39 Questionable 39 Questionable Assumptions in Modern Assumptions in Modern PhysicsPhysics

•By Greg Volk

ParadigmsParadigms

• Modern physics is messed up!Modern physics is messed up!– Standard Model & String TheoryStandard Model & String Theory

– Big Bang (or Big Dud!)Big Bang (or Big Dud!)

– New Energy anomaliesNew Energy anomalies

– Non-inertial propulsionNon-inertial propulsion

• Math isn’t the problem.Math isn’t the problem.

• Need MAJOR Kuhnian paradigm shifts.Need MAJOR Kuhnian paradigm shifts.

AssumptionsAssumptions

• Necessary & practicalNecessary & practical

• Many are “obviously true”.Many are “obviously true”.

• Examples in historyExamples in history– Flat EarthFlat Earth

– Acceleration and weight (Aristotle)Acceleration and weight (Aristotle)

• Hard to spotHard to spot

GoalsGoals

• Identify some “hard to spot” assumptions.Identify some “hard to spot” assumptions.

• Define “light”, “mass”, “aether”, etc.Define “light”, “mass”, “aether”, etc.

• Introduce alternate paradigmsIntroduce alternate paradigms– Mach’s PrincipleMach’s Principle

– Toroidal, vortex particlesToroidal, vortex particles

• This is NOT a complete theory.This is NOT a complete theory.

Mach’s PrincipleMach’s Principle

• Ernst Mach, George Berkeley, AristotleErnst Mach, George Berkeley, Aristotle

• "Local physical laws are determined by the large-scale structure of the universe."– Stephan Hawking, Stephan Hawking,

The Large Scale Structure of Space-TimeThe Large Scale Structure of Space-Time (1973).

• Matter there influences motion here.Matter there influences motion here.

• Motion is with respect to matter.Motion is with respect to matter.

– Not space itself, not observerNot space itself, not observer

Machian Machian GedankenExperimentGedankenExperiment

• Imagine an element of matter.Imagine an element of matter.

• Is it moving? With respect to what?Is it moving? With respect to what?– If space, by what mechanism?If space, by what mechanism?

– If observer, in what frame?If observer, in what frame?

• If matter, then all other matter must If matter, then all other matter must actually BE present at that location.actually BE present at that location.

• Can matter be present where it is not?Can matter be present where it is not?

Yes! … And No!Yes! … And No!

• It depends on the definition of matter.It depends on the definition of matter.

• To exert its influence elsewhere, matter must To exert its influence elsewhere, matter must possess ‘fields’.possess ‘fields’.

• If an element’s field is inseparable from it If an element’s field is inseparable from it (permanently attached), then it is actually (permanently attached), then it is actually present throughout all space.present throughout all space.

• Then all forces are ‘local contact forces’.Then all forces are ‘local contact forces’.

• Energy density: the influence a localized Energy density: the influence a localized element of matter exerts at other points.element of matter exerts at other points.

Toroidal ParticlesToroidal Particles

• History of Vortex TheoryHistory of Vortex Theory– The Greeks, Kepler, Descartes, Leibniz, The Greeks, Kepler, Descartes, Leibniz,

Swedenbourg, Boskovic, Ampere, Kelvin Swedenbourg, Boskovic, Ampere, Kelvin

– Parson, Compton, Bostick, Krafft, Parson, Compton, Bostick, Krafft, Bergman, Lucas, Ginzbburg, Kanarev, Bergman, Lucas, Ginzbburg, Kanarev, Sarg , TewariSarg , Tewari

• Physical, finite modelPhysical, finite model

• Obeys the laws of electrodynamicsObeys the laws of electrodynamics

Bergman CSS ModelBergman CSS Model

• ±e = Net charge

• c = Speed of balance

• m = E / c2

• h ~ mcR– electron, ferris wheel

– proton, tiny ring

• What’s ‘k’?

#1 - #1 - Light is a ‘thing’ in itself.

• “All the fifty years of conscious brooding have brought me no closer to the answer to the question: what are light quanta? …..…… Of course, today every rascal thinks he knows the answer, but he is deluding himself.”

– Albert EinsteinAlbert Einstein

What is ‘light’?What is ‘light’?

• Does ‘light’ travel from A to B? Or is it Does ‘light’ travel from A to B? Or is it permanently attach to both A and B?permanently attach to both A and B?

• Could ‘light’ be an interaction rather than an Could ‘light’ be an interaction rather than an independent ‘thing’?independent ‘thing’?

• Wavefronts interact to create wavefronts.Wavefronts interact to create wavefronts.

• Does the wavefront exist independently?Does the wavefront exist independently?

• Interference => Interaction.Interference => Interaction.

History of the ‘thing’ ideaHistory of the ‘thing’ idea

• Fermat’s Principle of Least Time (Action)Fermat’s Principle of Least Time (Action)

• Römer’s Jupiter moon calculations Römer’s Jupiter moon calculations (1677)(1677)

• Bradley’s stellar aberration (1727)Bradley’s stellar aberration (1727)

• Young’s double slit (1801)Young’s double slit (1801)

• Feynman’s sum of all pathsFeynman’s sum of all paths

#2 - #2 - Energy (light) can exist without matter.

• The quantum ‘free energy’ conceptThe quantum ‘free energy’ concept

• Has anyone ever isolated a quantum of Has anyone ever isolated a quantum of ‘free energy’?‘free energy’?

• Can ‘free energy’ be measured without Can ‘free energy’ be measured without matter?matter?

• ‘‘Free energy’ comes in bundles called Free energy’ comes in bundles called ‘photons’.‘photons’.

#3 - #3 - Photons are ‘things’ in themselves.

• Can ‘light’ be a wave and a corpuscle?Can ‘light’ be a wave and a corpuscle?

• Interactions are continuous and discreet.Interactions are continuous and discreet.

• Phenomena described by photons:Phenomena described by photons:– Photoelectric EffectPhotoelectric Effect

– Compton Effect (Ashworth & Jennison)Compton Effect (Ashworth & Jennison)

• Photons: the absence of discontinuities?Photons: the absence of discontinuities?

#4 - #4 - The constant ‘c’ is a property of space.

• Does space itself impede motion?Does space itself impede motion?

• Constants e, m & h: properties of matterConstants e, m & h: properties of matter

• Planck derived k via particle interactionsPlanck derived k via particle interactions

• Is ‘c’ alone the only property of space?Is ‘c’ alone the only property of space?

• The Weber-Kohlrausch experiment (1856).The Weber-Kohlrausch experiment (1856).

• Toroidal particles explain c via matter.Toroidal particles explain c via matter.

#5 - #5 - Nothing travels faster than ‘c’.

• First, with respect to what?First, with respect to what?

• Einsteinian relativity collapses with Einsteinian relativity collapses with superluminal velocitiessuperluminal velocities

• Orbital stability demands speeds 10Orbital stability demands speeds 1077 * c. * c.

– LaPlace (1805), Van Flandern (1998)LaPlace (1805), Van Flandern (1998)

• Quantum entanglement (Rodriguez)Quantum entanglement (Rodriguez)

More on superluminal More on superluminal velocitiesvelocities

• Longitudinal forces: rope analogyLongitudinal forces: rope analogy

• Scalar waves: changes in scaleScalar waves: changes in scale

• Water arcing (Graneau & Graneau)Water arcing (Graneau & Graneau)

• Railguns (Graneau & Graneau)Railguns (Graneau & Graneau)

• Homopolar inductionHomopolar induction– Achilles & Guala-Valverde (2007)Achilles & Guala-Valverde (2007)

#6 - #6 - Instantaneous action at a distance (IAAD) is impossible.• EPR & Bell’s InequalityEPR & Bell’s Inequality

• Quantum mechanics is incomplete OR Quantum mechanics is incomplete OR particles are instantaneously entangled.particles are instantaneously entangled.

• Clauser-Home-Shimoy-Holt (CHSH) & Clauser-Home-Shimoy-Holt (CHSH) & Aspect experiments => entangledAspect experiments => entangled

• Newton’s and other inverse-square laws Newton’s and other inverse-square laws plus Gauss’s Laws favor IAAD.plus Gauss’s Laws favor IAAD.

Retarded Action at a Retarded Action at a DistanceDistance

• Effects are not always immediateEffects are not always immediate

• Liénard & Wiechert (1898, 1900)Liénard & Wiechert (1898, 1900)

• Preceded by Riemann (1861)Preceded by Riemann (1861)

• Weber & Kirchoff obtained ‘c’ with IAADWeber & Kirchoff obtained ‘c’ with IAAD

• Stirniman(2000) IAAD solution equals the Stirniman(2000) IAAD solution equals the sum of retarded and advanced solutions.sum of retarded and advanced solutions.– Is the Standard Solution of the Oscillating Electro

magnetic Dipole Physically Satisfying?

#7 - #7 - All forces must be ‘contact forces’.

• Matter cannot act “where it is not”Matter cannot act “where it is not”

• Definition of ‘contact’.Definition of ‘contact’.– A. Billiard ball interaction ORA. Billiard ball interaction OR

– B. Field (energy) interactionB. Field (energy) interaction

• With permanently attached fields, With permanently attached fields, matter can be “in contact” matter can be “in contact” simultaneously with all other matter.simultaneously with all other matter.

#8 - #8 - Fields are fundamentally quantum.

• Do fields really exist? Or are they just Do fields really exist? Or are they just mathematical abstractions?mathematical abstractions?

• What really exists is interaction, which can What really exists is interaction, which can be described by fields or potentials.be described by fields or potentials.

• The quantum source: fields or particles?The quantum source: fields or particles?– Poincare believed it was the particlePoincare believed it was the particle

• Continuous fields <-> discontinuities?Continuous fields <-> discontinuities?

DiscontinuitiesDiscontinuities

• Discontinuity of the vortex particleDiscontinuity of the vortex particle– always a zero, never a polealways a zero, never a pole

• Discontinuity of an interactionDiscontinuity of an interaction– Sun - Earth magnetic field exampleSun - Earth magnetic field example

• Does every so-called ‘particle’ represent Does every so-called ‘particle’ represent a different kind of discontinuity?a different kind of discontinuity?– Photon, nutrino, muon, pion, etc.Photon, nutrino, muon, pion, etc.

Catastrophe TheoryCatastrophe Theory

• The mathematics of The mathematics of bifurcation (Thom)bifurcation (Thom)

• The Zeeman The Zeeman catastrophe catastrophe machinemachine

• Multiple solutions Multiple solutions depend on ‘history’depend on ‘history’– Magnetic memoryMagnetic memory

#9 - #9 - Matter is sometimes a wave and sometimes a particle.• Is nature confused? Or is science?Is nature confused? Or is science?

• Inseparability of matter and field Inseparability of matter and field – demystifies wave-particle dualitydemystifies wave-particle duality

• Davisson-Germer & George ThomsonDavisson-Germer & George Thomson– ALL particles in a beam interact via fields.ALL particles in a beam interact via fields.

– Particles that DON’T pass through slits affect Particles that DON’T pass through slits affect the behavior of particles that DO.the behavior of particles that DO.

#10 - #10 - The energy of a particle resides only locally, where the particle resides. • Local matter & non-local field Local matter & non-local field

inseparableinseparable

• By Poynting, energy density is defined By Poynting, energy density is defined as the interaction of fields: D*E + B*H.as the interaction of fields: D*E + B*H.

• Since fields are ‘non-local’, so is energySince fields are ‘non-local’, so is energy

• If energy is spread through space, then If energy is spread through space, then space contains a ‘sea of energy’.space contains a ‘sea of energy’.

#11 - #11 - Space is empty.

• A ‘sea of energy’ is anything but empty.A ‘sea of energy’ is anything but empty.

• This ‘sea’ is sometimes called ‘aether’.This ‘sea’ is sometimes called ‘aether’.

• Definition of ‘aether’:Definition of ‘aether’:– A. Energy of matter spread thru space ORA. Energy of matter spread thru space OR

– B. Reference frame (property) of space itselfB. Reference frame (property) of space itself

#12 - #12 - Mass is a measure of matter or ‘stuff’.

• Definition of ‘mass’:Definition of ‘mass’:– A. Amount of substance ORA. Amount of substance OR

– B. Resistance to motion (inertia)B. Resistance to motion (inertia)

• If mass is not ‘stuff’, what is?If mass is not ‘stuff’, what is?– Matter must exert itself through fields.Matter must exert itself through fields.

– Its presence is indicated by divergence.Its presence is indicated by divergence.

– What thing has the form ? Charge!What thing has the form ? Charge! D

#13 - #13 - Elementary particles never change.

• Must the ‘mass’ of a particle stay fixed?Must the ‘mass’ of a particle stay fixed?– No, toroidal particles may expand & collapse.No, toroidal particles may expand & collapse.

• Then why are mass constants constant?Then why are mass constants constant?– A particle’s instantaneous energy does not A particle’s instantaneous energy does not

remain constant, but the equilibriumvalue about remain constant, but the equilibriumvalue about which it oscillates does.which it oscillates does.

• Toroids ‘radiate’ with continuous changes in Toroids ‘radiate’ with continuous changes in energy, but discreet changes in ‘state’.energy, but discreet changes in ‘state’.

Mass of elementary Mass of elementary particlesparticles

• If mass changes, do other properties?If mass changes, do other properties?– Some properties, such as q and h, remain constant, Some properties, such as q and h, remain constant,

due to Gauss D & Faraday’s Laws.due to Gauss D & Faraday’s Laws.

• Account for mysterious mass differences?Account for mysterious mass differences?– Proton (P) + Electron (E) = Neutron (N) + ?Proton (P) + Electron (E) = Neutron (N) + ?

– 12 P + 12 E = C12 P + 12 E = C1212 + ? + ?

• Limited number of discontinuity typesLimited number of discontinuity types– Correspondence with elementary particles?Correspondence with elementary particles?

#14 - #14 - Quantum events can’t be described continuously.• The Strobe EffectThe Strobe Effect

– Wagon wheel in an old westernWagon wheel in an old western

– Roulette wheel in Las VegasRoulette wheel in Las Vegas

– Interaction between ‘inertial’ frequency and Interaction between ‘inertial’ frequency and ‘actual’ frequency‘actual’ frequency

• Toroid particles have inertial frequencies.Toroid particles have inertial frequencies.

– Interaction with environment: discontinuitiesInteraction with environment: discontinuities

#15 - #15 - Matter and light must be corpuscular or continuous, but not both.• Particles have energy due to geometry Particles have energy due to geometry

alone (‘self’, ‘inertial’ energy or ZPE)alone (‘self’, ‘inertial’ energy or ZPE)

– AND energy due to environment (actual)AND energy due to environment (actual)

• If energy in space is immediately and If energy in space is immediately and inseparably connected with matter…inseparably connected with matter…

– phenomena of matter <-> phen. of energyphenomena of matter <-> phen. of energy

• Discontinuities ALWAYS have zero energyDiscontinuities ALWAYS have zero energy

#16 - #16 - Gravity is fundamental.

• Discontinuities of gravity (black holes)Discontinuities of gravity (black holes)– poles, having infinite energy densitypoles, having infinite energy density

• Are gravity and EM BOTH fundamental?Are gravity and EM BOTH fundamental?– Is G a fundamental constant?Is G a fundamental constant?

– Unit system analysis says no.Unit system analysis says no.

• Andre Assis suggested gravity as a fourth-order Andre Assis suggested gravity as a fourth-order non-cancelling attraction.non-cancelling attraction.– Charles Lucas derived the math (2008).Charles Lucas derived the math (2008).

Another Gendanken Another Gendanken ExperimentExperiment

• Imagine a river or water through a pipe.Imagine a river or water through a pipe.

• What happens when the flow narrows?What happens when the flow narrows?– It flows faster.It flows faster.

• What happens when velocity decreases?What happens when velocity decreases?– The flow widens.The flow widens.

• Matter through cross sections don’t vary.Matter through cross sections don’t vary.

Ampere’s Law: the Source Ampere’s Law: the Source of Attractionof Attraction

• Charge thru a cross section is invariant.Charge thru a cross section is invariant.

• Motion and attraction are inseparable.Motion and attraction are inseparable.

• Examples:Examples:– Bernoulli EffectBernoulli Effect

– Poynting-Robertson EffectPoynting-Robertson Effect

– Ionic & covalent bondingIonic & covalent bonding

– Strong nuclear forceStrong nuclear force

#17 - #17 - Gravity is the dominant force in the cosmos.• Coulomb force (~kCoulomb force (~kCCee22) ~ 10) ~ 104040 * Gravitational * Gravitational

force (~Gmforce (~Gmppmmee))

• Gravity only governs with no net charge.Gravity only governs with no net charge.– Even with no net charge, dipole and higher order Even with no net charge, dipole and higher order

charge moments trump gravity.charge moments trump gravity.

– EM provides repulsion AND attraction.EM provides repulsion AND attraction.

– Not “Is GRT correct?” but “Does GRT apply?”Not “Is GRT correct?” but “Does GRT apply?”

– Surface charge effects (T. T. Brown) are vitalSurface charge effects (T. T. Brown) are vital

Electricity in the CosmosElectricity in the Cosmos

• Anthony Peratt EM computer simulationsAnthony Peratt EM computer simulations– Filamentary structures including ‘ball lightning’Filamentary structures including ‘ball lightning’

– Laws of EM produce all know galaxy types.Laws of EM produce all know galaxy types.

– Including Halton Arp’s Including Halton Arp’s Peculiar GalaxiesPeculiar Galaxies

• Hannes Alfven claimed plasmas govern Hannes Alfven claimed plasmas govern 99% of the Universe.99% of the Universe.– Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD)Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD)

#18 - #18 - Energy from the sun arises from hot nuclear reactions in the core.• Can EM explain the sun?Can EM explain the sun?

– Ball lightning model reproducible since Tesla.Ball lightning model reproducible since Tesla.

– Hot fusion interior model NEVER reproduced.Hot fusion interior model NEVER reproduced.

• The sun’s rays have filamentary structureThe sun’s rays have filamentary structure– => electrical interactions.=> electrical interactions.

• Huge temperature and voltage gradients Huge temperature and voltage gradients near the sun’s surface inexplicable?near the sun’s surface inexplicable?

#19 - #19 - Redshift is caused by Doppler expansion of space.• Halton Arp’s intrinsic redshiftHalton Arp’s intrinsic redshift

– high-redshift quasar near low-redshift parenthigh-redshift quasar near low-redshift parent

• William Tifft’s redshift quantizationWilliam Tifft’s redshift quantization– Conventional physics ASSUMES quantization.Conventional physics ASSUMES quantization.

– EM fields DERIVES it from interactions.EM fields DERIVES it from interactions.

– Bode’s Law: another example of quantizationBode’s Law: another example of quantization

What IS Redshift?What IS Redshift?

• Interaction energy per total energyInteraction energy per total energy– The definition of entropyThe definition of entropy

• Compton-like interaction with matterCompton-like interaction with matter

• Doppler Effect assumes properties of Doppler Effect assumes properties of space itselfspace itself– Holds when matter density is uniform.Holds when matter density is uniform.

E

E

h

hz

#20 - #20 - Cosmic Background Radiation (CBR) results from space expansion.• Scientists back to 1900 associated CBR Scientists back to 1900 associated CBR

with blackbody radiation (Assis)with blackbody radiation (Assis)

• Penzias & Wilson (1965) confirmed what Penzias & Wilson (1965) confirmed what had been predicted by these scientists.had been predicted by these scientists.– Mainstream science, assuming empty space, Mainstream science, assuming empty space,

claimed the discovery as proof of expansion.claimed the discovery as proof of expansion.

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c

kTkP B

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#21 - #21 - The age of the Universe is the inverse of Hubble’s constant (H).• Conclusion based on other assumptions.Conclusion based on other assumptions.

• Hubble’s original redshift data based on Hubble’s original redshift data based on RR00 = c/H, z = R/R = c/H, z = R/R00

• Hubble himself disliked the Doppler ideaHubble himself disliked the Doppler idea

• Dirac: keDirac: ke22/Gm/Gm22 ~ 10 ~ 104040 ~ mcR ~ mcR00/h/h

#22 - #22 - The Big Bang.

• aka “The Big Dud”aka “The Big Dud”

• Mass-based theories demand singularitiesMass-based theories demand singularities

• Expansion itself is relative to matterExpansion itself is relative to matter

• Violates energy conservationViolates energy conservation

• Violates thermodynamics: T constant Violates thermodynamics: T constant during adiabatic expansion - Blighduring adiabatic expansion - Bligh

#23 - #23 - Point particles exist.

• All modern theories based on P.P.sAll modern theories based on P.P.s

• Singularities - like the Big Bang UniverseSingularities - like the Big Bang Universe

• Useful approximation: Maxwell,BoltzmanUseful approximation: Maxwell,Boltzman

• Ignores the question of structureIgnores the question of structure

• Experimental data: Compton, HofstadterExperimental data: Compton, Hofstadter

#24 - #24 - Quantum “spin” exists without current.

• Rotation demands “groups”Rotation demands “groups”

• ““Spin” without finite size is nonsenseSpin” without finite size is nonsense

• Magnetic moments known only to result Magnetic moments known only to result from closed circuits (currents) of chargefrom closed circuits (currents) of charge

• Thus particles must be closed circuits Thus particles must be closed circuits or physics differs at the quantum level.or physics differs at the quantum level.

#25 - #25 - Quantum mechanics cannot be explained “classically”.

• ““Classical” = “not derivable from QM”?Classical” = “not derivable from QM”?– ““Classical” = “via the laws of EM”?Classical” = “via the laws of EM”?

• Does QM explain structure?Does QM explain structure?– Structure -> divisibility -> continuumStructure -> divisibility -> continuum

• QM assumes quanta, EM continuaQM assumes quanta, EM continua– div div BB = 0 demands closed loops -> quanta = 0 demands closed loops -> quanta

#26 - #26 - Elementary particles are “things” in themselves.• What are protons, muons, pions, bosons?What are protons, muons, pions, bosons?

– Discreet measurable effects, nothing moreDiscreet measurable effects, nothing more

• Correspond with flow singularities?Correspond with flow singularities?– Poincaré’sPoincaré’s topology -> Thom’s catastrophetopology -> Thom’s catastrophe

– 7 catastrophes -> 7 elementary particles7 catastrophes -> 7 elementary particles

•Paul D. Tinari, "Use of Catastrophe Theory to Obtain a Fundamental Understanding of Elementary Particle Stability", International Journal of Theoretical Physics, V25, N7, pp. 711-715 (1986).

E. P. Battey-Pratt & T. J. Racey, "Geometric Model for Fundamental Particles," International Journal of Theoretical Physics, V19, N6, pp. 437-475 (1980).

#27 - #27 - Muons, pions, and even neutrons are “elementary”.• Particle zoo > Mendeleev’s elementsParticle zoo > Mendeleev’s elements

– Billiard balls or energy distributions?Billiard balls or energy distributions?

• ““Elementary” =? “can’t be broken down”Elementary” =? “can’t be broken down”

• ““Fundamental” =? “stable flow pattern”Fundamental” =? “stable flow pattern”

• ““Decay” -> “instability” of interactionsDecay” -> “instability” of interactions

#28 - #28 - There are two types of charge.

• Rather two different “charged particles”Rather two different “charged particles”

• 3D flow circuits -> helicity3D flow circuits -> helicity– Repulsion between adjacent ‘fibers’ Repulsion between adjacent ‘fibers’

balanced radially by parallel motionbalanced radially by parallel motion

– Balance between cross sections -> motion Balance between cross sections -> motion around cross sections -> helicityaround cross sections -> helicity

– Two types of helicity in 3d: RH & LHTwo types of helicity in 3d: RH & LH

#29 - #29 - Matter can be produced and annihilated in pairs.• Is matter really created and destroyed?Is matter really created and destroyed?

– whirlpools, Borchardt dust,virtual annihilationwhirlpools, Borchardt dust,virtual annihilation

• Dirac’s anti-matter = mirror matterDirac’s anti-matter = mirror matter

• Energy distributions “copy” real particles?Energy distributions “copy” real particles?

• Real production/annihilation -> energy Real production/annihilation -> energy singularitiessingularities

#30 - #30 - The wave function has nothing to do with electro-magnetic fields.

• Quantum wave function ψ normalized– Could adopt Could adopt ψ ~ E + icB, ψ* ~ D + H/ic

• Complex wave function admit shearComplex wave function admit shear

• Vector field equivalent to 2 scalar Vector field equivalent to 2 scalar fields*fields*

• Can vector potential Can vector potential AA be replaced? be replaced?•Edmund T. Whittaker, "On an Expression of the Electromagnetic Field Due to Electrons by Means of Two Scalar Potential Functions", Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, Series 2, 1, (1904), pp. 367-372.

#31 - #31 - Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR) impossible.• Photoelectric Effect & laser actionPhotoelectric Effect & laser action

– based on frequency, not intensitybased on frequency, not intensity

• Hot fusion - intensity (sledge hammer)Hot fusion - intensity (sledge hammer)– Cold fusion - frequency (resonance)Cold fusion - frequency (resonance)

• Physical particles -> resonant frequencyPhysical particles -> resonant frequency– ν = c/λ, λ = circumference = wavelengthν = c/λ, λ = circumference = wavelength

#32 - #32 - Simultaneity is impossible.

• Are time and space independent?Are time and space independent?– Does the instant (snapshot in time) exist?Does the instant (snapshot in time) exist?

• Does simultaneity -> infinite speed?Does simultaneity -> infinite speed?– Not unless something “travels”Not unless something “travels”

• Herzian / Phippsian total time Herzian / Phippsian total time derivativesderivatives

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Maxwell’s EquationsMaxwell’s Equations

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Advective FormulasAdvective Formulas

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#33 - #33 - The net voltage around a circuit is zero.

• Kirchhoff’s voltage law: ΣV = 0Kirchhoff’s voltage law: ΣV = 0– True in rotating frames? Is voltage “static”?True in rotating frames? Is voltage “static”?

• Faraday’s Law: V = -dΦ/dt dynamicFaraday’s Law: V = -dΦ/dt dynamic

• Advective term generates termAdvective term generates term

• Newton’s bucket: Is rotation wrt space?Newton’s bucket: Is rotation wrt space?– If wrt to matter, advective terms transientIf wrt to matter, advective terms transient

v xω

#34 - #34 - The alteration of clocks is equivalent to time dilation.• Time keeping <> time itselfTime keeping <> time itself

– Does time slow down if your watch does?Does time slow down if your watch does?

– If you are in deep freeze or hibernation?If you are in deep freeze or hibernation?

• Do we measure ‘time’ or compare cycles?Do we measure ‘time’ or compare cycles?

• GPS / Hafele-Keating prove time dilation?GPS / Hafele-Keating prove time dilation?

– No, only that caesium atoms oscillate more No, only that caesium atoms oscillate more slowly under the stress of gravityslowly under the stress of gravity

The Twin ParadoxThe Twin Paradox

• Which really ‘moves’ in a Machian sense?Which really ‘moves’ in a Machian sense?

• Motion (velocity) -> accelerationMotion (velocity) -> acceleration– Why is energy ~ velocityWhy is energy ~ velocity22??

• If the spaceship as a whole ‘moves’, does If the spaceship as a whole ‘moves’, does the interior (travelling twin) also ‘move’?the interior (travelling twin) also ‘move’?

• ““At rest” =? “no net force or torque”At rest” =? “no net force or torque”

#35 - #35 - Zero Point Energy (ZPE) comes from the ether.• Is “ether” independent of matter?Is “ether” independent of matter?

– If so, how do we describe it mathematically?If so, how do we describe it mathematically?

• ““Ether” =? interaction accounting systemEther” =? interaction accounting system

• Total energy = Self + interaction energyTotal energy = Self + interaction energy

• If “temperature” ~ interaction energyIf “temperature” ~ interaction energy– ZPE ~ self energy (energy within particles)ZPE ~ self energy (energy within particles)

#36 - #36 - Kinetic and potential energy are fundamentally different.• Do object energies depend on observer?Do object energies depend on observer?

– It’s always possible to move with the objectIt’s always possible to move with the object

– Energy seen as potential (trans. or rotation)Energy seen as potential (trans. or rotation)

• Fundamental: how to determine motion?Fundamental: how to determine motion?– If wrt matter (Mach), kinetic & potential, If wrt matter (Mach), kinetic & potential,

translation & rotation, 4 ways to view sametranslation & rotation, 4 ways to view same

• Toroidal particles, rotation & environmentToroidal particles, rotation & environment

#37 - #37 - Observation affects reality.

• The moon disappears when nobody looks

• QM: QM: ψ “collapses” upon observation?“collapses” upon observation?

• Are such non-falsifiable ideas “science”?Are such non-falsifiable ideas “science”?

• Observation affects measurementObservation affects measurement

• Fundamental axiom: reality existsFundamental axiom: reality exists

#38 - #38 - Mind has nothing to do with physics.

• Has science “proven” that paranormal Has science “proven” that paranormal phenomena don’t occur?phenomena don’t occur?

• Do reductionist physics explain thought?Do reductionist physics explain thought?

• Mechanism to convert thought to reality?Mechanism to convert thought to reality?

• Walter Russell, Wilhelm Reich, Hal Puthoff, Walter Russell, Wilhelm Reich, Hal Puthoff, John Bockris, James DeMeoJohn Bockris, James DeMeo

#39 - #39 - Experiments “prove” theories.

• Experiments only falsify, never “prove”Experiments only falsify, never “prove”

• ““Distance” between data & interpretationDistance” between data & interpretation

• Failure to distinguish ideas (theories) & Failure to distinguish ideas (theories) & physical reality (experiment) - MAJOR!physical reality (experiment) - MAJOR!

• Straw man fallacy rampant in physicsStraw man fallacy rampant in physics

ConclusionConclusion

• Assumptions necessary, but often hiddenAssumptions necessary, but often hidden

• Confusion between idea and realityConfusion between idea and reality

• Mach’s Principle & toroidal particles give Mach’s Principle & toroidal particles give alternative views of many assumptionsalternative views of many assumptions

• Can you extend the list?Can you extend the list?

• Reconsider any long-held assumptions?Reconsider any long-held assumptions?