3b theological understanding of mission1

Joshva Raja's slides and also from touchstJoshva Raja's slides and also from touchstones, other pptsones, other ppts

Theological Understanding Theological Understanding of Missionof Mission

Session 3BSession 3B


ReferencesReferences Wilbert R.Shenk.Wilbert R.Shenk. Changing Frontiers of Changing Frontiers of

Mission.Mission.MaryknollMaryknoll

J Andrew Kirk J Andrew Kirk What is Mission? Theological What is Mission? Theological ExplorationsExplorations. .

M Thomas Thangaraj. M Thomas Thangaraj. The Common Task. The Common Task. A Theology of Christian Mission. A Theology of Christian Mission.

Lesslie Newbegin. The Open Secret: An Lesslie Newbegin. The Open Secret: An Introduction to the Theology of Mission. Introduction to the Theology of Mission.


Theology and MissionTheology and Mission Theology = theos and logos = God and Theology = theos and logos = God and

the Word = spoken or written wordthe Word = spoken or written word Mission is the Mother of Theology Mission is the Mother of Theology

(Martin Kahler 1971)(Martin Kahler 1971) Theology’s tasksTheology’s tasks – critical study, analysis of reality, – critical study, analysis of reality,

empowering the poor, apologetics, relating to the world, training empowering the poor, apologetics, relating to the world, training leaders (A Kirk)leaders (A Kirk)

Theology’s sourcesTheology’s sources – Bible, tradition, reason, analysis and – Bible, tradition, reason, analysis and action (A Kirk)action (A Kirk)

Theological methodsTheological methods – inquiry, immersion, integrity, – inquiry, immersion, integrity, integration, imagination (A Kirk) integration, imagination (A Kirk)

Theology of MissionTheology of Mission means Validating, correcting and means Validating, correcting and establishing on better foundations the motives and actions of establishing on better foundations the motives and actions of missionmission

Joshva Raja's slides and also from touchstones, other ppts

Ten Touchstones listed in Ten Touchstones listed in MissiologyMissiology

1. 1. Missio DeiMissio Dei: : It is God’ mission It is God’ mission

2. Mission is 2. Mission is TrinitarianTrinitarian

3. Witness to the 3. Witness to the Kingdom of GodKingdom of God

4. For 4. For all peopleall people (all nations) (all nations)5. Must avoid 5. Must avoid reductionsreductions and and

dichotomiesdichotomies…………..…………..next slide please!next slide please!


Ten Touchstones Ten Touchstones (continued)(continued)

6. Continues the 6. Continues the sufferings of Christsufferings of Christ

7. 7. EcumenicalEcumenical, , inclusiveinclusive, , exclusiveexclusive and and sacrificialsacrificial

8. Done in 8. Done in bold humilitybold humility

9. Centrality of the 9. Centrality of the local churchlocal church

10. 10. Crossing barriersCrossing barriers

Joshva Raja's slides and also from touchJoshva Raja's slides and also from touchstones, other pptsstones, other ppts

1. Christian mission is our participation in the Missio Dei: The mission of God.

Therefore…

a. Christian mission is as great as the redemptive work of God for the world

b. It is NOT our mission


2. Christian mission is Trinitarian:

Therefore…

Christian mission is sending and being sent in the power of the Holy Spirit.

--The Father sending the Son…--the Father and Son sending the Spirit…--the Church being sent by the Triune God into

the world. (Jn. 20:21)


Missio Dei – Scherer, Missio Dei – Scherer, IRM, 1987, Oct p.511IRM, 1987, Oct p.511Two modes of missionTwo modes of mission

• Verkuyl (Contemporary Missiology 1978)– Missiology is the study of the salvation activities of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit through the world geared toward bringing the Kingdom of God into existence.. Bosch – a movement from God to the world

• Tippet – the study of man being brought to God in History – from below – Thomas Thangaraj


YHWHLogos = Word

Sign

word - Language

Codeword – flesh

word -spirit

Community of God - TrinityHuman Beings

Joshva Raja's slides and also from touchstones, other pptsHinduism

Mission – engaging in this search for God – participating in people’s search!


• Mission can no more be claimed by one church or region but six continents collaborating and cooperating together

• The first questions in the Old Testament and in the new testament

• The concept of Missio Dei emerged in 1952 in the International Missionary Conference at Willingen

God’s work in the mission of the church and in the secular history - God’s mission through the church 1952

Missionary Structure of the Congregation – God’s work in the secular world over and above the church (excluded the church) 1960


Karl Barth – God’s work is only within the Sacred History and inaccessible to secular historical research whereas

Cullman – God’s work is discernible in the secular History – (Pachuau Missiology in a pluralistic context IRM 2000)

Bornhoeffer – radical interpretation of the Christian Gospel in secular terms –non-religious language in half of the churches’ task in mission and the other half is to witness to their Lord in the midst of the world through an appropriate style of Life – to become like Jesus or to form into his likeness - participating in the suffering of God.

Moltmann – identifies life style as Messianic life-style – The life of the Christian is messianically qualified by the Gospel – not a Godless world and a worldless God – life style of the mission community is to become servant like – Moving from Mission for the people to Mission of the people (K C Abraham Liberative Solidarity, 1996)


Three Focussing affirmation in the theology of Mission

• God the Trinity - Our participation in the mission of the Triune God who created the word…

• The Body of Christ – The church is the community of God’s people called to witness, live and become the visible mission

• Sent into the world – Obedience to participate in the action of the Spirit…

Joshva Raja's slides and also from touchstones, otherJoshva Raja's slides and also from touchstones, other ppts ppts

3. Christian mission 3. Christian mission is centered on is centered on witness to the witness to the coming coming Kingdom Kingdom of God;of God;

the good news of Jesus Christ; the mystery of the ages, now made known.

Joshva Raja's slides and also from touchstones, otherJoshva Raja's slides and also from touchstones, other ppts ppts

a. Mission concerns a a. Mission concerns a kingdom kingdom communitycommunity

b. Good news is for b. Good news is for poorpoor, disenfranchised, , disenfranchised, unreachedunreached, , excluded…excluded…

c. Good news involves c. Good news involves preachingpreaching and and healinghealing and and liberatingliberating (Lk. (Lk. 4:16-30)4:16-30)

Therefore…

Joshva Raja's slides and also from toJoshva Raja's slides and also from touchstones, other pptsuchstones, other ppts

4.4. The Good News is for The Good News is for all all

peoplepeople ( (panta ethne)panta ethne) and all of and all of

creation.creation.

Therefore…Therefore…


All peopleAll people have the right to hear and see the have the right to hear and see the coming of the Kingdom in power and coming of the Kingdom in power and glory.glory.

This Gospel This Gospel reconcilesreconciles all peoples all peoples


For God so loved the For God so loved the wholewhole world…world…


5. Christian mission must 5. Christian mission must avoid reductionisms avoid reductionisms and and dichotomiesdichotomies that have misrepresented that have misrepresented the witness of the Kingdom in the past:the witness of the Kingdom in the past:

*evangelism versus social action *local versus global * peace versus proclamation

(…as if Christ were divided!)


6. Christian mission involves continuing 6. Christian mission involves continuing the the sufferingssufferings of Christ for the World. of Christ for the World.

Success therefore, is Success therefore, is measured as measured as

faithfulness,faithfulness, notnot

productproduct


7.7. Christian mission must be: Christian mission must be:

a. Our model is Jesus, the paradigmatic mission of God.

b. All four will be costly and misunderstood.

*ecumenical (both global and all churches),*inclusive (“that all may believe”)*exclusive (mission is “in Christ”), and*sacrificial (“unless a seed dies”).


8. Christian mission must be done in 8. Christian mission must be done in boldbold humilityhumility (listening, repenting, doing), (listening, repenting, doing),

representing in representing in whatwhat is done, is done, whowho we we represent. represent. Therefore….Therefore….


Mission begins with Mission begins with confession confession and and compassion compassion and continues with and continues with clarityclarity

and and confidence.confidence.


9. The 9. The local churchlocal church is the missionary presence is the missionary presence in each context, and the sending body.in each context, and the sending body.

The local church is The local church is a a mission mission outpost…outpost…


……and local and local churches are to churches are to taketake initiativeinitiative for they are gifted for they are gifted and empowered and empowered for mission.for mission.


10. Christian mission means 10. Christian mission means crossing crossing barriersbarriers

There is a difference There is a difference between between local local ministryministry and and

missionmission

Joshva Raja's slides and also from tJoshva Raja's slides and also from touchstones, other pptsouchstones, other ppts

A A new contextnew context where two-thirds of where two-thirds of the world’s Christians are not the world’s Christians are not

westerners.westerners.Therefore,Therefore, we we

need to need to rememberremember past past lessons and lessons and

learnlearn from people from people who are who are poorer,poorer, less educatedless educated and who and who suffersuffer “in Christ.”“in Christ.”


Theology must be Theology must be expressedexpressed..

What does thisWhat does this

mean for mean for you…you…

for your for your church…church…

for our for our churches?churches?


What does it mean, for example, What does it mean, for example, to keep to keep peacemakingpeacemaking and and proclamationproclamation together? together?


What does it mean to sacrifice for What does it mean to sacrifice for the poorest and most needy?the poorest and most needy?


What would it mean to What would it mean to proclaim an proclaim an exclusiveexclusive

message which is message which is inclusiveinclusive??

Confucius sees Confucius sees the nailmarks the nailmarks in the hands of in the hands of Jesus.Jesus.


UniversalityUniversality

Jesus as the Universal, Unique and Absolute Saviour. He is the truth, the way and the life. John 14:6;Acts 4:12; 1 Corinthians 3:11; 1 Timothy 2:5; 1 John 5:12

Christocentric universe

Ecclesiocentric Universe

Theocentric Universe

Culturalcentric Universe


ApproachesApproaches ExclusiveExclusive InclusiveInclusive PluralisticPluralistic Kraemer stated, I propose to set the Kraemer stated, I propose to set the

religions including Christianity, in the religions including Christianity, in the light of the Person of Jesus Christ, who is light of the Person of Jesus Christ, who is the Revelation of God and alone has the the Revelation of God and alone has the authority to criticize – I mean, to judge authority to criticize – I mean, to judge discriminately and with complete discriminately and with complete understanding – every religion and understanding – every religion and everything that is in man or proceeds everything that is in man or proceeds from him (Kraemer H, from him (Kraemer H, Why Christianity Why Christianity of All Religions? of All Religions? (1962)(1962)


Critique of KraemerCritique of Kraemer

Fixing the narrative and thus Fixing the narrative and thus idolising itidolising it

Absolutising the languageAbsolutising the language Not showing an interest in a Not showing an interest in a

multicultural contextmulticultural context Claims and counterclaims lead to Claims and counterclaims lead to

confrontationsconfrontations Creating ignorance about ChristianityCreating ignorance about Christianity


H Kraemer - Any revelation can only be H Kraemer - Any revelation can only be effectively discerned in the light of the effectively discerned in the light of the special revelation of Jesus Christ special revelation of Jesus Christ (Religion and the Christian Faith, (Religion and the Christian Faith, London: Lutterworth Press 1956 232). London: Lutterworth Press 1956 232).

D’Costa argues that Kraemer does not D’Costa argues that Kraemer does not only neglect the dynamic nature of only neglect the dynamic nature of religion as well as the creative religion as well as the creative interaction between beliefs and practice interaction between beliefs and practice because of his emphasis on the because of his emphasis on the totalitarian nature of religion (Theology totalitarian nature of religion (Theology and Religious Pluralism, Gavin D’Costa and Religious Pluralism, Gavin D’Costa 1986).1986).


Inclusive ApproachInclusive Approach In this approach people believe that all In this approach people believe that all

non-Christian religious truth belongs non-Christian religious truth belongs ultimately to Christ. It holds together two ultimately to Christ. It holds together two convictions: the God’s grace is operating convictions: the God’s grace is operating in all religions of the world that are in all religions of the world that are searching for salvation and the uniqueness searching for salvation and the uniqueness of the manifestation of God’s grace in of the manifestation of God’s grace in Christ which makes a universal claim as Christ which makes a universal claim as the final way of salvation - Alan Race, the final way of salvation - Alan Race, Christians and Religious Pluralism: Christians and Religious Pluralism: Patterns in Christian Theology of Patterns in Christian Theology of Religions, 1983Religions, 1983


Acts 10:35Acts 10:35[1][1]; 14:16f and 17:22-31 ; 14:16f and 17:22-31 [1][1] Truly I perceive that God shows no partiality, Truly I perceive that God shows no partiality, but in every nation any one who fears him and but in every nation any one who fears him and

does what is right is acceptable to him (10:35).does what is right is acceptable to him (10:35). Karl Rahner points out the two principles that have to be kept together which are: the necessity of Christian faith and the universal salvific will of God’s love (Karl Rahner, Theological Investigations, Vol 6, p.391, 1961-84). He outlines four theses– first, he writes, Christianity understands itself as the absolute religion, intended for all men, which cannot recognise any other religion besides itself as of equal right (Vol 5, p.118, 1966);


secondly, he emphasises on the universal salvific will of God revealed in Christ. Thus for him a non-Christian religion can be recognised as a lawful religion (although only in different degrees) without thereby denying the error and depravity contained in it (Vol 5, p.121);

thirdly he argues that a non Christian cannot be considered as a person deprived of salvific grace, living totally sinful and depraved condition, untouched in any way by God’s grace and truth. Those non-Christians who have accepted God’s grace in the depths of their hearts are called by Rahner as ‘anonymous Christians’ (vol 5 p.132);

fourthly for him the church is the tangible sign of the faith, hope and love made visible, present and irreversible in Christ.


Critical remarksCritical remarks

Not all religions are sparked Not all religions are sparked revelationsrevelations

Anonymous Christ tooAnonymous Christ too Name GameName Game Jesus the Christ?Jesus the Christ? Christ not exclusively Christ not exclusively

possessed by Christianspossessed by Christians


Pluralistic ApproachPluralistic Approach Tolerance needs to be seen as a Christian Tolerance needs to be seen as a Christian

moral imperative and as a Christian moral imperative and as a Christian theological necessity. Hocking argues the theological necessity. Hocking argues the relation between religions must take relation between religions must take increasingly the form of a common search increasingly the form of a common search for truth (W E Hocking, Rethinking Missions, for truth (W E Hocking, Rethinking Missions, 1932, p.47). In the tolerant pluralism 1932, p.47). In the tolerant pluralism knowledge of God is partial in all faiths, knowledge of God is partial in all faiths, including the Christian and Christianity is including the Christian and Christianity is the anticipation of the essence of all religion the anticipation of the essence of all religion and so contains potentially all that any and so contains potentially all that any religion has (W E Hocking Living Religions religion has (W E Hocking Living Religions and a World Faith, 1940, p.249). and a World Faith, 1940, p.249).


John HickJohn Hick His intention is not to destroy religious His intention is not to destroy religious

particularity, but to view different types of particularity, but to view different types of religious experience a complementary and not religious experience a complementary and not mutually exclusive. It is the question of the mutually exclusive. It is the question of the relative validity or adequacy of the images of relative validity or adequacy of the images of God which are alive in the different traditions. God which are alive in the different traditions.

The God whom our minds can comprehend is a The God whom our minds can comprehend is a human image, inadequate and incomplete, of human image, inadequate and incomplete, of what is ultimately indefinable. Difference in what is ultimately indefinable. Difference in doctrine and theological statements reflect doctrine and theological statements reflect difference in the historical and cultural factors difference in the historical and cultural factors bound up in religious belief. The absoluteness of bound up in religious belief. The absoluteness of the experience is the basis for the absoluteness the experience is the basis for the absoluteness of the language (Hick in A Race, p.89).of the language (Hick in A Race, p.89). J Hick, J Hick, God has Many Names, 1980God has Many Names, 1980


CritiqueCritique

Religious narratives evil or Religious narratives evil or good?!good?!

Religions are destructive Religions are destructive Narrative and ExperienceNarrative and Experience Narrative and TruthsNarrative and Truths Many Truths and no truth???Many Truths and no truth???


Reign of God Reign of God

Four Views – the eschatological (future); the Four Views – the eschatological (future); the spiritual (mystical); the political (earthly spiritual (mystical); the political (earthly empire); the ecclesiastical (Christendom) empire); the ecclesiastical (Christendom) (Viviano 1988; Driver 1993 – cf W R Shenk (Viviano 1988; Driver 1993 – cf W R Shenk Changing Frontiers of Mission)Changing Frontiers of Mission)

Messianic resurgence against hopelessness Messianic resurgence against hopelessness oppression point to a hope and promise of oppression point to a hope and promise of reign of God (Ooesterwal 1973)reign of God (Ooesterwal 1973)

Kant – Imminent religious experience and Kant – Imminent religious experience and Schweitzer – Objective messianic Kingdom Schweitzer – Objective messianic Kingdom into which one entersinto which one enters


Reign of God and MissionReign of God and Mission Vision of Mission as fulfilling God’s Vision of Mission as fulfilling God’s

mission – Reign of God as purpose, mission – Reign of God as purpose, goal and aim of mission.goal and aim of mission.

God’s reign disturbs and trigger God’s reign disturbs and trigger reactions 1. exposes egocentric reactions 1. exposes egocentric structure of human nature and structure of human nature and behaviour 2. challenges human behaviour 2. challenges human motivation and character at the motivation and character at the deepest levels by unmasking the deepest levels by unmasking the nature of power against God. nature of power against God. (Individualistic or communitarian)(Individualistic or communitarian)


Mission in Reign of God Mission in Reign of God

RealizationRealization InvitationInvitation ExpectationExpectation SalvationSalvation ParticipationParticipation ProclamationProclamation RecreationRecreation


Work of the Holy Spirit Work of the Holy Spirit

Gen 1:2b Spirit of God on WatersGen 1:2b Spirit of God on Waters John 1:32 Spirit descending John 1:32 Spirit descending Luke 24:45; Acts 1:8 Coming of Spirit Luke 24:45; Acts 1:8 Coming of Spirit

for continuation of messianic missionfor continuation of messianic mission Acts 2 Joel’s prophesyActs 2 Joel’s prophesy Spirit is God’s life Mt 3:11 judges, Spirit is God’s life Mt 3:11 judges,

purifies and blends together partspurifies and blends together parts


Spirit of God in MissionSpirit of God in Mission

The Spirit is God so involved in the world The Spirit is God so involved in the world (immanence – to remain within) that we (immanence – to remain within) that we need constantly to be amazed and need constantly to be amazed and challenged by God’s presence challenged by God’s presence (transcendence – being surpass and (transcendence – being surpass and independent of physical being) [Bevans, independent of physical being) [Bevans, 1998, IBMR].1998, IBMR].

Spirit prior agency in missionSpirit prior agency in mission

Before and after Jesus Before and after Jesus

Jesus as the face of the Spirit – Jesus as the face of the Spirit –

Mystery Yet to understandMystery Yet to understand


Holy Spirit and MissionHoly Spirit and Mission

Babel and KoinoniaBabel and Koinonia Shown as leader Jesus’ baptism, temptation, Shown as leader Jesus’ baptism, temptation,

inauguration of ministry, resurrection…inauguration of ministry, resurrection… Spirit precedes and follows JesusSpirit precedes and follows Jesus No Mission without Holy Spirit (Lk 24:49; Acts No Mission without Holy Spirit (Lk 24:49; Acts

1:4) equipping and empowering as the spirit of 1:4) equipping and empowering as the spirit of Jesus (2 Cor 3:8;47-10)Jesus (2 Cor 3:8;47-10)

Holy spirit holds together two poles of God’s Holy spirit holds together two poles of God’s saving act - Christological and eschatologicalsaving act - Christological and eschatological


Contextual Understanding of Contextual Understanding of MissionMission

Contextualization Contextualization relates Gospel relates Gospel and the church to and the church to a local contexta local context


Mission as Mission as adaptation; adaptation;

accommodation; accommodation; indigenization; indigenization;

contextualization;contextualization;InculturationInculturation

Roberto De Nobili (1577-1656 A.D.)

Francis Xavier

Henry Martin





Caring not role modeled: Religion Caring not role modeled: Religion sans caring-IIsans caring-II

If I am at prayer…I will not leave my prayer and go to help someone…I don’t think it is important.If I leave my god and my karma and help someone then my god will get angry…my karma will be lost…


Did god role model healing?Did god role model healing?There is no such example

of God role modeling healing


One of the most difficult austerities a practitioner can attempt is to hold his arm upright in the air for twelve years. It is said that if successfully completed, the practice results in the attainment of supernatural powers


Perhaps the most well known austerity is lying on a bed of sharp nails to overcome the limitations of the physical body.


Offerings are made to a mediator who is buried up to the neck in sand. He suppresses the sensations of the flesh while attempting to free his mind through meditation.


Three Functions of Three Functions of ContextualizationContextualization

1. To communicate the Gospel in 1. To communicate the Gospel in word and deed; to establish the word and deed; to establish the church in ways that make sense to church in ways that make sense to the people within their local context; the people within their local context; to present Christianity that meets to present Christianity that meets people’s deepest needs and to people’s deepest needs and to penetrate their worldview; to allow penetrate their worldview; to allow them to follow Christ and to remain them to follow Christ and to remain within their own culture. (Whiteman within their own culture. (Whiteman 1999)1999)


To offendTo offend

2. To offend for the right reasons not 2. To offend for the right reasons not for the wrong ones… prophetically for the wrong ones… prophetically and constructively critique the and constructively critique the oppressive structures and behaviour oppressive structures and behaviour patterns within a particular culture patterns within a particular culture Andrew Walls: not for the adoption of Andrew Walls: not for the adoption of a new culture but from the a new culture but from the transformation of mind towards that transformation of mind towards that of Christ. of Christ.


Mission in reverseMission in reverse

To Develop contextualized To Develop contextualized expressions of the Gospel so that the expressions of the Gospel so that the Gospel itself will be understood in Gospel itself will be understood in was the universal church has neither was the universal church has neither experienced nor understood before; experienced nor understood before; to expand our understanding of the to expand our understanding of the kingdom of God… The challenge is kingdom of God… The challenge is creating a community that is both creating a community that is both Christian and true to its own cultural Christian and true to its own cultural heritage. heritage.


ResistanceResistance

From those who fear of From those who fear of SyncretismSyncretism From the mission sponsors and From the mission sponsors and

denominational leadersdenominational leaders From the church and their leaders locallyFrom the church and their leaders locally

Contextualization –transforms the context Contextualization –transforms the context (prophetic); expands our understanding of (prophetic); expands our understanding of the Gospel (hermeneutic); changes the Gospel (hermeneutic); changes missionaries (personal) [Whiteman]missionaries (personal) [Whiteman]


Justice and PeaceJustice and Peace

Justice for Poor, for people at the Justice for Poor, for people at the margins…margins…

Economic Structural change? Blaming Economic Structural change? Blaming each other? Not sharing the resources each other? Not sharing the resources anyway! Nature or God to be blamed?anyway! Nature or God to be blamed?

Justice is based on supreme Value of Justice is based on supreme Value of human personality. We are all born with human personality. We are all born with reciprocal rights and obligations (Morris reciprocal rights and obligations (Morris Ginsberg)Ginsberg)

Only Faith in God leads to Justice (Kirk) –Only Faith in God leads to Justice (Kirk) –not a social contract or secular motivation not a social contract or secular motivation but through missions only Justice possiblebut through missions only Justice possible


Justice in MissionJustice in Mission

God is just (Mic 6:8; Isa 58:6; Ps 72:1-4)God is just (Mic 6:8; Isa 58:6; Ps 72:1-4) Justice is harmony through right relationship Justice is harmony through right relationship

(Lev 25:8ff; Liberate all Lev25:13,23,35; 39-(Lev 25:8ff; Liberate all Lev25:13,23,35; 39-41)41)

Jubilee means release (Ex 21:2-6; 23:10f; Jubilee means release (Ex 21:2-6; 23:10f; Deut 15:1-18; Jer 34:8-12; Neh 5:1-13) Deut 15:1-18; Jer 34:8-12; Neh 5:1-13) Jubilee is liberationJubilee is liberation

Nazereth Manifesto (Luke 4:16-19) Early Nazereth Manifesto (Luke 4:16-19) Early church and economic practice (Acts 2:44f) church and economic practice (Acts 2:44f) concern for poor, end is hereconcern for poor, end is here

Value of life, no private owner, responsibility Value of life, no private owner, responsibility before Godbefore God


Mission and JusticeMission and Justice

Knowing God of Justice – no peace Knowing God of Justice – no peace without justice (Jer 6:14; Isa 57:21)without justice (Jer 6:14; Isa 57:21)

Proclaiming the Gospel of JusticeProclaiming the Gospel of Justice Making preferential option for the Making preferential option for the

poorpoor Overcoming materialismOvercoming materialism Practical guide – minimum wage, fair Practical guide – minimum wage, fair

trade, cancellation of debt, equitable trade, cancellation of debt, equitable distribution of wealth…distribution of wealth…


Critical Approaches to Mission Critical Approaches to Mission particularly of Bosch’sparticularly of Bosch’s

Lack of emphasis on women’s role in mission Lack of emphasis on women’s role in mission and missiologyand missiology

Indigenous spirituality and ecological concerns Indigenous spirituality and ecological concerns neglectedneglected

Reference to the third world mission writers is Reference to the third world mission writers is missingmissing

Context is given a secondary place and so Context is given a secondary place and so from above approach is therefrom above approach is there

Post colonial, post modern approaches Post colonial, post modern approaches emerge, Globalisation, pentecostalism, emerge, Globalisation, pentecostalism, teleevangelism, cross cultural issues (teleevangelism, cross cultural issues (John John RoxboroghRoxborogh 2001, After Bosch…) 2001, After Bosch…)


EschatonEschaton


Conversion and BaptismConversion and Baptism

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