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Chapter 3Orthographic
Projection
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TOPICS
Object representation
Glass box concept
Line convention
Orthographic projection of point,
line, plane, surface and object.
Multiview projection
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OBJECT REPRESENTATION
Axonometric projection
Multiie! projection
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M"#TI$IE% PROJECTION
Three principle &imen'ion'o( an o)ject *
Width Depth
Height
Width
H e i g h t
Depth
D e p t
h
* can )e pre'ente& onl+t!o in each ie!,
A&jacent ie!-'.
i' nee&e& to(ul(ill the 'i/e
&e'cription,
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0, Reole the o)ject !ith re'pect
to o)'erer ,
TO OBTAIN M"#TI$IE%
REPRESENTATION O1 AN OBJECT
2, The o)'erer moe aroun& the
o)ject,
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RE$O#$E TE OBJECT
1rontie!
Right 'i&e ie!
Top ie!
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OBSER$ER MO$E ARO"N4
1ront
ie! Right 'i&eie!
Top ie!
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TE 5#ASS BO6 CONCEPT
Bottom ie!
#e(t 'i&e ie!
Rear ie!
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eight%i&th
4
e p t h
i'tor+
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Orthographic
Projectiono( O)ject 1eature'
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OBJECT 1EAT"RES
E&ge' are lines that represent the boundar
between two faces.
Corner' !epresent the intersection of two or
"ore edges.E&ge
Corner
E&ge No e&ge
No corner No corner
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Sur(ace' are areas that are bounded b edges
or li"iting ele"ent.
#imiting
element
is a line that represents the last visible
part of the curve surface.Sur(ace Sur(ace Sur(ace
#imit #imit
OBJECT 1EAT"RES
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#
$
PROJECTION O1 POINT-S.
#%$!
#&
$% #!
$&
#% #!
#&
$% $!
$&
E7ual
&i'tance
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#
$
#% $% $! #!
#&
$&
$!
#! #% $%
#&
$&
True length
NORMA# #INE
True lengthPoint
E7ual
length
PROJECTION O1 #INE
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#$
#% $% $! #!
#&
$&
INC#INE4 #INE1ore'hortene&
$!
#!
#%$%
1ore'hortene&
#&
$&
True length
#
E7ual
length
PROJECTION O1 #INE
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#$
#%
$% $!
#!
#&
$&
OB#I8"E4 #INE
#
E7ual
length
$
1ore'hortene&1ore'hortene&
1ore'hortene&
$!
#!
#%
$%
#&
$&
PROJECTION O1 #INE
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$'
#
PROJECTION O1 P#ANE
$% #%,'% '! #!,$!
#&
'&
NORMA# P#ANE
E7ual
length
E&geE&ge
True 'i/e
'!
#!,$! #%,'%
$%
#&
$&
'&
$&
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$'
$% #%
'!
#!,$!
#&
'&
INC#INE4 P#ANE
#
E7ual
length$&
'
'%
E&ge
'!
#!,$!
1ore'hortene&
$&
'&
#&
#%
'%
1ore'hortene&
$%
PROJECTION O1 P#ANE
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$'
$%
#%
'!
#!
#&
'&
OB#I8"E4 P#ANE
#
E7ual
length$&
'
'%
$
$!
1ore'hortene&
'!
#!
$!
#%
$% '%
1ore'hortene&
#&
$&
'&
1ore'hortene&
PROJECTION O1 P#ANE
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PROJECTION O1 OBJECT
&he views are obtained b projecting all object
features to the picture plane.
9ou hae to project the remaining 'ur(ace' !hich are
ini'i)le too :
9ou hae to project the remaining 'ur(ace' !hich are
ini'i)le too :
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'
'
'
PROJECTION O1 OBJECT
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PROJECTION O1 OBJECT
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#ine Conention
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#INE CON$ENTION
(recedence of coincide lines.
Hidden line drawing.
'enter line drawing.
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PRECE4ENCE O1 #INE
$i'i)leline$i'i)lelineOr&er o( importance i&&enlinei&&enline Center lineCenter line
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I44EN #INE PRACTICE
Hidden line should join a visible line, except it
extended fro" the visible line.
Correct
No :
)oin
Leave
space
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Correct No :
Hidden line should join a visible line, except it
extended fro" the visible line.
Leave
spaceLeave
space
I44EN #INE PRACTICE
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Hidden line should intersect to for" # and T
corners.
Correct
No :
# T
I44EN #INE PRACTICE
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Hidden arcs should start on a center line.
I44EN #INE PRACTICE
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CENTER #INE PRACTICE*n circular view, short dash should cross at the
intersections of center line.
%or s"all hole, center line is presented as thin
continuous line.
'enter line should not extend between views.
#eae 'pace #eae 'pace
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Leave the gap when centerline for"s a
continuation with a visible or hidden line
#eae
'pace#eae
'pace#eae
'pace
#eae
'pace
'enter line should alwas start and end with
long dash.
CENTER #INE PRACTICE