementation of conservation andmanagement actions in SADC TFCAs and address urgent needs critical totheir success and integrity.

Review recruitment quota systemSummit will receive a report from the human resources and administrationcommittee on the review of regional recruitment for the Secretariat. Thiswas triggered by several challenges, such as failing to fill positions becausesome Member States had exhausted their allocated quota points.

Reviewing the application of the quota system is intended to ensure thatthe SADC Secretariat has access to a high quality of human resources fromMember States in a fair, effective and objective manner, while observing theprinciple of equity and representation without compromising delivery.

Reforms at African UnionSummit is expected to present a common position on the African Union(AU) Institutional Reform, in line with an AU Assembly decision in Janu-ary this year to consult the eight Regional Economic Communities thatmake up the AU on the need to review the institutional structure.

An effective institutional structure is essential to achieving the AUAgenda 2063 for the Africa We Want, a vision of inclusive economicgrowth and development.

The SADC Secretariat prepared an analytical paper that was consideredby the SADC Council of Ministers in March and is expected to go to Sum-mit for approval.

Some key issues proposed by SADC for AU institutional reform in-clude:• African leaders to be given sufficient time to consult nationally on

strategic issues;• an urgent and thorough study of the bureaucratic barriers that affect

service delivery in the AU Commission and other organs andinstitutions;

• reduce AU Summits from two to one per year.

Reform of UN Security Council The United Nations Security Council is tasked with maintaining interna-tional peace and security and African countries have been pressing for re-form of the Council, arguing that its composition and operations are outof touch with current reality. For example, none of the five permanentmembers with veto powers is from Africa yet the continent provides thelargest membership of the UN. r

C O N T I N U E D F R O M P A G E 1

Regional approach to anti-poaching

SADC to establish subsidiaryorganisation on STEM

P O L I C Y

SouTHErN AfriCA Today 3

• establish a Regional Anti-Poaching Monitoring Cen-tre to coordinate andmonitor poaching and ille-gal wildlife trade activitiesin the SADC region.The strategy aims to re-

duce the level of poaching andillegal trade in wildlife faunaand flora and enhance law en-forcement capacity in theSADC region by 2021.

To achieve this, priorityareas were identified for col-laborative action by MemberStates: v Enhance legislation and

judicial processes;v Minimise wildlife crime

and illegal trade;v Enhance legislation on

wildlife and lawenforcement;

v Integrate people andnature;

v Ensure sustained trade inand use of naturalresources; and

v Improve and strengthenfield-level protection ofwildlife resources.However, the success of

the strategy is dependent on acoordinated approach bySADC Member States in pri-oritizing and integrating ac-tivities from the LEAPStrategy into their nationalplans and mobilizing re-sources for implementation,as well as establishing andstrengthening existing na-tional wildlife crime preven-tion task forces.

In this regard, the SADCSecretariat is developing amechanism to assist MemberStates in implementing the re-gional anti-poaching strategy.

Once approved, the mech-anism will guide MemberStates in rolling out country-level specific actions of the

LEAP Strategy and is ex-pected to have a clear plan ofaction to facilitate the imple-mentation of the strategy atnational levels.

The proposed SADC Ap-proach to assist MemberStates in implementing theLEAP Strategy is also ex-pected to be an indicative doc-ument of the key actions thatcountries will independentlyundertake to implement thestrategy.

The proposed mechanismwill include:• an updated logical frame-

work of the LEAP Strategy,with clearly identifiedactivities and responsibili-ties to be undertaken bythe SADC Secretariat andMember States respec-tively;

• establishment of minimumrequirements for prioritiza-tion and integration of the

SEVEN SADC Member Stateshave signed a charter that seeksto establish a subsidiary organ-isation that will be tasked withbridging the gender gap in Sci-ence, Technology, Engineeringand Mathematics (STEM) in theregion. The SADC Charter onWomen in Science, Engineer-ing and Technology Organiza-tion (WISETO) was signed byAngola, Kingdom of Eswatini,Lesotho, Mozambique,Namibia, South Africa and theUnited Republic of Tanzaniain June during a joint meetingof ministers responsible for

Education and Training, Sci-ence, Technology and Innova-tion, held in Durban, SouthAfrica. Once operational, WISETOwill seek to improve the par-ticipation of women in sus-tainable development throughthe application of scientificknowledge and technologicalinnovation. The SADC Secretariat isexpected to provide overallstrategic policy guidance toWISETO in order to ensurethat the agenda and prioritiesare consistent with the SADCmandate on STEM. r

LEAP Strategy into Mem-ber States’ national plans;

• guidance to Member Statesin developing budgets forimplementation of theLEAP Strategy;

• guidance towards establish-ment of national wildlifecrime prevention task forcesin Member States wherethey do not exist;

• suggestions for potentialsources of funding to sup-port implementation of theLEAP Strategy in MemberStates;

• guidance to Member Statesin aligning their regulatoryand legal frameworks to re-gional processes in supportof combatting cross-bordercriminal activities; and

• guidance towards enhanc-ing synergies and linkageswith all relevant stakehold-ers in the implementationof the LEAP Strategy. r

SouTHErN AfriCA ishome to vast wildlife re-sources which are a criticalcomponent for socio-economicdevelopment in most SADCMember States.

The SADC region is hometo the largest remaining popu-lations of elephants and rhi-nos.

These resources providean opportunity to strengthenregional integration and con-tribute towards sustainabledevelopment through envi-ronmental awareness, job cre-ation and sustaining thelivelihoods of rural communi-ties.

However, this potentialhas been affected by variouschallenges, including illegalkilling and trade in wildspecies of fauna and theirproducts.

SADC has put in place var-ious measures to address thechallenges, aimed at curbingwildlife poaching.

These include adoption ofthe Law Enforcement andAnti-Poaching (LEAP) Strat-egy (2016-2021) which was ap-proved in 2015 to:• control and minimize

poaching in the SADC re-gion;

• strengthen communicationamong relevant law en-forcement agencies at na-tional, regional andinternational levels;

• strengthen capacities of lawenforcement agencies, cus-toms and immigration todetect and combat illegalwildlife trade;

• improve dialogue amongrelevant national, regionaland international stake-holders to detect poachingand illegal wildlife trade;and


by Nyarai Kampilipili

THE SADC Regional Strategyon Women, Peace and Security2018-2022 aims to address chal-lenges experienced by womenand children by ensuring thatthey fully participate in peaceand security activities, pro-grammes and projects in the re-gion.

The strategy, to be presentedto regional leaders at the SADCSummit of Heads of State andGovernment in August inWindhoek, Namibia, was firstdiscussed by senior officials attheir meeting in 2017 in Ezul-wini, Kingdom of eSwatini andwas later presented to the Min-isterial Council of the SADCOrgan on Politics, Defence andSecurity for approval.

The development of thestrategy involved variousstakeholders who includedgender and security expertsfrom all SADC Member States,and this is intended to providea framework to guide the main-streaming of gender issues intopeace and security processesand systems.

The strategy and its accom-panying action plan are to beimplemented from 2018-2022and member states have beenurged to develop national ac-tion plans and mobilise re-sources to implement proposedactivities at national level.

Southern Africa is makingsignificant progress towardspromoting gender equality andequity in the region. However,there is need to maintain themomentum and push forwardthe regional gender agenda,particularly in issues to do withpeace and security.

This requires intensificationof regional efforts to main-stream gender into peace-building and conflict resolutionprocesses if sustainable peace isto be achieved.

Although progress is beingmade in the development of

strategies that mainstream gen-der in peace and security mat-ters, the number of women andchildren who are impacted byconflict remains high.

The number of high-rankingwomen in the security sector inSADC Member States remainslow. Only three SADC MemberStates had women ministers ofdefence in the period 2009-2018-- Botswana, Madagascar andSouth Africa.

South Africa remains the onlycountry in SADC with a womanMinister of Defence, and she hasheld the position since 2012.

According to a 2015 UNWomen report, women consti-

tute fewer than 10 percent ofpeace negotiators globally, andonly three percent of signato-ries to peace agreements.

In this regard, there is need toinclude more women in peaceprocesses so that a broaderrange of issues can be main-streamed into the negotiations.

Other key issues discussedby senior officials responsiblefor gender and women affairsduring their annual meetingheld in July in Johannesburg,South Africa, included the needto expedite processes to pre-vent trafficking in persons, andto accelerate efforts towardsachieving a more balanced and

equitable representation in pol-itics and decision-making.

Member states that have notsigned the Agreement Amend-ing the SADC Protocol on Gen-der and Development wereencouraged to do so.

Ten member states havesigned the agreement amendingthe protocol. These are Angola,Botswana, Democratic Republicof Congo, Lesotho, Madagascar,Mozambique, Kingdom ofeSwatini, United Republic ofTanzania, Zambia and Zim-babwe. Namibia and SouthAfrica have indicated that theywill sign during the SADC Sum-mit in Namibia. sardc.net r

SADC develops regional strategy on women, peace and security

African women leadership fund launchedtwo years and put them out inthe market,” she said. The innovative fund seeksto address the fundamentalgap in the access of women tofinance architecture. As such,it will seek to lower the hur-dles of women-owned busi-nesses, promote investment inmicro-enterprises and takewomen’s cooperatives to thenext level. The fund focuses on mobil-ising global capital to build acadre of African women fundmanagers who will, in turn, in-vest in and develop Africanwomen-led businesses andmicro-businesses. au.int r

G E N D E R

Disadvantaged youth empowered through tourism The Ministry operates fiveyouth development skills train-ing centres around the country,as well as a youth creditscheme, youth health develop-ment, juvenile/child justice,environmental education, ruralyouth development, youth vol-unteers, youth gender, and ayouth exchange programme. r

fiVE youNg disadvantagedwomen from the /Ai-/AisRichtersveld TransfrontierPark were trained by NamibiaWildlife Resorts (NWR) andPeace Parks Foundation (PPF)who have embarked on assist-ing another group of ten un-employed youth from theHai-//om San and Ovahimbacommunities to be trained inhospitality and tracking. The goal of the training thatstarted earlier this year in SouthAfrica is to empower the previ-ously disadvantaged youth toacquire viable skills that theycan use to provide for them-selves and their communities. This forms part of a contin-uous youth development pro-gramme that NWR isfacilitating through its mandatefrom the two countries who arepartners in the TransfrontierConservation Area, to developtourism in Southern Namibiaand Northern South Africa. The Managing Director,Zelna Hengari, said NWR is“privileged to give back to oursurrounding communities”

THE AfriCAN Union has an-nounced that it will establish anAfrican Women LeadershipFund to strengthen women-owned businesses across thecontinent. The Executive Secretary ofthe United Nations EconomicCommission for Africa, VeraSongwe said the fund is in-tended to accelerate the growthof women-led businesses inAfrica. “Depending on the re-sources we raise, and with ourtarget being five hundred mil-lion dollars, we will create anetwork of young womenfund managers, train them for

with the aim of creating “askilled generation that is knowl-edgeable about the sector.” The Ministry of Sport,Youth and National Service inNamibia runs programmes toempower the youth for activeparticipation to become re-sponsible and self-reliantmembers of the community.


THE AfriCAN ContinentalFree Trade Area (AfCFTA)is another step closer toreality after the signing of theConsolidated Text by fivemore countries on 1 July at the31st African Union Summitheld in Nouakchott, Maurita-nia. The five countries are Bu-rundi, Lesotho, Namibia,Sierra Leone, and SouthAfrica, bringing the totalnumber of African countrieswho have signed the agree-ment to 49 out of the 55 AUmember states. The six countries yet to ap-pend their signatures areBotswana, Cape Verde, Eritrea,Guinea Bissau, Nigeria, UnitedRepublic of Tanzania, andZambia. The AfCFTA aims to pro-mote the smooth movement of

goods and services across bor-ders, as well as allow membercountries to harmonize re-gional trade policies to pro-mote equal competition andincreased trade. The AfCFTA is expected toincrease African intra-regionaltrade from the current 10 per-cent to about 40 percent whenfully operational. The AfCFTA also representsa bold statement and signifi-cant opportunity for the conti-nent to redress thevulnerabilities of Africa’seconomies within the globaleconomic order, which hasseen the continent trade morewith the outside world thanwithin Africa. This trade structure meansthat resources that are intendedto develop Africa are shippedand traded elsewhere, improv-

Five more countries sign AfCFTA agreement

celerate growth, investmentand employment in the re-gion through increased coop-eration, coordination andmanagement of macroeco-nomic, monetary and fiscalpolicies.

The protocol, which wassigned in August 2006 and en-tered into force in April 2010,seeks to establish and sustainmacroeconomic stability as aprecondition for sustainableeconomic growth. The ulti-mate goal is to create a re-gional monetary union.

Macroeconomic conver-gence ultimately means thebalancing of Member Stateeconomies across SADC.Without such convergence,the integration milestones ofFree Trade, Customs Union, aCommon Market, MonetaryUnion and a Single Currencycannot take place.

The macroeconomic con-vergence targets include keep-ing inflation rates in MemberStates at “low and stable lev-els,” as well as “maintaining aprudent fiscal stance based onthe avoidance of large budgetdeficits, monetisation ofdeficits and high or rising ra-tios of public and publiclyguaranteed debt to Gross Do-mestic Product (GDP).”

SADC identified the fol-lowing indicators to assistwith the measurement ofprogress toward macroeco-nomic convergence:• Rate of inflation in Mem-

ber States;• Ratio of the budget deficit

to Gross Domestic Product(GDP) in Member States;

• Ratio of public and pub-licly guaranteed debt in re-lation to GDP in MemberStates, taking into account

the sustainability of suchdebt; and

• Balance and structure ofthe current account of aMember State.The SADC Secretariat cre-

ated a Macro-Economic Sur-veillance and PerformanceUnit to support implementa-tion of the Regional Indica-tive Strategic DevelopmentPlan in this regard; to plan,facilitate, coordinate andmonitor macro-economicpolicies and programmeswith a view to promotingeconomic liberalisation anddevelopment, trade and in-vestment; and to achievemacro-economic convergencein the SADC region.

Member States review theperformance of one anotherannually to assess the status ofimplementation of the macro-economic convergence pro-gramme in line with theindicators and their targets.Since the launch of PRP inMay 2013, all Member Stateswith the exception of Mada-gascar and Seychelles havebeen peer reviewed.

According to the PRP re-port, results of the macroeco-nomic convergence reviewswere mixed, with MemberStates performing well onsome indicators but not sowell in other areas. MemberStates were unable to achievethe regional target of 7 percentgrowth in terms of GDP, withonly the United Republic ofTanzania recording 7.1 percentin 2017, up from 7 percentachieved in 2015 and 2016.

Most Member Statesrecorded single-digit inflationwithin the regional targetrange of 3-7 percent, except forAngola, Democratic Republicof Congo, Madagascar,Malawi and Mozambique. r

SADC MEMBEr States haveshown a mixed performanceon implementation of the re-gional macroeconomic conver-gence targets and inidentifying the risks to eco-nomic growth as well as pol-icy actions to mitigatechallenges, according to a re-cent report by the SADCMacroeconomic Peer ReviewPanel (PRP).

The PRP was establishedby the ministers of finance andinvestment of SADC MemberStates and the central bankgovernors to evaluate andmonitor the regional macro-economic convergenceprogramme, including imple-mentation and results.

The review looks atmacroeconomic targets set byMember States in the SADCProtocol on Finance and In-vestment, which aims to ac-

SADC Macroeconomic Peer Review Panel says

Mixed performance on macroeconomic convergence

E C O N O M Y

ing the economies of othercountries in Europe, Asia andthe United States. The current trade imbal-ances are caused by variousfactors including the imposi-tion of non-tariff barriers be-tween African countries andthe poor infrastructure builtduring the colonial era to facil-itate trade mainly with Europerather than smooth movementof goods, services and peoplebetween African countries. Another major factor is thelack of a vibrant industrializedsector and the predominance oftrade in unprocessed primaryresources. r


ditioning and transportation ofthe gas to the power plant.

Botswana, South Africa andZimbabwe have unconventionalgas reserves in significant quan-tities in the form of coal-bedmethane and shale gas.

To fully realize this poten-tial, there is need for SADC todevelop innovative methods ofexploring the resource.

“The natural gas reserveswithin the SADC region pres-ent a significant opportunityfor industrialization that canboost economic growth, createmuch needed jobs and attractnew investments in the regionand increase significantly en-ergy access,” Radebe, the SouthAfrican Energy Minister, toldthe workshop held in June inJohannesburg.

“This enormous opportunitycan only be realised if the regiondevelops the requisite gas pro-cessing, transportation and dis-tribution infrastructure tosupply the regional market sothat SADC will not only limit it-self to being a gas exporter.”

In this regard, one of theplans being explored by SADCis the possibility of establishinga SADC natural gas industrialcomplex designed to intercon-nect the gas production valuechain in the region.

This will involve making sig-nificant investments to set upgas processing, transportationand distribution infrastructurethat would efficiently link gasproduction centres to local andregional energy markets.

Examples of successful re-gional gas projects in Africa in-clude the gas pipeline fromMozambique (Temane/Pande)to South Africa (Secunda) as

well as the West African GasPipeline, involving Nigeria,Benin, Togo and Ghana.

In addition to developing anatural gas industrial complex,there is need for SADC to put inplace viable and vibrant “policyand regulatory frameworks tomake the development of thisinfrastructure a reality as well asattract investment.

“The economic benefits ofgas extraction, infrastructureand market development inthe SADC region is to stimulateproductive activity and con-tribute positively to gross do-mestic product (GDP),”Radebe said.

The energy ministers notedthat exploitation of the vast re-serves of natural gas, shale gasand coal-bed methane that areavailable in SADC MemberStates would result in signifi-cant job opportunities and con-tribute billions of dollars to theregional GDP per year.

Natural gas has various po-tential uses in SADC. It can beused to generate electricity or aschemical feedstock in industrialprocesses or as fuel for vehicles.Another potential use of gas isin the production of fertilizers.

Therefore, the exploration ofnatural gas, presents a signifi-cant opportunity for SADC toaddress its energy challengesand move forward the indus-trialization agenda and deepenintegration.

One of the key advantagesof gas is that it has a low car-bon emission profile, making ita cleaner energy source whencompared with other fossilfuels. In addition to this, it isalso affordable, secure and re-liable. r


The United Republic of Tan-zania has made significant gasdiscoveries and currently hasmore than 57 tcf of proven gasreserves.

In Namibia, there is about 1.3tcf of proven gas reserves withan estimated potential of 9 tcf.

Development of the Kudugas project is expected to ad-dress some of the energy chal-lenges in Namibia. Gasproduced from the Kudu fieldwill be transported through a170-km pipeline to a power sta-tion that will be built and situ-ated at Uubvlei, approximately25 kilometres north of Oranje-mund in southern Namibia.

The National Petroleum Cor-poration and its partners includ-ing Manpowered will beresponsible for the drilling ofproduction wells, installation ofsub-sea equipment and thefloating production system, andgas production, as well as con-

SADC Inter-State Petroleum and Gas Sub-Committee

by Kumbirai Nhongo

SADC iS exploring ways ofharnessing the potential of themassive reserves of natural gasthat exist in the region.

Chairperson of the SADCEnergy Ministers, Hon. JeffRadebe told a MinisterialWorkshop on the Regional GasInfrastructure and Market De-velopment that harnessing nat-ural gas would improve theenergy situation in the region,and will contribute to the re-gional energy mix, which isdominated by coal.

Southern Africa has some ofthe largest deposits of naturalgas in the world.

Angola has natural gas re-serves estimated at 11 trillioncubic feet (tcf), while Mozam-bique has more than 180 tcf ofgas discovered and there is po-tential for this to be doubled by2030.

SADC HAS established an Inter-State Petroleum and GasSub-Committee to ensure the inclusion and promotion of nat-ural gas into the regional energy mix and facilitation of anincrease in universal access to energy as well as industrialdevelopment in SADC.

This is in line with a proposal made by the 37th SADCSummit to establish a regional body that should develop astrategy to facilitate the exploitation of the vast natural gasresources in the region.

In May, the SADC Secretariat convened a SADC EnergyElectricity and Petroleum Gas Subcommittees meeting to dis-cuss and validate the terms of reference for the RegionalInter-State Petroleum and Gas Committee.

The outcome of the subcommittee was approved by theSADC Energy Ministers in June. The ministers reaffirmedtheir shared commitment to:v improve access to reliable, affordable and safe energy to

alleviate poverty, encourage economic development andimprove quality of life in the SADC region; and,

v establish a region-wide gas master plan in line with theprinciples of the SADC Energy Protocol, as well as the ob-jectives of SADC Industrialization Strategy Framework. r

SADC explores use of natural gas for regional development

E N E R G Y


prices, production, and trademodalities.

Between April 2018 andMarch 2019, the SADC Secre-tariat and Member States aretargeting to start the imple-mentation of Regional ValueChain projects coveringLeather and associated prod-ucts, Soya, Aquaculture, Ironand Steel, Copper, Fertilizerand Anti-retroviral (ARV)drugs.

The Secretariat is also facili-tating the development of aProtocol on Industry to pro-vide a legal framework for theindustrialization process in theregion, particularly to supportthe regional value chains.

Samanga said a serviceprovider has already startedworking on a draft Protocol onIndustry, which is expected tobe ready by March 2019.sadc.int r

The first SADC Industrial-ization Week was held in Au-gust 2016 on the margins of the36th SADC Summit of Headsof State and Government inEzulwini, Kingdom of eSwa-tini.

The second was held inSouth Africa in 2017 ahead ofthe 37th SADC Summit, whilethe third IndustrializationWeek is scheduled for Namibiaon 30 July-1 August, and willrun under the theme “Promot-ing Industrialisation and YouthEmpowerment for SustainableDevelopment”.

The theme takes into ac-count the need for adequateinfrastructure to support in-dustrialisation and the need toengage the youth, who are themajority of the SADC popula-tion.

Samanga said the youth arean important stakeholder inthe integration agenda as “in45 years, when the time span ofthe strategy ends in 2063, theyouth of today will be the onesto reap the benefits of the keyelements contained in the strat-egy.”

He said all stakeholdersshould take an active role inpopularizing the strategy andensure that is a success.

On the regional valuechains, he said, SADC hasidentified mining, agro-pro-cessing and pharmaceuticalsectors as critical sectors for re-gional industrialisation and in-tegration.

The Secretariat is workingon profiling the agro-process-ing sector, looking into practi-cal details such as highpotential products, modes andcosts of transport for goodsand services, product markets,

SADC Industrialization Strategy and Roadmap Rolled out in seven Member States, five more by DecemberTHE SADC IndustrializationStrategy and Roadmap hasbeen rolled out in seven mem-ber states since adoption inApril 2015, and this will be ex-panded to five more countriesby December.

The Director for IndustrialDevelopment and Trade at theSADC Secretariat, TapiwaSamanga, said the first sevenare Angola, Botswana, King-dom of eSwatini, Lesotho,Madagascar, South Africa andZimbabwe.

The target is to reach a totalof 12 countries by the end ofthis year.

Samanga said the roll-outexercise has involved workingwith various government min-istries and departments, aswell as with the private sectorand civil society.

“Together with these Mem-ber States (the first seven), wediscussed the key elements ofthe strategy, discussed the ex-pectations and obligations ofeach Member State in imple-menting the strategy.

“We also assisted in workingout the National Indicative Pub-lic Coordination costs for the rollout of the SADC Industrialisa-tion Strategy and its roadmap toensure effective implementationof the strategy.”

He said at the regional level,the SADC Secretariat has so farfacilitated two Industrialisa-tion Weeks to popularize thestrategy and gain support forits implementation.

The Industrialization Weekprovides an opportunity for re-gional governments and theSecretariat to engage and net-work with the private sector,which is a key player in the in-dustrialization agenda.

I N D U S T R I A L I Z A T I O N

SADC Industrialisation Strategy andRoadmapTHE SADC Industrialisation Strategy and Roadmap was ap-proved in April 2015 during an Extraordinary Summit heldin Harare, Zimbabwe.

It is an inclusive long-term modernisation and economictransformation scheme that should enable substantial andsustained economic development to raise living standardsand achieve the SADC vision of a united, prosperous and in-tegrated region.

The strategy is anchored on three pillars – industrializa-tion, competitiveness, and regional integration. Strategic in-terventions for each of these pillars are proposed in the actionplan. These include: v an improved policy environment for industrial develop-

ment by 2020; v increased volume and efficiency of public and private sec-

tor investments in the SADC economy; v creation of regional value chains and participation in re-

lated global processes; v increased value addition for agricultural and non-agricul-

tural products and services.To support implementation, a Costed Action Plan for the

SADC Industrialization Strategy and Roadmap was adoptedduring an Extraordinary Summit held in March 2017 in theKingdom of eSwatini.

The Action Plan seeks to establish a coherent and syner-gistic implementation scheme containing strategic optionsand general policies towards the progressive attainment oftime-bound targets set out in the strategy and roadmap.

The action plan focuses on the first 15 years of the strategytimeframe. r

B L U E E C O N O M Y


by Joseph Ngwawi

SADC iS moving towards a strategy to develop a thriving mar-itime economy and harness the full potential of sea-based activitiesin an environmentally sustainable manner.

The SADC Secretariat is preparing a discussion document to beused to develop a regional blue economy strategy, and is also plan-ning to commission a study on opportunities and threats to theSADC Blue Economy Initiative.

The SADC Revised Regional Indicative Strategic DevelopmentPlan (2015-2020) and the Industrialization Strategy and Roadmap(2015-2063) both identify the blue economy as a potential area forsustainable growth in the region.

The SADC Industrialization Strategy and Roadmap (2015-2063)requires that the Blue Economy Initiative be mainstreamed in devel-oping infrastructure required to accelerate industrialization.

Some Member States such as South Africa, Seychelles and Mau-ritius have developed blue economy strategies and institutionalmechanisms at national level.

Investment in the development and upgrading of regional portsand maritime corridors is regarded as crucial in facilitating viableshipping networks as enablers for participation in regional andglobal value chains.

SISR also says that ocean resources should be exploited in a sus-tainable manner to minimize the negative impact on environment;and that sustainable development of the ocean wealth should besupported by coherent planning, policies and regulatory frame-works.

The blue economy conceptualises oceans as “developmentspaces” where coordinated planning integrates conservation, sus-tainable use, oil and mineral wealth extraction and marine trans-port.

The initiative breaks the mould of the “brown” developmentmodel where oceans have been perceived as a means of free re-source extraction and waste dumping.

The concept recognizes the productivity of healthy ocean ecosys-tems as a way of safeguarding sustainable ocean-based economies,

as well as ensuring that Small Island Developing States and othercoastal countries benefit from their marine resources.

Ocean and inland waters such as seas, lakes, rivers and reser-voirs provide significant benefits to humanity, including: Food and nutrition security from fisheries and aquaculture; Economic and social development from fisheries and aquacul-

ture, marine and coastal tourism, shipping, mining and energy;and

Ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, water filtra-tion, atmospheric and temperature regulation, protection fromerosion and extreme weather events.However, southern Africa has been experiencing a rapid erosion

of the asset base of oceans and inland waters due to overfishing,pollution from land-based sources, mangrove deforestation, cli-mate change, and ocean acidification.

As a result, there is need for a paradigm shift in order to realizethe full potential of the oceans and inland waters.

This will require that the region embraces a new, responsibleand sustainable approach that is more environmentally, sociallyand economically effective.

This initiative comes at a crucial time when the need for foodand resources from the ocean and inland waters is increasing rap-idly to meet the needs of the growing population.

The blue economy concept is appropriate for the SADC regionsince more than half of its 16 Member States are coastal or oceaniccountries.

Eight SADC Member States – Angola, Madagascar, Mauritius,Mozambique, Namibia, Seychelles, South Africa and the UnitedRepublic of Tanzania – are coastal or oceanic states.

SADC is exploring ways to develop the region’s blue economyin order to grow renewable energy options by harnessing sourcessuch as tidal power, ocean currents and ocean thermal energy con-version.

The blue economy development strategy is timely for theSADC region, which has witnessed significant discoveries of largereserves of oil and natural gas in countries such as Mozambique,Namibia and Tanzania in recent years, indicating a huge potential

Towards a SADC Blue Econom

for exploitation of the resource in the region. The east coast of Africa has emerged as one of the

brightest spots in the global energy landscape, withlarge natural gas finds in Mozambique and Tanzania.

Exploration has taken place in all SADC MemberStates although the exact amounts of reserves are un-

known for most countries.New offshore natural gas finds along coastal Mozam-

bique are expected to be a “game changer” for the countryand the region.

The country has estimated recoverable natural gas reservesof about 100 trillion cubic feet (tcf) of gas, enough to meet one

year's gas consumption by the United States and other westerncountries.

Tanzania has 57 tcf proven natural gas reserves from its deepwater, offshore region.

The discovery of huge reserves of natural gas has resulted in theformation of the SADC Inter-State Gas Committee. The committeeis charged with ensuring the inclusion and promotion of naturalgas into the regional energy mix and facilitation of an increase inuniversal access to energy as well as industrial development inSADC.

In addition to the oil and gas discoveries, there is great potentialfor exploration of other oceanic resources in other SADC MemberStates.

For example, Namibia has significant reserves of guano, ahighly effective fertiliser made from the excrement of seabirds orbats that contains a high content of nitrogen, phosphate and potas-sium, three nutrients essential for plant growth.

Exploration of oceanic resources has not been done exhaustivelyin most SADC Member States and there is a lot more to learn aboutthe undiscovered marine resources.

The blue economy encompasses a range of stakeholders, includ-ing traditional and emerging maritime sectors suchas fisheries, aquaculture, shipping, offshore oiland gas, bio-prospecting, marine mining aswell as the research community, conserva-tionists, policymakers and civil society.

The link between ocean health andhuman development is explicitly recog-nised in the 2030 Agenda for SustainableDevelopment and the associated Sustain-able Development Goals (SDGs), specifi-cally SDG 14, which requires United NationsMember States to “conserve and sustainably usethe oceans, seas and marine resources for sustain-able development.”

These trends are also visible in African policydebates. The former chairperson of the AfricanUnion Commission, Dr Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, once referred to the blue economy asthe maritime dimension of the African Ren-aissance, while Agenda 2063 of the AU en-

visages the blue economy as a major contributor to continentaltransformation and growth.

At the centre of this shift is the 2050 Africa’s Integrated MaritimeStrategy (2050 AIM Strategy), a comprehensive plan that aims to“foster more wealth creation from Africa’s oceans, seas and inlandwater ways by developing a thriving maritime economy and real-ising the full potential of sea-based activities in an environmentallysustainable manner.”

The 2050 AIM Strategy makes it clear that Africa’s approach to theblue economy includes not only its maritime domain but also the con-tinent’s inland water bodies, thereby underscoring the relevance ofthe blue economy for all African states, including landlocked states.

More recently, the African Charter on Maritime Security, Safetyand Development in Africa (also known as the Lomé Charter) wasadopted to address key components of the regional blue economyagenda.

The blue economy concept has been debated in various fora andadopted by several institutions such as the Organisation for EconomicCooperation and Development, United Nations Environment, andthe Food and Agriculture Organisation.

It featured prominently during Rio+20, whose outcomes haveproven to be a strong catalyst for driving new efforts towards theimplementation of previous and new commitments on oceans andinland waters to restore, exploit and conserve aquatic resources. r


y

B L U E E C O N O M Y

W A T E R


by Egline Tauya

A SoCio-ECoNoMiC assess-ment for the Chirundu watersupply and sanitation project be-tween Zambia and Zimbabwewill soon begin in pursuit of thegoals of regional integration andpoverty reduction throughwater infrastructure.

The assessment is aimed tocapacitate the two countries toprepare bankable projects to ac-cess finance for water infra-structure.

On completion of the assess-ment, Zambia and Zimbabweare expected to have an under-standing of the prevailing so-cial and economic conditionson either side of the ZambeziRiver as they relate to the de-velopment of a joint cross bor-der project at Chirundu.

The assessment will enablekey stakeholders in water sup-ply and sanitation from eitherside of the border to be fully in-volved and have ownershipover the formulation of ideasand options for a joint cross bor-der water supply and sanitationtaking into consideration the dif-ferent social groups in the twotowns of Chirundu in Zambiaand Chirundu in Zimbabwe.

The joint water supply andsanitation project is expected tobe a vehicle for transboundarycooperation reducing conflictsthrough better provision ofwater infrastructure to the twoSADC Member States.

Chirundu is the busiest re-gional transit transport link in

eastern and southern Africa,carrying 5.8 million tonnes ofcross-border traffic extendingover three regional economicgroups, SADC, Common Mar-ket for East and SouthernAfrica (COMESA,) and EastAfrican Community (EAC).

The Beira-Lobito Corridoralso passes through Chirundumaking the settlement a traderoute node and convergence ofall corridors in the sub-regionincluding the Kalahari.

The high volume of trafficthrough the border has broughtcommercial opportunities toChirundu, but has also placedthe existing water supply andsanitation services under fur-ther pressure, increasing therisk of waterborne diseases.

As the population increasesin the two towns, it is necessarythat the water supply and sani-tation system is adequatelyplanned before the settlementdensities reach a critical levelbeyond which creating servi-tudes will be impossible with-out property demolitions.

The joint cross borderwater supply and sanitationproject will be part of imple-menting the Regional Infra-structure Development MasterPlan directed through theSADC Regional Strategic Ac-tion Plan on Integrated WaterResources Development andManagement Phase IV (2016-2020), which responds to thedictates of the Revised SADCProtocol on Shared Water-courses.

A similar water supply andsanitation project at MwamiBorder between Zambia andMalawi, under the auspices ofClimate Resilience Infrastruc-ture Development Facility(CRIDF), seeks to benefit 6,000public travellers and 1,500houses at Mwami, Mchinji andChanida border towns.

Two other projects are al-ready under implementationbetween Mozambique and theKingdom of Eswatini in theLomahasha/Namaacha bor-der towns and on the Tun-duma and Nakonde bordertowns between Tanzania andZambia.

SADC is thus looking formore projects that can be im-plemented using the samemodel, but which have a stronglink to the SADC transportcorridor initiative and the Re-gional Industrialisation Strat-egy and Action Plan.

In line with this agenda,Zambia and Zimbabwe haveagreed to conduct a pre-feasi-bility study and environmen-tal impact assessment for theChirundu cross-border projectwith technical support fromSADC and the German Devel-opment Cooperation with co-financing from the UnitedKingdom’s Department for In-ternational Development.

While CRIDF carried a feasi-bility study for water supplyand sanitation in Chirundu in2016, this was found to be inad-equate. The CRIDF study fo-cused only on the urban area of

the Zambian side, leaving theZimbabwean side and the sur-rounding area, especially indefining future scenarios.

SADC therefore considers itimperative that a feasibilitystudy be undertaken for a jointproject for the entire Chirundusettlement.

The proposed study shallprovide further basic informa-tion, and shall specify the scopeand design of the project aswell as develop the terms ofreference for the detailed engi-neering design of the project.

The water service deliveryis generally inadequate inChirundu partly due to waterpipe burst often caused by ele-phants which damage waterpipes to access drinking water.Water cuts resulting from poweroutages are also experienced.

Household, institutionaland commercial premises areeither connected to a specifictank or a reticulated sewagedisposal system while mostpublic places such as bus termi-nus and market places haveBlair toilets.

Residents from informal set-tlements use basic individualpit latrines and public toiletswhile a sizeable number resortto open defecation.

Sewage treatment is bywaste stabilisation ponds but inboth towns the design capacityfor the original treatment facil-ities has long been exceededleaving partially treatedsewage flowing into the Zam-bezi River. r

Transboundary cooperation oninfrastructure for water supply and sanitation

Convention on Biological Diversity…SADC to adopt common position


by Kumbirai Nhongo

SADC iS developing a com-mon position on the use of bio-logical resources for sustainabledevelopment.

A common position is criticalto address some of the chal-lenges facing the region, in-cluding over-exploitation anddegradation of the environ-ment, which has, in turn, re-duced the quantity and qualityof biological resources.

Biological resources are gen-erally defined as any genetic re-sources, organisms or partsthereof, populations, or anyother biotic component ofecosystems that have actual orpotential value or use to hu-manity.

The SADC common positionwill serve as a guiding frame-work for the region in all its ne-gotiations on biologicalresources.

Global negotiations on bio-logical resources will be heldduring the 14th Conference ofParties (COP14) to the Conven-tion on Biological Diversity(CBD) scheduled for Egypt inNovember.

The Convention adopted twosupplementary agreements -- theCartagena Protocol on Biosafetyand the Nagoya Protocol on Ac-cess to Genetic Resources and theFair and Equitable Sharing ofBenefits Arising from their Uti-lization, also known as theNagoya Protocol on Access andBenefit Sharing (ABS).

A common position to CBDwill enable SADC MemberStates to align policies andstrategies for sustainable use ofbiological resources and sensi-tise each other on conservingsuch resources.

All the 16 SADC MemberStates are signatories to theCBD, which is also commonlyknown as the Biodiversity Con-vention, Cartagena Protocol onBiosafety and the Nagoya Pro-tocol on ABS.

In fact, all SADC countrieshave appointed National FocalPoints for the CBD as well asfor the Cartagena Protocol onBiosafety and Nagoya Protocolon ABS.

First discussed at the EarthSummit held in Rio de Janeiro,Brazil in June 1992, the CBD en-tered into force in December1993. However, the Conventionwas only adopted duringCOP10 held in 2010 in Nagoya,Japan.

The CBD is a legally bindinginternational treaty with threemain goals – conservation ofbiodiversity; sustainable use ofbiodiversity; fair and equitablesharing of the benefits arisingfrom the use of genetic re-sources.

The Cartagena Protocol onBiosafety seeks to protect bio-logical diversity from the po-tential risks posed by livingmodified organisms resultingfrom modern biotechnology.

The Nagoya Protocol onABS aims to ensure that the

sharing of benefits arising fromthe utilization of genetic re-sources is done in a fair and eq-uitable way.

In this regard, the forthcom-ing COP 14 of the CBD pro-vides an opportunity for theglobal community to agree onstrategies to mitigate the ad-verse impact of human activityon plant and animal life, in-cluding their ecosystems.

SADC was expected to con-vene a regional workshop todevelop its common positionon the three global agreements,This falls under the SADC Pro-gramme on Transboundary Useand Protection of Natural Re-sources that aims to improvethe implementation of SADCprotocols and strategies for sus-tainable natural resource man-agement by regional andnational actors.

Biodiversity issues are a toppriority for SADC. In fact, theregion has a rich natural her-itage of global significance tothe world’s climate and biolog-ical diversity.

According to the SADC Re-gional Biodiversity Strategy,more than 40 percent of the re-gion’s species are endemic,only found in their existing lo-cation.

South Africa ranks as thethird most biologically-di-verse country in the world,while in Madagascar, the rich-ness of endemic species rela-tive to the land mass area isunparalleled.

Lake Malawi/Nyasa/Ni-assa and Lake Tanganyika con-tain very high numbers offreshwater species while theCentral Zambezian Miombowoodlands in Zambia and Tan-zania are a centre of bird andbutterfly diversity.

Botswana has Africa’slargest elephant populationwhile Tanzania hosts the largestremaining population of lions.

Biological resources such asplant and animal products, tim-ber, and wildlife tourism alsoaccount for a significant pro-portion of the Gross DomesticProduct of SADC and are asource of livelihood for the ma-jority of the citizens of the re-gion.

In spite of this biologicalwealth, the region continues toface challenges of economic de-velopment largely due to diffi-culties that are frequentlyexperienced in equitably andsustainably harnessing naturalresource capital.

To address these challenges,SADC has developed variousstrategies to ensure that its bio-logical resources fully benefitthe people of the region.

The region also recognizesthat successful conservationand sustainable use of the bio-logical resources of the regiondepends on transboundary co-operation between MemberStates and beyond.

COP14 will be held 10-22November in Sharm El-Sheikh,Egypt. r

B I O D I V E R S I T Y


E L E C T I O N S

30 July harmonized electionZimbabwe votes

by Pedzisai Munyoro

THE CoNSTiTuTioN of Zim-babwe stipulates that all meas-ures should be taken to ensurethat women and men partici-pate equally in decision-makingprocesses. A total of 17 legal documentshave been passed to advance thegender equality agenda, and theZimbabwe Gender Commissionis tasked to promote genderequality through public educa-tion, research, investigations andmonitoring. Despite the progress made interms of the legal and policy en-vironment, there is still more thatneeds to be done before the goalof achieving gender equality indecision-making positions. Thecurrent electoral process pro-vides some encouraging indica-tors and some disparities. A total of 1,648 candidatessuccessfully filed nominationpapers for National Assemblyelections, and of these, 789 arewomen (48 percent). Of the 789 women who filednomination papers, 247 did soas independent candidates, in-dicating that political parties arenot doing enough to encouragerepresentation of women in po-litical decision-making. Yetwomen constitute more thanhalf of the population in most

The other 18 seats go to tra-ditional chiefs, comprising thepresident and deputy presidentof the National Council ofChiefs, and two chiefs eachfrom eight provinces, excludingthe two metropolitan provincesof Harare and Bulawayo. Zimbabwe introduced a“zebra-list” system for nomina-tion of senate candidates in the2013 elections. Under this sys-tem, political parties are re-quired to submit lists ofcandidates showing womenand men alternating, with awoman at the top of each list. The zebra-list system isused for parliamentary andlocal government elections inother SADC Member Statessuch as Lesotho, Namibia andSouth Africa, and this systemhas been successful in improv-ing political participation.Namibia has the highest num-ber of women in parliament inthe region at 46.2 percent. Therefore, political partiesneed to take the necessary stepsto ensure that gender equalityand equity is enshrined andfirmly rooted at party level.One way of addressing this dis-parity would be to extend the“zebra-list” system to the nom-ination of candidates for theNational Assembly and localcouncils. r

ZiMBABwEANS go to thepolls on 30 July for harmonizedelections to choose their presi-dent, parliamentarians andcouncillors. A total of 23 presidential can-didates filed nomination papersto contest the election, the high-est number of presidential can-didates ever recorded in thecountry. The candidates include the in-

cumbent President EmmersonMnangagwa who is leader of theparty in government, the Zim-babwe African National UnionPatriotic Front (Zanu PF), andNelson Chamisa of the Move-ment for Democratic Change(MDC) Alliance, a coalition ofseven opposition political parties. Among other candidatesvying for the presidency are aformer deputy Prime Minister,Dr Thokozani Khupe, and a for-mer Vice President, Dr JoyceMujuru. They are among fourwomen contesting the presi-dency. Khupe leads the MDC-Tsvangirai (MDC-T) formationand has been engaged in a legalcase over the use of the MDC-Tname and symbols following thedeath of the former leader, Mor-gan Tsvangirai. Mujuru wasdeputy to the former PresidentRobert Mugabe for a decadeuntil 2014 and is now leader ofthe People’s Rainbow Coalition. The election marks the firsttime that the two main politicalparties are fielding new presi-dential candidates. Zanu PF elected Mnangagwa

as party leader, thus becomingHead of State under the Constitu-tion after Mugabe resigned in No-vember 2017, while Chamisa andKhupe took over two parts of theMDC following the death ofTsvangirai in February this year. If no candidate wins 50 per-cent plus one in the presidentialelection, there will be a run-offelection on 8 September. A total of 5,695,706 eligiblevoters had registered as of 9 July,according to the Zimbabwe Elec-

toral Commission (ZEC). Ofthese, 3,073,190 or 54 percent arewomen while 2,622,516 or 46 per-cent are men. More than 120 political parties

have registered to participate inthe elections with over 50 partiesfielding parliamentary candi-dates. Representatives from 46 coun-tries and 15 regional and interna-tional organisations haveaccepted the invitation to observethe elections, including those

from the Southern African De-velopment Community and theAfrican Union as well as theCommonwealth, EuropeanUnion, United States, Britain,and the United Nations. Some regional organisationssuch as SADC and the CommonMarket for Eastern and SouthernAfrica (Comesa) began dispatch-ing their missions in May andJune to assess the state of pre-paredness for elections. As per tra-dition, the elections are observed

in three phases -- pre-election,election-day, and post-election. In the last elections held fiveyears ago in 2013, Zanu PF wonthe presidential polls with 61percent of the vote against 34percent for MDC-T. In the parliamentary elections,Zanu PF won 76 percent of thevote and 159 of the 210 electiveseats in the National Assembly,more than a two-thirds majority.The MDC-T got 50 seats, andabout 24 percent of the vote. r

SADC countries, and usuallyturn out in large numbers onElection Day to vote. Zanu PF and MDC Alliancewill field a total of 296 womencandidates in the parliamentaryelections -- Zanu PF has 151women candidates while theMDC Alliance has 145. Zimbabwe uses a “first pastthe post” system for parliamen-tary and local elections where thecandidate with the most voteswins. The National Assembly ismade up of 210 members electedby this method and an additional60 seats reserved for women. The reserved seats comprisesix seats each for the 10 admin-istrative provinces in Zim-babwe, with the memberselected through a system of Pro-portional Representation (PR)based on the votes cast for can-didates representing partiescontesting parliamentary elec-tions in the respective regions. Under the new Constitutionadopted in May 2013, the provi-sion for reserved seats forwomen will apply for two elec-tions, which means that 2018 isthe last time this will apply. The Senate is made up of 80members, comprising six repre-sentatives elected on a PR basisfrom each of the 10 provinces aswell as two representatives ofpersons with disabilities.

Zimbabwe elections: Towards gender parity


such as the SADC RPTC, theSouthern African Regional Po-lice Chiefs Co-operation Or-ganization, and the RegionalEarly Warning Centre. At the legal and policy level,the Organ operations and func-tions are regulated by the Pro-tocol on Politics, Defence andSecurity Cooperation. The Organ has its ownstrategic plan, the RevisedStrategic Indicative Plan for theOrgan (SIPO II), and is man-aged on a Troika basis, consist-ing of a Chairperson, IncomingChairperson and OutgoingChairperson, reporting to theSADC Chair. The main objective of theSIPO is “to create a peacefuland stable political and securityenvironment through whichthe region will realise its objec-tives of socio-economic devel-opment, poverty eradication,and regional integration.” Other key policy documentsthat guide peace and securityactivities in SADC include theProtocol on Control of Firearmsand Related Ammunition; Pro-tocol on Extradition; Protocol onthe Facilitation of Movement ofPersons; Protocol on MutualLegal Assistance in CriminalMatters; and the Protocol onCombating Illicit Drugs. The US Embassy in

Botswana was appointed toserve as the ICP Co-Chair for aperiod of one year. The otherco-chair is the SADC Direc-torate of the Organ on Politics,Defence and Security. Delivering his closing re-marks, Director Jorge Cardosoexpressed his appreciation tothe ICPs for attendance at themeeting, which will be con-vened twice a year reporting tothe SADC ICP Dialogue Plat-form, which is the main mech-anism coordinating

THE NEw Peace and SecurityThematic Group (PSTG) metfor the first time on 25 May2018 at the SADC headquar-ters. The PSTG has three specificobjectives:v First, to provide a platform

for sharing experiences andinformation on peace andsecurity in the region;

v Second, to engage the ICPson matters relating to peaceand security and mappingthe way forward in address-ing areas of concern for con-solidating peace andsecurity in the region; and,

v Third, to facilitate resourcemobilization for SADC’speace and security activitiesin line with the Costed Im-plementation Plan on Peaceand Security (2016 – 2021).

The inaugural meeting wasattended by representatives ofthe SADC Secretariat and sub-sidiary organisations such asthe SADC Regional Peacekeep-ing Training Centre (RPTC), aswell as International Cooperat-ing Partners (ICPs). The meeting discussed theTerms of Reference of the the-matic group; SADC’s institu-tional and policy frameworkfor peace and security; SADCefforts at maintaining peaceand security in the region; andareas amenable to ICP funding. Some ICPs identified areasfor which they are interested inproviding support. The Organ on Politics, De-fence and Security, commonlyknown as the Organ, is the for-mal institution of SADC withthe mandate to support theachievement and maintenanceof security and the rule of lawin the SADC region. The Organ was establishedin June 1996 and works closelywith other regional institutions

P E A C E & S E C U R I T Y

Inaugural Peace and Security Thematic Group meeting held atSADC secretariat

New SADC mediation team for Lesotho

THE SADC Chair, President CyrilRamaphosa of South Africa, has ap-pointed a team to facilitate therestoration of political and securitystability in the Kingdom of Lesotho. The team, comprising threedeputy ministers from the SouthAfrican government, is led by a for-mer deputy Chief Justice of SouthAfrica, Justice Dikgang Moseneke, and will assist Ramaphosaas he continues to support the national dialogue and reformprocesses in Lesotho. Ramaphosa said he has confidence in Moseneke’s experi-ence and expertise in constitutionalism. “I take this opportunity to thank Justice Moseneke for avail-ing himself to support us in this important mandate as we con-tinue to assist our brothers and sisters in the Kingdom ofLesotho in their search for a lasting and sustainable solution totheir political and security challenges.” The decision to appoint the team is in line with a resolutionby the SADC Double Troika Summit held in Luanda, Angolain April this year, which tasked Ramophosa to continue withthe facilitation and recommended that he should appoint ateam of high-level personalities to support him. Ramaphosa was appointed as the SADC facilitator in Sep-tember 2014 when he was the deputy president of South Africa. However, since becoming President in February this year,it was recommended that he could establish a team to assisthim in addressing the political situation in Lesotho. His facilitation produced a report with key recommendationson constitutional, security sector, judiciary, and public service andmedia reform issues, which the Lesotho government committedto undertake to resolve that country’s political instability. SADC endorsed the report, and Maseru was urged to de-velop a roadmap on the required reforms, which it has done. The Luanda Double Troika Summit endorsed the plan andurged Lesotho to prioritise the constitutional and security sec-tor reforms, which should be completed by May 2019. Moseneke’s assignment, therefore, is to oversee the process.Apa News r

cooperation between SADCand partners. The meeting was attendedby diplomats accredited toBotswana, including the Euro-pean Union, the embassies ofGermany, Russia, Japan,Britain and United States, the

German Development Cooper-ation (GIZ) office, and the Inter-national Organisation onMigration; and others based inSouth Africa including the Nor-wegian Embassy, and UnitedNations Office on Drugs andCrime (UNODC). r

agreement to ensure that it isequitable.

According to a commu-niqué released soon after theSACU Summit of Heads ofState and Government held inGaborone, Botswana in June,the leaders said the review ofthe revenue-sharing formulashould aim at investigatingfinancing mechanisms to sup-port industrial and infrastruc-ture development in theunion.

Furthermore, it must en-sure that no SACU memberstate should be worse offunder the new arrangement.Therefore, the new formulashould be developmental infocus and not simply distribu-tive.

SACU was established in1910, before most of its mem-ber states were independent.The Secretariat is now basedin Windhoek, Namibia.

All the five SACU countriesare members of SADC, hencethe proposed review of therevenue-sharing agreementshould provide some impor-tant lessons for the regionalbody when it finally launchesits own customs union.

The launch of the SADCCustoms Union was initiallyscheduled for 2010. However,member states asked for moretime to allow them to imple-ment the SADC Free TradeArea that was launched in2008. sardc.net r

a lack of consultation by SouthAfrica of its SACU partners.

Another complaint is thatthe countries allege that thereare various non-tariff barrierspreventing their access intothe South African market.

South Africa has com-plained, in turn, that theweighted allocation of exciseas well as customs duties tothe BLNS has become an in-creasing burden on the SouthAfrican fiscus, and that SACUhas become unaffordable.

The relationship betweenSouth Africa and its SACUpartners is further compli-cated by the former’s bilateraltrade pact with the EuropeanUnion. An important featureof the South Africa-EU tradeagreement is the implicitasymmetry of trade liberalisa-tion between the EU and theBLNS countries.

Because of the SACU, theSouth Africa-EU agreement ef-fectively grants the EU free ac-cess to the markets of theBLNS countries but does notgrant the BLNS countries re-ciprocal access to the EU mar-kets.

Members of SACU havebeen engaged in consultationsover the past decade regard-ing irregularities in the rev-enue-sharing agreement.

In an effort to address theseirregularities, the five memberstates have been negotiating toreview the revenue-sharing


According to the SACUAgreement of 2002, the rev-enue-sharing formula usesthree components to calculaterevenue shares for memberstates. These are a customscomponent, an excise compo-nent, and a development com-ponent.

Using the customs compo-nent, revenue is allocated onthe basis of the share of eachcountry in intra-SACU im-ports, while the excise elementallocates the funds on thebasis of each country’s shareof Gross Domestic Product(GDP).

Revenue allocations usingthe development componentare fixed at 15 percent of totalexcise revenue and distributedaccording to the inverse of percapita GDP of each country.

Under the present arrange-ment, South Africa is the cus-todian of CRP and all customsand excise duties collected inthe common customs area arepaid into the South AfricanNational Revenue Fund.

The revenue is then sharedamong SACU member statesaccording to the revenue-shar-ing formula in the agreement. Only the shares for the BLNScountries are calculated, withSouth Africa receiving the re-mainder. The BLNS countrieshave complained over theyears that the revenue-sharingformula does not fully com-pensate them and that there is

THE SouTHErN AfricanCustoms Union (SACU) is re-viewing its revenue-sharingagreement to support a moreequitable allocation of fundswhich is acceptable to all par-ticipating countries.

A well-functioning revenuesharing formula is a key pillarof a successful customs unionand this has been an issue ofcontention for SACU, the oldestcustoms union in the world.

SACU operates as a cus-toms union of South Africa,Botswana, Lesotho, Namibiaand the Kingdom of eSwatiniunder a renewable agreement,and is governed at present byan agreement negotiated in2002.

The main provisions arethat the tariff regime in forcein South Africa applies to theother countries, serving as acommon external tariff; andthat customs and excise rev-enue collected in memberstates is paid into a CommonRevenue Pool (CRP) and dis-tributed according to a for-mula weighted in favour ofBotswana, Lesotho, Namibiaand eSwatini (the BLNS coun-tries).

This weighting is intendedto compensate the smallerSACU countries for the price-raising effects of being drawnbehind South Africa's protec-tive tariff regime, and for theloss of sovereignty over tariffand trade policy issues.

S A C U

SACU reviews revenue-sharing formula

Namibia

Botswana

South Africa

Lesotho

eSwatini


August – October 2018July30, Zimbabwe Harmonized elections in Zimbabwe

Voters will go to the polls to choose their President, Members ofParliament (National Assembly and Senate), and local councillorsto serve for the next five years. According to the Constitution ofZimbabwe the election results must be announced within five daysafter the election.

30 July-1 August, SADC Industrialization Week Namibia The event aims to popularize the SADC Industrialization Strategy

and Roadmap that was approved in 2015. Now in its third year, theannual event comprises a high-level conference to discuss ways ofaccelerating the industrialization agenda as well as an exhibitionto showcase to allow various stakeholders to engage and network.

August8-19, Namibia 38th SADC Summit of Heads of State and Government

SADC leaders will meet for their annual Summit to discuss issuesaimed at advancing regional integration and development. TheSummit, set for 17-18 August, is preceded by meetings of seniorofficials and the Council of Ministers. President Hage Geingob ofNamibia will chair SADC for the coming year, taking over fromPresident Cyril Ramaphosa of South Africa. The Summit theme is“Promoting Infrastructure Development and Youth Empowermentfor Sustainable Development”.

16-17, 19th SADC Lawyers Association Annual ConferenceMozambique Lawyers from SADC Member States will meet to discuss the role of

the legal profession in advancing regional economic integration andinfrastructure development, and in structuring Public PrivatePartnerships. The theme is “Promoting inclusive legal policyframeworks for sustainable socio-economic development in SADC”.

TBA Southern African Regional Climate Outlook Forum Climate experts from SADC Member States will meet to review theregional climate outlook, using indicators of seasonal rainfall toproduce a regional forecast for the 2018/19 rainfall season.

26 – 31, Sweden World Water Week 2018The World Water Week is an annual focal point for global waterissues since 1991. Commemorated in Stockholm, Sweden eachyear, the World Water Week 2018 has the theme of “Water,ecosystems and human development”.

September3, Tanzania 51st SAPP Management Committee Meetings

The meeting brings together leaders of power utilities andgovernment representatives in the 12 member states of the SouthernAfrican Power Pool (SAPP) to discuss key management issuesrelated to the regional electricity grid and regional power supply.

TBA, eSwatini Parliamentary elections in Kingdom of eSwatiniThe Kingdom of eSwatini will elect parliamentarians through thesystem of Tinkhundla (or Inkhundla) which means “community” or“constituency”. Candidates are shortlisted in their chiefdoms, anda total of 55 parliamentarians are elected through this process. KingMswati III nominates a further 10, bringing the total to 65 members.

18 Sept - 5 Oct, 73rd Session of the UN General AssemblyNew York The General Debate of the 73rd Session of the UN General

Assembly (UNGA 73) takes place at UN headquarters in New York.The General Assembly is preceded by a series of meetings. TheGeneral Assembly is the main representative and policy makingorgan of the United Nations.

October02 Oct, Zimbabwe 45th SAPP Executive Committee Meetings

The Executive Committee of Southern African Power Pool (SAPP)will discuss the energy situation in the region. The ExecutiveCommittee, which acts as the Board of SAPP is comprised of chiefexecutives of enterprises that generate, wholesale and retail powerto end-user customers.

10 Oct, Municipal elections in MozambiqueMozambique Mozambique has set 10 October as Election Day for its sixth

municipal polls for 53 municipalities in the 11 provinces. Theprevious municipal elections were held in 2013.

E V E N T SSOUTHERN

AFRICA TODAY

SADC TODAY VOL 20 NO 5 AUGUST 2018

SOUTHERN AFRICA TODAYis produced as a reference source of

activities and opportunities in theSouthern African Development Community, and a guide for

decision-makers at all levels of national and regional development.

Southern African Development CommunitySADC Secretariat, SADC House, Private Bag 0095,

Gaborone, BotswanaTel +267 395 1863 Fax +267 397 2848/318 1070E-mail [email protected] Website www.sadc.int

SOUTHERN AFRICATODAY is published six times a year by the Southern AfricanResearch and Documentation Centre (SARDC) for the SADC Secretariat in Gaborone,Botswana, as a reliable knowledge source on regional development. Articles may be

reproduced freely in the media and elsewhere, with attribution.

EDITORMunetsi Madakufamba

EDITORIAL COMMITTEEJoseph Ngwawi, Kizito Sikuka, Egline Tauya, Admire Ndhlovu,

Phyllis Johnson, Danai Majaha, Kumbirai Nhongo, Tariro Sasa, Nyarai Kampilipili,Tanaka Chitsa, Lynette Chitambo, Tonderai Mpofu,

Monica Mutero, Raymond Ndhlovu, Pedzisayi Munyoro, Thenjiwe Ngwenya

SOUTHERN AFRICA TODAY is supported by the Austrian Development Agency, insupport of the SADC Energy Thematic Group of International Cooperating Partners,

which is co-chaired by Austria.

© SADC, SARDC, 2018

SOUTHERN AFRICA TODAY welcomes contributions from individuals andorganizations within the SADC region in form of articles, photographs, news itemsand comments, and also relevant articles from outside the region. The publishersreserve the right to select or reject items, and to edit to fit the space available. The

contents do not necessarily reflect the official positions or opinions of SADC or SARDC.

SOUTHERN AFRICA TODAY is published in English, Portuguese and French, andis available electronically at www.sardc.net Knowledge for Development, linked to

www.sadc.int

DESIGN & LAYOUTTonely Ngwenya, Francis Chikanga

PHOTOS AND ILLUSTRATIONSP1www.namport.com.na, durban.getitonline.co.za; P2 herald.co.zw, sardc.net;

P4 ThisIsAfrica.me, MySchoolNews, MySchoolNews; P5 linkedin.com; P6 mozambiqueminingpost.com, incoreinsightlytics.com;

P7 nestle-waters.com, bloomberg.com, chylulu.com; P8 cavotec.com; P9 angolafieldgroup.files.wordpress.com, subseaworld news.com,

ytimg.com, http://footage.framepool.com; P10 wildzambezi.com P11 Eco-Business.com, Wikipedia, connections.be www.kanwischerstrassberger.com,

www.thegreatprojects.com, KE Adventure Travel; P12 bulawayo24.jpg, data.png, gdp.jpg, i.ytimg.jpg, pbs.twimg.jpg, pindula.jpg;

P13 law.unimelb.edu.au, Wikimedia.org; P14 GEG Africa, myzol.co.zw, Mail & Guardian16 36th SADC Summit Brochure page 28, ippmedia.com

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Comments and contributions should be sent [email protected]

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This document was produced in the context of a project funded by the Austrian Development Agency/the Austrian DevelopmentCooperation. The responsibility of the content of this publication lies entirely with the author; the information and views expresseddo not reflect the official opinion of the Austrian Development Agency/the Austrian Development Cooperation.

sardc.net @sardc.net

A shared future within a regional community

H I S T O R YT O D A Y

Mwalimu Nyerere Leadership School

PUBLIC HOLIDAYS IN SADCAugust-October 2018

From second left,H.E. Frederick Chiluba, President of Zambia; H.E. Joaquim Chissano, President of Mozambique; H.E. Dr Sam Nujoma,Founding President of Namibia; H.E. Sir Ketumile Masire, President of Botswana; H.E. Robert Mugabe, Founding President ofZimbabwe; and H.E. Ali Hassan Mwinyi, President of the United Republic of Tanzania. Others who attended were the Prime Ministerof Swaziland, Rt. Hon. Obed M. Dlamini, Prime Minister of Angola, Rt. Hon. F. Franca Van Dunem; Hon. A.L. Thoahlane, the Ministerof Finance, Planning and Economic Development from Lesotho; and Hon. L.J. Chimango, Minister of Finance from Malawi.

1 August Parents’ Day DRC6 August Farmers’ Day Zambia8 August Nane Nane Peasant Day Tanzania9 August Women’s Day South Africa13 August Heroes’ Day Zimbabwe14 August Defence Forces Day Zimbabwe15 August Assumption Day Madagascar, Seychelles15 August Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary Mauritius

17 August SADC Day* All21 August Eid al Adha Tanzania 26 August Heroes’ Day Namibia27 August Public Holiday Namibia

3 September Umhlanga Reed Dance eSwatini6 September Somhlolo Day/Independence Day eSwatini7 September Victory Day Mozambique14 September Ganesh Chaturthi Mauritius17 September National Heroes Day Angola24 September Heritage Day South Africa25 September Armed Forces Day Mozambique30 September Botswana Day Botswana1 October Public Holiday Botswana2 October Public Holiday Botswana4 October Independence Day Lesotho4 October Peace and National Reconciliation Day Mozambique14 October Mwalimu Julius Nyerere Day Tanzania15 October Mothers’ Day Malawi18 October National Day of Prayer Zambia

SiX AfriCAN liberation parties from southern Africa arepreparing for construction of a leadership college in Tan-zania in recognition and appreciation of the role played bythe late Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere in their national inde-pendence struggles.

The parties are CCM (Tanzania), FRELIMO (Mozam-bique), MPLA (Angola), ZANU PF (Zimbabwe), SWAPO(Namibia), and ANC (South Africa), and they were repre-sented at the colourful historic function by their secre-taries-general.

They will work together to establish the Mwalimu Ny-erere Leadership School that will offer training in politicalideology and leadership skills with the aim of strengthen-ing unity and cooperation in liberating African economies.

President John Magufuli officiated at the laying of thefoundation stone for construction of the college in Kibahadistrict, Coast region, with the Head of International Liai-son of the CPC (China), Song Tao.

“We need to have the political parties with strong lead-ership who will obey leadership ethics and be able to bringeconomic development to the people,” Magufuli said.

The project will be carried out with Chinese financialsupport and built by the China Railway Jianchang Engi-neering Company (CRJE) over the next two years. r

THE HiSToriC Summit establishing the Southern African DevelopmentCommunity was hosted in 1992 in the capital city of the newly independentcountry of Namibia, which had gained independence just over two yearsearlier.

SADC was established through the Declaration and Treaty of SADCsigned in Windhoek on 17 August 1992, thus replacing the Memorandumof Understanding on the Institutions of the Southern African DevelopmentCoordination Conference (SADCC), and transforming a coordination con-ference into a development community.

SADCC had been formed in Lusaka, Zambia on 1 April 1980, with theadoption of the Lusaka Declaration – Southern Africa: Towards Economic Liber-ation, based on consultations by the Frontline States, which started in 1977 andculminated in meetings in Gaborone, Botswana and Arusha, Tanzania in 1979.

By 1992, the SADCC leaders were ready to take the next step and, hostedby Namibia’s founding President Sam Nujoma, the summit was chaired bythe President of Botswana, Sir Ketumile Masire. Masire chaired SADC until1997 when he handed the gavel to the first President of South Africa, NelsonMandela, who held it for two years and thereafter SADC adopted a systemof rotation.

At the time of the 1992 Summit in Windhoek, South Africa was not yetfree of the apartheid system, nor was it ruled by a democratic choice of themajority as most South Africans were still not allowed to vote, which theydid for the first time two years later, on 27 April 1994.

However, in attendance at the 1992 Summit were representatives of theAfrican National Congress (ANC) and the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC). TheANC was represented by its secretary-general, Cyril Ramaphosa, now Presi-dent of South Africa. The PAC was represented by its president, C. Makwetu.

The 1992 Summit agreed to create a “regional economic community ofSouthern African states” with consideration to the movement of people withinthe region; the progressive removal of “all barriers to the flow of capital, goodsand services”; and to give priority to arrangements for peace and security inthe region.

The leaders discussed the drought, peace talks in Angola, the Mozambiquepeace agreement signed in Rome a few days earlier, and they reviewed devel-opments in South Africa.

They also called on the international community to “put pressure on SouthAfrica to restore sovereignty over Walvis Bay and the offshore islands toNamibia,” which was achieved two years later.

The Summit approved the theme for the 1993 Annual Consultative Con-ference – SADC: A Framework and Strategy for Building a Community in SouthernAfrica.

SADC now has 16 Member States. r

17 August 1992SADC established at Windhoek Summit

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