Your portfolio must include, the student agreement (signed) and the portfolio checklist
Act Description
Generic Competences/ Attributes and
Disciplinary Competences
Activity Points
Earned Points
1Sign Agreement
2Diagnostic Activity CG 4.1, 6.2 X
3Knowledge Acquisition
CG 4.1, 5.1.2.3
CD 625
4Application Activity
CG 4.1, 5.1.2.3
CD 615
5Metacognition
CG 4.2
CD 625
6Integrative Activity 1
CG 4.1, 4.5
CD 1, 2, 630
7Lab.
CG 8.1
CD 175
0
STUDENT’S REFLECTIONS ABOUT HIS/HER WORK:Presentation/Content/Activities_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Feedback to Teacher:___________________________________________________________Students’ Signature____________________________________ Date:____________
3
BIOLOGY COMPETENCES
General skills and attributes 4. Listen, interprets and delivers relevant messages in different contexts through the use of media, tools codes and appropriate tools. • Expresses ideas and concepts through linguistic representations, mathematics or graphics.• Applies different communicative strategies depending who is the speaker, the context they are using and the objective they are looking for.• Identify the key ideas in a text or oral speech and infer conclusions from them. • Manages information technology and communication to obtain information and express ideas.
6. Supports a personal stand on issues of interest and general relevance, considering other points of view critically and reflectively.• Choose information resources for a specific prototype and discriminates between them by relevance and reliability.• Evaluates arguments and opinions and identifies prejudices and fallacies.• Recognizes its own prejudices, modifies its point of view by discovering new evidence and finds new knowledge.• Structures ideas and argument in a clear, coherent and synthetic.
8. Participates and collaborates effectively in diverse teams. • Suggests ways of solving a problem or develop a team project, defining a course of action with specific steps.
Disciplinary competencies6. Values the common preconceptions about various natural phenomena on the basis of scientific
evidence.7- Explains the concepts underlying scientific notion that support the processes to solve everyday
problems.12.Applies safety standards in the handling of chemicals, instruments and equipment in carrying out their
daily life activities.
Elements of competence:
P H A S E 3 A G R E E M E N T
I ______________________________________________________ understand that my portfolio is a collection of my school work and related achievements. The contents exhibit my effort and progress as these elements relate to the goals represented in my instructional program.
I agree to accept the responsibility for creating and managing my portfolio as I complete each requirement. I will submit its content for periodic review to my instructor. In doing so, I understand that the contents of my portfolio, as well as the way in which I have presented the contents, will be evaluated for the purpose of judging my performance in school.
1- What is DNA?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2- What is the importance of DNA?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3- Who discover the molecule of DNA?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4- What is RNA?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5- What is the relation between DNA, RNA and protein synthase?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Organization Activity
Answer the following
Bacterial Transformation
1. What happened when Griffith injected mice with the pneumonia-causing strain of bacteria that had been heat-killed?
2. What happened when Griffith injected mice with a mixture of heat-killed, pneumonia-causing bacteria and live bacteria of the harmless type?
3. What was the purpose of Oswald Avery’s experiments?
4. What experiments did Avery do?
5. What did Avery conclude?
Bacterial Viruses
6. Fill in the blanks to summarize the experiments of Hershey and Chase. (Note: The circles represent radioactive labels.)
7. What did Hershey and Chase conclude? Why?
8. How did Hershey and Chase confirm Avery’s results?
The Role of DNA
9. Complete this graphic organizer to summarize the assumptions that guided research on DNA in the middle of the twentieth century. Use an oak tree to give an example of each function.
10. Why was the fact of transformation so important to the study of DNA’s role? What did transformation demonstrate?
The Components of DNA
For Questions 11–15, complete each statement by writing in the correct word or words.
11. The building blocks of DNA are __________________________.
12. Nucleotides in DNA are made of three basic components: a sugar called _______________, a ____________________, and a nitrogenous_______________.
13. DNA contains four kinds of nitrogenous bases: _________________, ________________________, ___________________________, and ______________________.
14. In DNA, ______________________ can be joined in any order.
15. The nucleotides in DNA are joined by ___________________ bonds.
Solving the Structure of DNA16. Complete the table to describe each scientist’s contribution to solving the structure of
DNA.
Scientist Contribution
Erwin Chargaff
Rosalind Franklin
James Watson and Francis Crick
17. Complete the table by estimating the percentages of each based on Chargaff’s rules.
DNA sample Percent of adenine
Percent of thymine
Percent of guanine
Percent of cytosine
1 31.5
2 30 20
3 17
The Double-Helix Model
For Questions 8–13, on the lines provided, label the parts of the DNA molecule that correspond to the numbers in the diagram.
24. The drawing below shows half of a DNA molecule. Fill in the appropriate letters for the other half. Explain why you drew your sketch the way you did.
Apply the Big idea
25. Complete this table to show how the structure of the DNA molecule allows it to perform each essential function.
Function Structure of the Molecule
Store information
Copy information
Transmit information
Copying the Code
26. Why are the strands of a DNA molecule said to be complementary?
27. What is the first step in eukaryotic DNA replication?
28.If the base sequence on a separated DNA strand is CGTAGG, what will the base sequence on its complementary strand be?
29. What enzyme joins individual nucleotides to produce the new strand of DNA?
30. What enzyme makes it less likely that DNA will be lost from telomeres during replication?
31. How does this enzyme work? 32. What is a replication fork?
33. Does DNA replication take place in the same direction along both strands of the DNA molecule that is being replicated? Explain your answer. (Hint: Look at the illustration of DNA replication in your textbook.)
34. Make a sketch of the double helix of DNA. Show how it unzips for replication and how complementary strands are built. Label the nitrogenous bases, replication fork, DNA polymerase, the original strand, and the new strand.
Replication in Living Cells
35. Complete the table to compare and contrast DNA replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Location of DNA
Amount of DNA
Starting Point(s) for Replication
36. Is DNA replication always a foolproof process? Explain your answer.
37. Why is the pairing of bases during replication essential for the transmission of
inherited traits from parent to offspring?
The Role of RNA
38. Complete the table to contrast the structures of DNA and RNA.
Sugar Number of Strands Bases
DNA
RNA
39. On the lines provided, identify each kind of RNA.
a. b c.
RNA Synthesis
For Questions 40–46, complete each statement by writing the correct word or words.
40. The process of using DNA to produce complementary RNA molecules is called .
41 The sequence of in mRNA complements the sequence in the DNA template.
42 In eukaryotes, RNA is formed in the and then travels to the .
43 The enzyme binds to DNA during transcription.
44 RNA polymerase binds to regions of DNA called , which are “start” signals for transcription.
45 are portions of RNA that are cut out and discarded.
46 ___________________ are spliced together to make the final mRNA.
Apply the Big idea
The Genetic Code
Use the diagram to answer Questions 1–7.
47. What are the words along the outside of the circle?
48. What can you find by reading this diagram from the inside out?
49. For which amino acid is AAA a codon?
50. What is the codon for tryptophan?
51. For which amino acid is GGA a codon?
52. What is a codon for alanine?
53. What are three other codons for alanine?_________________________________________________________________________
Phenylalanine leucine lysine methionine
Translation
Use the diagram to answer Questions 8–10.
54.. What is the anticodon for leucine?
55. What is the codon for leucine?
56. List the amino acids in the order they would appear in the polypeptide coded for by this mRNA.
57. What is the difference between transcription and translation?
58. Complete the table to describe the steps in protein synthesis
Step Description
Beginning of translation
Assembly of polypeptide
Completing the polypeptide
59. Describe the role of rRNA during translation.
The Molecular Basis of Heredity
For Questions 60 –65, write the letter of the correct answer on the line at the left.
60. The instructions for assembling proteins are contained in theA. genes.B. ribosomes.C. exons.D. introns.
61. The central dogma of molecular biology is that information is transferred fromA. RNA to protein to DNA.B. DNA to protein to RNA.C. protein to DNA to RNA.D. DNA to RNA to protein.
62. An exception to the central dogma isA. the infection of a virus by a bacteriophage.B. the ability of some viruses to transfer information from RNA to DNA.C. the expression of different genes during different stages of development.D. the translation of the codon into the anticodon of tRNA.
63. The way in which DNA, RNA, and proteins are all involved in putting genetic information into action in living cells is calledA. translation.B. transcription.C. gene expression.D. viral transfer.
64. All organisms are mostly the same inA. the proteins they make on their ribosomes.B. how their proteins catalyze chemical reactions.C. the size of their genes.D. the molecular biology of their genes.
Types of Mutations
For Questions 1–8, match the term with its definition.
Definition
______ 65. The change of one base to another in a DNA sequence
______ 66. A change in one or a few nucleotides that occur at a single point in the DNA sequence
______ 67. Part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another
______ 68. A heritable change in genetic information
______ 69. A mutation that produces an extra copy of all or part of a chromosome
______ 70. A chromosomal mutation that reverses the direction of parts of a chromosome
______ 71. A kind of mutation that can change every amino acid that follows the point of mutation
______ 72. The addition of a base to the DNA sequence
73. Complete the table to describe the processes and outcomes of the different types of gene (point) mutations.
Type Description Outcome
Substitution
Insertion
Deletion
74. Deletion can happen as a gene mutation or as a chromosomal mutation. What is the difference?
Effects of Mutations
For Questions 10–17, write the letter of the correct answer on the line at the left.
75. The cellular machinery that replicates DNA inserts an incorrect base
Term
A. mutation
B. substitution
C. point mutation
D. frameshift mutation
E. insertion
F. translocation
G. inversion
A. most of the time.B. about half the time.C. roughly once in every million bases.D. roughly once in every 10 million bases.
76. Small changes in genesA. disappear quickly.B. gradually accumulate over time.C. prevent the next generation from developing.D. do not affect future generations.
77. A possible mutagen isA. an anticodon.B. translocation.C. hemoglobin.D. ultraviolet light.
78. What happens when cells cannot repair the damage caused by a mutagen?A. The DNA base sequence changes permanently.B. The DNA base sequence is not affected.C. The organism is not affected.D. The organism is affected temporarily.
79. Which of the following most accurately summarizes the effects of mutations on living things?A. Most mutations are harmful, but some have little effect.B. Many mutations have little or no effect, but some can be harmful or
beneficial.C. Most mutations are beneficial and a few are harmful.D. About half of mutations are beneficial and half are harmful.
80 Mutations are important to the evolution of a species because theyA. happen over the long period of time that evolution requires.B. cut out and replace damaged or useless genes.C. are a source of genetic variability.D. accelerate the transcription rate of DNA.
81. Cancer is the product of a mutation thatA. causes the uncontrolled growth of cells.B. changes the structure of hemoglobin in the blood.
C. brings about stunted growth and severe pain.D. causes a translocation in a pair of chromosomes.
82. Polyploidy is the condition in whichA. a piece of a chromosome breaks off and reattaches to another chromosome.B. an organism has an extra set of chromosomes.C. a mutagen speeds the mutation rate.D. an insect develops a resistance to a pesticide.
Application Activity1- In teams of 5 make a conceptual map on the most important concepts of DNA:
function, structure, scientist who was part of the discovery of double- helix model of DNA and the replication process.
2- In plenary share your map.
CriteriaHierarchy of concepts should be from the most general to the most specific.
Hierarchy was incomplete.
Hierarchy of the concepts was limited.
Hierarchy of the concepts has some confusing elements.
Hierarchy of all concepts was from general to specific.
Lines and connective objectives are properly in
Lines and connective objects are limited.
Lines and connective objects are confusing.
Lines and connective objects are in the correct place.
Lines and connective objects are in the correct place and are drawn with a ruler or a straight object.
All teammates participate in the development of the poster and the presentation in plenary.
Only some of the teammates are part of the presentation while the other only standstill.
Almost all teammates are part of the presentation.
All teammates are part of the presentation and development of the poster
All teammates are part of the presentation and development of the poster. Each team members took turns to speak and explain the poster in plenary.
Images should be neatly
Constructs a poster with
Constructs a poster with
Constructs a poster with
Constructs a poster with
organized and properly glued to the poster.
pictures done by hand.
pictures that illustrate the concepts.
pictures that illustrate the concepts. It was glued by a any other source except a glue stick.
pictures that illustrate the main concepts of the diagram. Pictures should be taken from magazines or internet images. Pictures are glued completely with a glue stick.
Presentation should be done by hand using color markers in a poster size
Presents the poster.
Presents a poster with readable size letter and clean writing.
Presents a poster with readable size letter and clean writing. The poster should be done with color markers.
Presents a poster with readable size letter and clean writing. The poster should be done with color markers and it should be in a poster size cardboard.
Metacognition
Answer correctly all of the Chapter 11 Assessment.12.1 Identifying the Substance of GenesUnderstand Key Concepts1. The process by which one strain of bacterium is apparently changed into another strain is called
a. transcription. c. duplication.b. transformation. d. replication.
2. Bacteriophages area. a form of bacteria. c. coils of DNA.b. enzymes. d. viruses.
3. Which of the following researchers used radioactive markers in experiments to show that DNA was the genetic material in cells?
a. Frederick Griffi thb. Oswald Averyc. Alfred Hershey and Martha Chased. James Watson and Francis Crick
4. Before DNA could defi nitively be shown to be the genetic material in cells, scientists had to how that it could
a. tolerate high temperatures.b. carry and make copies of information.c. be modifi ed in response to environmental conditions.d. be broken down into small subunits.
5. Briefl y describe the conclusion that could be drawn from the experiments of Frederick Griffith.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. What was the key factor that allowed Hershey and Chase to show that DNA alone carried the genetic information of a bacteriophage?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Think Critically7. Interpret Visuals Look back at Griffi th’s experiment shown in Figure 12–1. Describe the occasion in which the bacterial DNA withstood conditions that killed the bacteria. What happened to the DNA during the rest of the experiment?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
8. Evaluate Avery and his team identifi ed DNA as the molecule responsible for the transformation seen in Griffi th’s experiment. How did they control variables in their experiment to make sure that only DNA caused the effect?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
12.2 The Structure of DNAUnderstand Key Concepts9. A nucleotide does NOT contain
a. a 5-carbon sugar.b. an amino acid.c. a nitrogen base.
d. a phosphate group.
10. According to Chargaff ’s rule of base pairing, which of the following is true about DNA?a. A = T, and C = Gb. A = C, and T = Gc. A = G, and T = Cd. A = T = C = G
11. The bonds that hold the two strands of DNA together come from a. the attraction of phosphate groups for each other.
b. strong bonds between nitrogenous bases and the sugar-phosphate backbone.c. weak hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases.d. carbon-to-carbon bonds in the sugar portion of the nucleotides.
12. Describe the components and structure of a DNA nucleotide.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
13. Explain how Chargaff’s rule of base pairing helped Watson and Crick model DNA.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
14. What important clue from Rosalind Franklin’s work helped Watson and Crick develop their model of DNA?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
15. Why is it signifi cant that the two strands of DNA are antiparallel?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Think Critically16. Use Models How did Watson and Crick’s model of the DNA molecule explain base pairing?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
17. Infer Rosalind Franklin’s X-ray pattern showed that the distance between the two phosphatesugar backbones of a DNA molecule is the same throughout the length of the molecule. How did that information help Watson and Crick determine how bases are paired?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
12.3 DNA ReplicationUnderstand Key Concepts18. In prokaryotes, DNA molecules are located in the
a. nucleus. c. cytoplasm.b. ribosomes. d. histones.
19. In eukaryotes, nearly all the DNA is found in thea. nucleus. c. cytoplasm.b. ribosomes. d. histones.
20. The diagram below shows the process of DNAa. replication. c. transformation.b. digestion. d. transpiration.
21. The main enzyme involved in linking individual nucleotides into DNA molecules isa. DNA protease. c. carbohydrase.b. ribose. d. DNA polymerase.
22. What is meant by the term base pairing? How is base pairing involved in DNA replication?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
23. Describe the appearance of DNA in a typical prokaryotic cell.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
24. Explain the process of replication. When a DNA molecule is replicated, how do the new molecules compare to the original molecule?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Think Critically25. Use Analogies Is photocopying a document similar to DNA replication? Think of the original materials, the copying process, and the final products. Explain how the two processes are alike. Identify major differences.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
26. Compare and Contrast Describe the similarities and differences between DNA replication in prokaryotic cells and in eukaryotic cells.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
13.1 R NAUnderstand Key Concepts1. The process by which the genetic code of DNA is copied into a strand of RNA is called
a. translation. c. transformation.b. transcription. d. replication.
2. Which of the following describes RNA?a. RNA is usually double-stranded and contains the base thymine.b. RNA is usually single-stranded and contains the base uracil.c. RNA is longer than DNA and uses fi ve bases to encode information.d. RNA is made in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and stays there to carry out
its functions.
3. Describe the function of each of the three types of RNA.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. How does the enzyme that makes RNA know where to start transcribing the DNA?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Compare introns and exons.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Think Critically6. Apply Concepts Suppose you start with the DNA strand ACCGTCAC. Use the rules of base pairing to list the bases on a messenger RNA strand transcribed from this DNA strand.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
7. Predict Look at the fi rst intron in the diagram below. What would happen to the protein produced by the mRNA molecule if the intron were not removed but functioned instead as an exon?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
13.2 Ribosomes and Protein SynthesisUnderstand Key Concepts8. In messenger RNA, each codon specifi es a particular
a. nucleotide. c. amino acid.b. enzyme. d. promoter.
9. The number of codons in the genetic code isa. 3. b. 4. c. 20. d. 64.
10. Which of the following statements about the genetic code is true?a. A codon can specify more than one amino acid.b. Every codon specifi es a different amino acid.c. Some codons specify the same amino acid.d. Some codons have no function at all.
11. The process of making proteins on the ribosome based on instructions from messenger RNA is called
a. transcription. c. translation.b. transformation. d. molecular biology.
12. What is a codon?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
13. How do anticodons function?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
14. If a code on a DNA molecule for a specifi c amino acid is CTA, what would the messenger RNA codon be? The transfer RNA codon?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
15. Explain why controlling the proteins in an organism controls the organism’s characteristics.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Think Critically16. Use Analogies The word transcribe means “to write out.” The word translate means “to express in another language.” Review the meanings of transcription and translation in genetics. How do the technical meanings of these words relate to the everyday meanings of the words?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
17. Predict A researcher identifi es the nucleotide sequence AAC in a long strand of RNA inside a nucleus. In the genetic code, AAC codes for the amino acid asparagine. When that RNA becomes involved in protein synthesis, will asparagines necessarily appear in the protein? Explain your answer.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
13.3 MutationsUnderstand Key Concepts18. Changes in DNA sequences that affect genetic information are known as
a. replications. c. transformations.b. mutations. d. translations.
19. A single-base mutation in a messenger RNA molecule could transcribe the DNA sequence CAGTAT into
a. GTCATA. c. GTCUTU.b. GUCAUA. d. GUAAUA.
20. A substance that can cause a change in the DNA code of an organism is called aa. toxin. c. nitrogenous base.b. mutagen. d. nucleotide.
21. Name and give examples of two major types of mutations. What do they have in common? How are they different?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
22. How does a deletion mutation differ from a substitution mutation?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
23. Can mutations have a positive effect?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Think Critically24. Compare and Contrast How does the possible impact of a chromosomal mutation that occurs during meiosis differ from that of a similar event that occurs during mitosis of a body cell that is not involved in reproduction?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
25. Apply Concepts A mutation in the DNA of an organism changes one base sequence in a protein coding region from CAC to CAT. What is the effect of the mutation on the final protein? Explain your answer.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Integrative Project1- In teams of 5 research on the harmful and helpful mutations.
a- Turner Syndromeb- Gene duplication on insecticide resistance in mosquitoes.
c- Seedless plants, like citrus.d- Polyploidy in flowers.e- Stickler syndromef- Wilson’s disease
2- Make a PPT presentation that must have the following:a- Introduction. What is a mutation? Explain all of the mutations.b- Kind of mutation gene, chromosomal and is it deletion, insertion or substitution.c- Method to diagnosed- Advantages or disadvantages of this disorder.e- Treatment or medication.f- Conclusion. Reflect on the importance of neonatal sieve.g- Bibliography
Rubric
CriteriaPPT presentation
The PPT presentation must include in every slide background color combination. Letter size good for clear reading. Make sure the letters can be read clearly even if you have a background.
Introduction Presents an introduction using information taken from publications.
Presents an introduction of the topic.
Presents an introduction that talks on how the disease was discovered and was written in their own words.
Presents an instruction that includes a reflection on how the disease was discovered written in essay.
Genotype and Phenotype.Method of diagnose.
Interprets the phenotype.Interprets in a simple way the
Interprets the genotype and phenotype incorrectly.
Interprets the genotype and phenotype. Interprets the
Interprets the genotype and phenotype defining the
diagnose method.
diagnostic method.
cause of the disease. Interprets the diagnostic method explaining all steps and pictures on how it is done.
Advantages and disadvantages
Evaluates the disease.
Evaluates the disadvantages.
Evaluates the advantages and disadvantages.
Evaluates the advantages and disadvantages of having the disease with all of the possibilities.
Treatment or medication
Describes the treatment.
Describes the treatment and medications.
Describes the treatment of medication needed to treat the disease.
Describes the treatment or medication needed to treat this disease including age and prognoses of the patient.
Conclusion Gives a simple conclusion.
Reflects on the benefits of genetics.
Reflect on the benefits and risks on the knowledge of genetics research.
Reflect on the benefits and risks of the knowledge of genetics giving reasons why this kind of research is important.
Bibliography Quotes less than 5 books or internet sites.
Quote at least 5 books and internet sites.
Quote at least 5 books and internet sites Appling correctly the APA style.
Quote at least 5 books and internet sites Appling correctly the APA style. It also quotes 1 library book.
Laboratory PracticeI. Realiza la práctica de laboratorio indicada bajo la supervisión docente.Del ADN a la síntesis de proteínasProblema
¿Cuáles son los pasos involucrados en la elaboración de proteínas?IntroducciónAntes de poder construir una proteína, las instrucciones deben estar empacadas y transferirse desde la “librería” de ADN. Primero, la secuencia específica de ADN que codifica la proteína se transcribe en una cadena complementaria de ARNm. En las células eucariotas, el ARNm sale del núcleo y entra al citoplasma. En todas las células, la molécula de ARNm se une a un ribosoma, donde el anticodón ARNt traduce el ARNm en aminoácido. La cadena completa de aminoácidos, o polipéptido, que entonces se pliega en su forma final como proteína. En esta práctica modelarás la transcripción de ADN y la traducción de ARNm mientras decodificas mensajes secretos.
HabilidadesUsar modelos, secuenciar
Desarrollar vocabulario
Preguntas previas1. Secuenciar Describe brevemente el proceso que usarás para decodificar los mensajes.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Comparar y contrastar ¿Qué papel desempeñan los codones terminación en la síntesis de proteínas? ¿Para qué se usan en los mensajes codificados?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Predecir ¿Cuáles seis letras no aparecerán en los mensajes codificados?Da una razón para tu respuesta.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
ProcedimientoParte A: Cómo se decodifica el mensaje
1- Escribe la cadena complementaria de ARNm para la secuencia de ADN que se te proporciona a continuación, al encontrar el codón ARNm que coincida con cada tripleta de ADN, de base por base. La cadena de ARNm se comenzó para ti. Ahora termina la transcripción.
ADN: TAC CGT TTT CTT ATT TAC ATA ACT CTG CGA ATG
ARNm: AUG GCA AAA GAA UAA ____________________________
2- Usa la ilustración 1 de la siguiente página para relacionar cada codón ARNm del paso 1 con su correspondiente aminoácido. Cuando el codón es un codón terminación, incluye terminación en la secuencia. La secuencia de aminoácido se comenzó para ti. Ahora termina la traducción.
3- Usa la tabla para encontrar el símbolo de una letra para cada aminoácido en la secuencia del paso 2. Los símbolos formarán una frase en inglés. Como ejemplo, la primera palabra se hizo para ti.
Parte B: Decodificación de mensajes4. Usa el procedimiento de la parte A para decodificar los siguientes mensajes. Recuerda transcribir los mensajes de ADN en codones ARNm y luego traduce los codones en aminoácidos.
a. TGA CGA TTT CTC ACT ACA CGC GCG CTT_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
b. GTA CTT ATT TAA AGC ATC CGT ATT AGT GGC ATA_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
c. TAC CTC CTT TGA ATT TAC CTT ACT CGT TGT ATT AAA TAT CAG CTC_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
d. TGT GTA CTT ACT GGG GAT CGC TTG ATT GTA CGG AGC ATC ACG
Análisis y conclusiones1. Aplicar conceptos ¿Cómo sabes cuáles bases debes usar cuando transcribes la secuencia de ADN a codones ARNm?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Predecir Supón que la secuencia de ADN para el primer mensaje en la parte B comenzó con TGT CGA en lugar de TGA CGA. ¿El mensaje cambiaría? ¿Por qué sí o por qué no?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Usar analogías Supón que algunos codones se mapean a dos aminoácidos diferentes. ¿Cuál sería el efecto en tu traducción de mensajes codificados? ¿Cuál sería el efecto en la producción de proteínas?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Secuenciar Durante la producción real de proteínas en una célula, ¿qué podría ocurrir a una cadena de ARN antes de dejar el núcleo?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Evaluar y revisar ¿Qué paso podrías agregar después de transcribir el ADN para elaborar un modelo más completo de síntesis de proteínas?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Desarrollar habilidades científicasEscribe tu propio mensaje secreto usando tripletas de ADN. Intercambia mensajescon tus compañeros de clase y trata de resolver los mensajes que recibas.Recuerda que no hay tripletas para las letras B, J, O, U, X y Z. N
