Page 1
3 e e G b
34
3
e e G b
2
2
construction, Fi l lmore 1985b, 1988
1
Frame Semantics, Fi l lmore 1977, 1982, 1985a
2
)
Commercial Event ) RISK
2
3Enfield 2000, 2002
Lao
4
3 e e G b
35
1. e eG e e
1.1 e e
1
Chomsky 1957, 1965 Chomsky 1981, 1992
principles and parameters approach
epiphenomena Reductionism
Construction Grammar Fil lmore 1985b, 1988, Fil lmore, Kay & O’Connor 1988, Fi l lmore & Kay 1993, Lakoff 1987, Goldberg 1991, 1992, 1995, Michaelis 1993Goldberg 1995 Argument Structure Construction
Goldberg 1995 Ditransi t ive
Construction
(1)
1 Sally baked her s is ter a cake.
Page 2
3 e e G b
36
SallySally
Sally(1)
‘intended transfer ’bake ‘X intends to cause Y to receive Z by
baking’ bake
1
610293 ( B j
Form Meaning Subj V Obj Obj2 X causes Y to receive Z
[Subj V Obj Obj2]
kick the bucketpickpocket
1.2 b e e e e
Goldberg 1995, Booij 2010
G e e l
45
Example
3 e e G b
37
Word Word (part ial ly f i l led) Complex word Idiom (fi l led) Idiom (part ial ly f i l led) Ditransi t ive
tentacle , gangster , the post-N, V- ing textbook , drive-in l ike a bat out of hel l bel ieve <one’s> ears/eyes Subj V Obj1 Obj2 (e .g. he baked her a muff in)
2 1
complex wordLieber 1980, 1992, Selkirk 1982, Di
Sciul lo & Will iams 1987
acceptable, af fordable, approachable, bel ievable, doable V-able -able
applicableapplic- apply
amenable, ineluctableBooij 2013
cranberry morpheme
1Anderson 1992,
Aronoff 1976, 2007, Booij 2013 Booij 2013
V-able
5 accept acceptable,
af ford af fordable, approach approachable, bel ieve bel ievable, do doable
(5)
Page 3
3 e e G b
38
Booij 2013: 256 6 [VT R i -able]A j ↔ [ [CAN BE SEMi-ed]p r o p e r t y ] j
(T R SEM )
(6) -ableV-able
[VT R i -able]A j
play debate (6)laughable unlistenable
clubbable[N-able] (6)
amenable, ineluctable(6)
(6) V-able
blog(6) blogable ‘worthy of being blogged’
2 1.3 b e
·ÖƼȷȾȎɩɡʇɼȸȮɔɗĶȰȪ�!Ƚ�ÿ
ȟʃɡɧɥʅȽȻeɈɔȶȚɓȸƊȜɓȏȴɈɒȎacceptable , laughable ȺȹȽƸȸȎȮɔȻƧɑɔɓ�ƗËɗëȜɓɩɡʇɼȽ�ÿȟśǤȧɔȶȚɓ
ȸƊȜɓȽȷșɓȏȦȽɐțȻƊȜɓȽȾȎ%ȐȽƸȽçȴŊŗËșɓȚȾ
DŚËȸȎƥûȽƸȻƧɑɔɓ2ǕȽ�ƗŝŊËȽ�ÿɗëȜɓȰɋȷ
șɓ3ȏ
1Jackendoff 2008
3 e e G b
39
b e B V-able
Booij 2012
2 1
impoverished entry theory
1 full entry theory
Jackendoff 1975
Booij 2010
V-able (6)1) agreeable
agree 2) applicable apply3) clubbable
4) amenable, ineluctable1
Page 4
3 e e G b
40
1Croft 2003, 2012 verb-specif ic construct ion 4
-able
Langacker 1987: 29, 42
Rule/List Fallacycomputer -er
computer ‘something computes’
usage-based model , Langacker 1987, Bybee 1985, 2006, Barlow & Kemmer 2000, Tomasello 2003
linguist ic units
categorizat ionschematizat ion
1
1
blogable, skypable
Mos 2010Jackendoff 2011b
Dowty 2003
3 e e G b
41
Booij 2012motivation
Booij 20122
1
1
2009
Chomsky 1970 Halle1973
output Jackendoff 1975 lexical redundancy rule
1993: 355
Page 5
3 e e G b
42
2. b Ȋ ĊųȽ�ɋȻȝȚȶɌǑɅȰȟȎɥʅɩɱʀɢɧɿʅȸ:ɒǰȬȺȚĒÇȸ
ȨȶȎȓɷʃʇɽȔȟșɓȏȦȽɐțȺɥʅɩɱʀɢɧɿʅȸɷʃʇɽȽƫjËȞɑȎ
Goldbergʈ1995, 2006ʉȎCroftʈ2001ʉȻȝȚȶɌɥʅɩɱʀɢɧɿʅȽÔhŝȺ(dzɗëȜɓȽȻɷʃʇɽÔhƼɗYɒ.ɔɓÂƦȟșɓȸ�³Ȩȶ
Țɓȏ
ɷʃʇɽȸȾșɓĒÇɗŐƬȪɓȰɋȻÂƦȺƎăÐ~ɗ
eɊy¯MȧɔȰťƽēǖȷșɓȏȦȦȷȾȎɷʃʇɽÔhƼȻȴȚȶƬ
ƹȪɓȏ2.1 ŶȷɷʃʇɽÔhƼȟǠƩȪɓŜū�4ŝťƽȽÂƦËȻȴȚȶƼȩȎ2.2 ŶȷɷʃʇɽȸȚțĒÇȎVɁȮɔɗȹȽɐțȻÔh9ĎȻÆŒȪɓȽȞȎȸȚțȦȸɗ,ƠŧŰȻȝȤɓ3�ŝȺ9Ď!ɗŒȚȶƹ
āȪɓȏ 2.1 io G b ɷʃʇɽÔhƼȻȝȚȶȎșɓƸȽÔhȾĀªȽĬKɗǕȩȶ·Ûȧɔ
ȰŽ Ȃ ȎƉ × ȺȹɗƎ ă ȸȨȶŐ Ƭ ȧɔɓɌȽȷșɓ ʈ Fil lmore 1977, 1982ʉȏȴɈɒȎÔhȾŎŲȨȶȚɓɌȽȷȾȺȢȎƎăŋĥ ʈbackground si tuat ionʉɎǩǗȪɓĒÇȸ2ȻoDžȧɔɓȽȷșɓȏȦȽɐțȺťƽɗƁŬȨȶȓŜū�4ŝťƽȔȸȚțȏ
Evans 2009: 17
real-world knowledgesociocultural knowledge
common-sense knowledgebackground knowledge
Haiman 1980, Langacker 1987, 2010Bolinger 1965
Bolinger 1965 all igator shoes horse shoesall igator shoes horse shoes
5
Fil lmore & Atkins
3 e e G b
43
1992: 76-77, Fi l lmore & Baker 2010: 314 ɷʃʇɽȾȎƸɗ ŒȪɓ�ȟȹȽɐțȻƒljȽŽȂɗťƪȨȎƯÚȨȎ
ðƼȪɓȽȞȎȸȚțȦȸȻȝȚȶ�ȠȺ¹CɗďȰȨȶȚɓȏ!ȜȿȎy 4ȽɐțȻȎLangackerʈ1987ʉȺȹȟèóȪɓɐțȻȎʒ² ʓɎȓ± ȔȎʒOº ʓȎʒšº ʓȸȚțƸɗŐƬȪɓȰɋȻȾʒ6 ʓȸȚțƎă ʈbackgroundȎɈȰȾLangacker 1987 ȺȹȻȝȤɓ baseʉȟÂƦȷșɒȎȦɔɑȽƸȾȮɔȯɔbȩƎăʈ6ʉȽŗȺɓǝ9ʈ�ƃȷƢȧɔȶȚɓǝ9ʉɗBăMʈprofi leʉȨȶȚɓȏ
F
ƎăŋĥȽǠƦËȾǎ«Ƚƶťū�ȽŧŰȻɐȳȶöçȧɔȶȚɓȏ
ȮɔɑȽŧŰȻɐɓȸȎĒÇȾŎŲȨȶ$�ȧɔɓȽȷȾȺȢȎȮɔȟ�zʆ
ŚőȪɓŋĥȻȝȚȶƯÚȧɔȎĒÇȟ ŒȧɔɓȸȠȻȾȎȮȽƎăȻ
șɓŋĥɌ�ƂȻiɁDžȦȧɔɓȸȚțʈBarsalou 2003, Yeh & Barsalou 2006, Simons et al . 2008 ȺȹʉȏɷʃʇɽȾșɓĒÇȟ�zʆŚőȪɓŋĥȮȽɌȽȻǩȪɓƴŻȺÐ~ɗeɊȱȤȷȾȺȢȎȮȽŋĥȟȹȽɐțȺ
SwȻɐȳȶ°ȠDžȦȧɔȰɌȽȺȽȞȎȮȨȶȎȮȽŋĥȻɐȳȶȹȽɐț
ȺžďȟɌȰɑȧɔɓȽȞȎȸȚțÐ~ɌɷʃʇɽȻɐȳȶǩǗ�ȤɑɔȶȚ
ɓȸƊȜɑɔɓ6ȏ Fi l lmoreʈ1977ʉȾȦȽɐțȺɷʃʇɽȸȚțĒÇɗƸȽÔh9ĎȻYɒ
.ɔɓÂƦȟșɓȸ�³ȨȰȏȮɔȻɐɓȸȎbuy , sel l , pay , cost , charge ȺȹȽƸȾbȩȑmY°Ȓʈcommercial eventʉȽɷʃʇɽɗoDžȪɓȏ
Page 6
3 e e G b
44
= b B 4667 92 ))
y 5 ȾȑmY°ȒɷʃʇɽȻȝȤɓU�ƋɗƢȨȰɌȽȷșɓȏȮȨȶȎbuy , sel l , pay , cost , charge ȺȹȾȑmY°ȒȽɷʃʇɽȽŗȺɓǝ9ʈǩ#ËʉɗɹʄɷəɛʂȨȶȚɓȏy 6 ȽɐțȻ buy Ⱦ AʈǂȚÞʉȟ BʈlʼnʉȻ�ȪɓK�ɗɹʄɷəɛʂȨȶȚɓȟȎCʈȝǢʉȸ Dʈ�ɒÞʉȸȽǩǗËɌƎăȻeɈɔɓȏ�ÿȎsel l Ⱦ Dʈ�ɒÞʉȟ BʈlʼnʉȻ�ȪɓK�ɗɹʄɷəɛʂȨȎAʈǂȚÞʉȸ CʈȝǢʉȟƎăȸȺɓ7ȏ
( buy ; sel l >#<?��(>FKE@AI 4667 92 )) (
y 6 Ƚû�ȾüĦŝȺǩ#ʈ�ƸȸŠŝƸʉɗƢȨȎ4 ȴȽɷʃʇɽƦźȽ5ȎxɈɔȶȚɓȽȟɹʄɷəɛʂȧɔȶȚɓÁŝɷʃʇɽƦźȷșɓȏ
ɹʄɷəɛʂȧɔȶȚȺȚgnjŝɷʃʇɽƦźȾBƆƲɗ�ȳȶKƲȸ2
DžȪɓȦȸȟȷȠɓȏȦȦȷĩŠȪɅȠȦȸȾȎȝǢȽɐțȻȎǷȸȨȶȾ�ŏ
ȨȺȚƦźɌɷʃʇɽƦźȻeɈɔɓȦȸȷșɓʈ�ǮȽȸȦɕȎȝǢȾmY
°ȻȝȤɓÂǹƦźȷșɓʉȏ Ȋ Fil lmore ȾȎȑmY°ȒɷʃʇɽȾĂǨŝ¢ǧɗeɊɌȽȸȨȶȎȮȽɐțȺȓɩɢʁɹɱȔŝȺťƽɗy 7 ȽɐțȻƢȪȏ
3 e e G b
45
) = b B
ɈȫȎŵ 1ĝǬȷȾǂȚÞ (A)ȟȝǢ (C)ɗÝçȨȶȝɒȎ�ɒÞ (D)Ⱦml(B)ɗ$ĈȨȶȚɓȏŵ 2 ĝǬȻȝȚȶȎǂȚÞȸ�ɒÞȾ X ȟ�ŏȨȰɑY ȟƠɖɔɓȸȚțȦȸȻaÔȪɓȏŵ 3 ĝǬȾ X ȷșɒȎǂȚÞȟȝǢɗ�ɒÞȻĴȨȶȎ�ɒÞȟmlɗǂȚÞȻĴȪȏć¼ȻȎŵ 4 ĝǬ Y ȾǂȚÞȟmlɗ$Ĉ ȨȎ� ɒÞȟȝǢɗÝĈȪɓȏ buy , sel l , pay , cost , charge ȺȹȽƸɗŐƬȪɓȰɋȻȾȎȦȽɐțȺmY°ȻǩȪɓƎăťƽȟÂƦȸȺɓȏ 2.2 G b KƲȽÔhȸɥʅɩɱʀɢɧɿʅȽǩ#ȻǩȨȶȎɷʃʇɽȟȹȽɐțȺ¹
CɗďȰȪȞȻȴȚȶȾȎƚƸȽŭKKƲȻǩȪɓƿƼȟUƊȻȺɓȏ
Taylor 1996 run jog2
Taylor 1996 jog
run jogrun
jog
run jog
Page 7
3 e e G b
46
run jog(14)
14 a. Bruce ran against Phil .
b. *Bruce jogged against Phil .
walk , parade , tot ter , stagger, roamSnell-Hornby 1983 Boas 2003: 246-249,
2006Levin 1993
Walkparade
Totter
Stagger tot ter
RoamBoas 2006
walk
5
15 a. Gerry {walked/paraded/staggered/tot tered/roamed}.
b. Gerry {walked/paraded/staggered/tot tered/roamed} down the street .
Boas 2003, 2006
16 Cathy {walked/?paraded/*staggered/*tot tered/*roamed} herself to exhaustion.
3 e e G b
47
(16) walk parade
stagger , tot ter, roam
stagger , tot ter
roamroam
(17) locative preposit ion
drop al ternation, Levin 1993: 43-44walk , parade, roam staggertot ter
17 Julia {walked/paraded/*staggered/*tot tered/roamed} the town.
tot ter , stagger
*
Boas 2003: 169-171
conventionally expected results Washio 1997
2.33 ��=79?EJLH ĊŧŰȷȾȎɷʃʇɽȻȎÔhɷʃʇɽȸƎăɷʃʇɽȽ 2 ȴɗư�Ȫɓ
8ȏɈȫȎGoldbergʈ2010: 40ʉȻ½ȳȶÔhɷʃʇɽɗ��ȽɐțȻ�ƈȪ
Page 8
3 e e G b
48
ɓȏ ʈ18ʉșɓƸȽÔhɷʃʇɽʋƸȽÔhșɓȚȾƸȟoDžȪɓɌȽȷșɒȎ1
ȴȽüMŝƢǀ 9ɗēÛȪɓȏɹʄɷəɛʂʈBăMȧɔȶȚɓǝ9ʉ
ȸɺʇɩȻ9ȤɓȦȸȟȷȠɓȏ 1) Ȋ ɹʄɷəɛʂʋȊ ƸȟèȨũȪɌȽ 2) Ȋ ɺʇɩʋȊ ƸɗŐƬȪɓȰɋȽBñťƽ
ȦȽɐțȺÔhɷʃʇɽȾȎȓƎăɷʃʇɽʈƎăŋĥʉȔȻ}ȵȚȶư�ȧ
ɔɓȏĊŧŰȻȝȤɓƎăɷʃʇɽȾ Petruckʈ1996ʉȟǑɅȶȚɓɐțȺȎƳƋȽŽȂȻ}ȵȚȶȎŏ��ŔȽ�ǀɗɩɡʇɼMȨȰɌȽȷșɓȏ
[W]ord meaning is characterized in terms of experience-based schematizat ions of the speaker ’s world.
Ȋ Ȋ (Petruck 1996: 3) ȴɈɒȎ1 ȴȽƸȾŗȺɓƎăɷʃʇɽʈƎăŋĥʉȻȝȚȶȎŗȺɓÔ
hȷ ɖɔɓȏ!ȜȿȎȓßȴȔȸȚțKƲȾȓu�ɗǴȷßȴȔȸȚț�a
ȻȝȚȶȾȎȑQ�ȒȸȚțƎăɷʃʇɽɗoDžȨȎʍȗG�ƋȘȟȗƣ�ƋȘ
ȻȗÞșɓȚȾÞȻçȳȰǚ3Șȷơôɗ�ȜɓȦȸȷɮɾʇɨɗGȜɓʏȸ
ȚțÔhɗƢȪȟȎȓ�ȈɗßȴȔȻȝȚȶȾȑĻ�ȒɷʃʇɽɗoDžȨȎʍ
ȗĻ�ƋȘȟȗđsȘȻȗÞșɓȚȾÞȻçȳȰǚ3Șȷơôɗ�ȜɓȦȸȷ
ǵɗ8ȪʏȸȚțÔhɗƢȪɐțȻȺɓȏÔhɷʃʇɽȸƎăɷʃʇɽȽ 2ȴȽĒÇȾIJbȨɎȪȚȟȎÔhɷʃʇɽȟșɓƸȽÔhɗƢȪȽȻ�ȨȎ
ƎăɷʃʇɽȾȑmY°ȒɷʃʇɽȽɐțȺȎșɓƎăŋĥɗƢȪɌȽȷșɒȎ
2 ȴȾŗȺɓĒÇȷșɓ1 0ȏ !ȜȿȎFrameNet ȷȾȎhit ȸȚțƸȟȑơô Ȓʈ ImpactʉȸȚțɷʃʇɽ
ʈĊůȻȝȤɓƎăɷʃʇɽʉɗoDžȪɓ�aȻȎ��ȽɐțȺ lexical entryʈĊůȻȝȤɓÔhɷʃʇɽʉɗçȴȸȨȶȚɓ 1 1ȏ ʈ19ʉȑơôȒɷʃʇɽȻ�ÆȪɓ hit Ƚ lexical entry
Lexical Entry Ȋ hit .v Frame: Impact Defini t ion: (of a moving object or body) come into contact with (someone or something stat ionary) quickly and forcefully. The Frame Elements for this word sense are: Depict ive, Force, Impactee, Impactor, Manner, Place, Result , Subregion, Time
3 e e G b
49
ȨȞȨȎŗȺɓȑ÷ôȒʈAttackʉɷʃʇɽɗoDžȪɓ�aȻȎ��ȽɐțȺŗȺɓ lexical entry ɗçȴȏ ʈ20ʉȑ÷ôȒɷʃʇɽȻ�ÆȪɓ hit Ƚ lexical entry
Lexical Entry Ȋ hit .v Frame: Attack Defini t ion: to str ike. The Frame Elements for this word sense are: Assai lant , Containing_event , Manner, Time, Vict im, Weapon
Ȋ ȑ÷ôȒɷʃʇɽȽɐțȺƎăɷʃʇɽȾȎhit ��ȻɌ strike Ɏ attack , assault ȺȹȎƥûȽƸȸ�ÆȨȶȚɓȟȎÔhɷʃʇɽȾƸȽÔhēǖȷșɓȰɋȎ1 ȴȽÔhɷʃʇɽȾ 1 ȴȽƸȸȨȞ�ÆȨȶȚȺȚȏ GȜȶȎÔhɷʃʇɽȽ�aȾ .ȧɔȰƎăɷʃʇɽȻɐȳȶ5�ɗ
�ȜɓȦȸȟȷȠɓȰɋȎșɓƸȾȮɔȟšîoDžȪɓɷʃʇɽȷȺȢȶɌȎ
�ȽƸȻɐȳȶoDžȧɔȰɷʃʇɽȻ}ȵȚȶǕªȸȾŗȺɓÔhȸȨȶ
ŐƬȧɔɓ�aȟșɓȏ!ȸȨȶȎKayʈ1996: 112ʉȾĕȽɐțȺ!üɗéȥȶȚɓȏ ʈ21ʉ*Sybil had Sidney fal l off the couch. ȦȽüȻȝȚȶȎhave ȾƤƸȸȺɓKƲȻK��ŝȺ�ƸɗYɓȦȸɗƦġȪɓȟȎ fal l Ƚ�ƸȾK��ɗƢȪȦȸȟȷȠȺȚȰɋǕªȾ�ƶ8ČȺȚüȻȺɓȏȨȞȨȎȑĻàè ȒȸȚțƎăɷʃʇɽɗ .ȪɓȦȸȷ(21)Ⱦ SybilȟƖ^şŤȷȎSidneyȻƒńȻɬɷəʇȞɑƝȲȰɐțȻĻàȧȬȰȎȸȚțɐțȻȎƬǟ]ƏȺüȸȺɓȏȦȽɐțȻȎƸȽÔhȾƎăɷʃʇɽ
Ȼɐȳȶģ�ȧɔɓȎɈȰȾąȠòȜɑɔɓɌȽȷșɓ1 2ȏ ȦȦɈȷǑɅȶȠȰɐțȻȎșɓƸȽÔhɗƢȪȽȟÔhɷʃʇɽȷșɓ
ȟȎȮɔɗēÛȪɓÔhƦźɗɷʃʇɽƦźʈframe elements, FEsʉȸȚțȏȮȨȶȎĊŧŰȾKƲȽ�aȻȾ��ȽɌȽȟɷʃʇɽƦźȸȨȶeɈɔ
ɓȸƊȜɓȏ
ʈ22ʉKƲȽɷʃʇɽƦź 1 3ʋ 1) Ȋ KƲȽƢȪ�ǀɄȽU�Ƌ ʈǷ ȸȨȶŏɔȺȚȗǚ3 Șȗlj�ǝ� Șȗ�ÝȘȗĂ@ȘȺȹɌeɊʉ 2) Ȋ KƲȽƢȪ�ǀȸǩǗȪɓ�ǀʋ
Page 9
3 e e G b
50
ŋÖ�Mɗ°ȠDžȦȪȗSwȘʌ KƲȽƢȪ�ǀȟɌȰɑȪȗžďȘʌ Ȋ Ȋ ŋÖʆ�Ɔ�MȽ ¹ƠŃɗǛÛȪɓȗÞĝȘʌ Ȋ Ȋ KƲȽƢȪ�ǀȻȝȚȶŒȚɑɔɓȗǚ3Ș Ȋ Ȋ ÔyŝȺƠŃɗƠțȗŠŝȘȸȗŐœȘʌ Ȋ Ȋ VɁȮȽǮȽȗÕÐȘȸȗÕƪȘʌ Ȋ Ȋ KƲȽƢȪ�ǀȟƠɖɔɓǮȽȗĔÖȘʌ Ȋ Ȋ KƲȽƢȪ�ǀȽȗBñŝƎăȘʌ Ȋ Ȋ KƲȽƢȪ�ǀȸ2ȻDžȦɓȗ2Dž�ǀȘʌ Ȋ Ȋ KƲȽƢȪ�ǀȸ2ȻDžȦɓȗ2Dž�ǀȘʌ Ȋ Ȋ KƲȽƢȪ�ǀȻ�ȳȶŚȬɑɔɓȗ�ǭǵȘ KƲȽÔhɷʃʇɽȾȦȽɐțȺɷʃʇɽƦźȸȎȮȽKƲȟƢȪÁ�
ǀ 1 4ʈ!ȜȿȎȓCɓȔȸȚțKƲȟƢȪÁ�ǀȾȗƠŃƋȘȟȗ/�ŝȺ
�ǀȘȻơôɗGȜȶ9ƬȪɓʉȟeɈɔɓȏÁ�ǀȾɹʄɷəɛʂȧɔ
ȶȚɓ�ǀǝ9ȷșɒȎǩǗ�ǀȾɹʄɷəɛʂȧɔȶȚȺȚ�ǀǝ9ȷ
șɓȏ ɷʃʇɽƦźȾɹʄɷəɛʂȧɔȶȚɓÁŝɷʃʇɽƦźʈcore FEsʉȸ
ɺʇɩȸȺɓgnjŝɷʃʇɽƦźʈperipheral FEsʉȻ9ȤɓȦȸȟȷȠȎKƲȽǩǗ�ǀȾgnjŝɷʃʇɽƦźȷƎăȷșɓȸƊȜɓȏ�ǀU�Ƌ
ȻɌÁŝʆgnjŝȸȚțN=ȟșɒȎÁŝȺ�ǀU�ƋȾKƲȟèȨ
ũȪɛɺʅɱɗƢȪȰɋȻÂƦȺƦźɗèȨȎgnjŝȺ�ǀU�ƋȾȮȽ
ɺʇɩȸȺɓƦźɗèȪȏ !ȸȨȶȓĨȢȔɗƊȜȶɉɐțȏȓĨȢȔȾșɓ�ȟŠȞɑįɗ8ȪȦȸɗƢ
ȪȎȮȽƎăȻȾĔȐȺǩǗȪɓ�ǷȟșɓȏȺȭĨȢȽȞȎȹțɎȳȶĨ
ȢȽȞȎĨȢȸȹțȚțžďȟDžȦɓȽȞȎȺȹȷșɓȏȦɔȾ�Ů�Ĕȷșɓ
ȟȎģȨȶ�ȷɌșɒȸȚțɖȤȷȾȺȢȎǫ�ŝȺɌȽȷșɓȏ!ȜȿȎÏȨ
ɘȱɒpɘȱɒȨȶĨȢȦȸȾșȳȶɌȎȄȚȶĨȢȦȸȾǕªƊȜɑɔȺȚȏ
ĨȚȰȰɋȻįȷǻȟŀɔȰɒȎȉĠȟ8ȰɒȎŠȟƑɔȰɒȪɓȟȎȅȽ
ğȟƅɔȰɒȎĢɗȞȚȰɒȎdȚȰɒȪɓȦȸȾȺȚȏȦȽɐțȻ<þȷȠɓ
ȽȾȎĨȢȸȚțƠŃȽgnjŝ�ǀȻǩȪɓťƽɗŪȰȲȟçȳȶȚɓȦȸ
ɗũȪȏ ȦȽɐțȺƊ�ȞɑȎɰɷɞʂɱȸȨȶoDžȧɔɓȑÕÐ?ĿȒȸȚțƎăɷ
ʃʇɽȽ�aȽȓĨȢȔȽÔhɷʃʇɽȾƢ 3 ȽɐțȻũȪȦȸȟȷȠɓ1 5ȏ
b
[naku]V
3 e e G b
51
ƎăɷʃʇɽʋȑÕÐ?ĿȒɷʃʇɽ Á �ǀ
ȗĨȢ�ȘȟȗįȘɗ8Ȫ
�ǀ U �
Ƌ
ȗĨȢ�Șʋșɓȗ?ĿȘȻɐȳȶįɗ8Ȫ�ȏ ȗ?ĿȘʋȗĨȢ�ȘȽșɓÕаȠDžȦȪɌȽȏ ȗį Șʋșɓȗ?ĿȘȻɐȳȶȗĨȢ�ȘȽȗŠȘȞɑ8ɓİ�ȏ ȗŠ ȘʋȗįȘɗ8ȪȗĨȢ�ȘȽlj�ǝ�ȏ ȗgɒȽ�ȘʋȗĨȢ�ȘȟȗįȘɗ8ȪȽɗƧȶȚɓgxȽ�ȏ (ȗǻ Ș) (ȗȉ Ș)
ǩǗ �ǀ
Sw (șɓȗ?ĿȘȻɐȳȶȗĨȢ�Șȟ´ȚÏȨɉɗÕȩɓʌ șɓȗ?ĿȘȻɐȳȶȗĨȢ�Șȟ´ȚpɁɗÕȩɓʌȌ)
ĔÖ (DzȞȻʌĿȨȢʌ�ɗDZɖȬȶʌŌȳȰɐțȻʌȌ) Šŝ (ȴɑȚȦȸɗÅɔɓȰɋʌɩɱʃɩɗŚùȪɓȰɋʌȌ)
žď (ȗg ɒȽ� ȘȻ¸Ƕɗ�ȜɓʌȗĨ Ȣ� ȘȟŘɔɓʌȗĨ Ȣ� ȘȽȗŠ ȘȟƑɔɓʌȗį Șȷȗǻ ȘȺȹȟŀɔɓʌȪȳȠɒ
ȪɓʌȌ) 2Dž �ǀ
(\ɁȺȟɑʌnȡȺȟɑʌȗȉȘɗȪȪɒȺȟɑʌȌ)
ȦȦȷȚțȎǩǗ�ǀȾȎSwɎĔÖȸȨȶȎ�ƗŝȻÓ�ȨțɓȪɅȶȽ
ɤʇɩɗeɘȷȚɓȏȮȦȻȾȎ4{ŝɌȽȞɑgnjŝȺɌȽɈȷĔȐȷș
ɓȏ�ǀU�ƋȸȨȶeɈɔɓȗŠȘȾȑǼ ȒȽɷʃʇɽɗoDžȪɓȽȷȎȓĨ
ȢȔȽ�ǀU�ƋȻȾȗǻ ȘɎȗȉ ȘȺȹɌǨîŝȻeɈɔɓȏɈȰȎĨȢȦȸ
ȾȎƧȶȚɓ�Ȼ�ȠȺ¸Ƕɗ�ȜɓȰɋȎȗgɒȽ�ȘȸȚțgnjŝȺ�ǀ
U�ƋȟeɈɔɓȏĩÔȨȰȚȽȾȎǩǗ�ǀȻ�ȟeɈɔɓȞȻȴȚȶ
Ⱦ%�¦ȟșɒțɓȎȸȚțȦȸȷșɓȏ!ȜȿȎĻEȺȹȎƘ¡ɗȪɓ�Ȼȝ
ȚȶȾȎȓĨȢȔȽǩǗ�ǀȽȗŠŝȘȻȎʈĻàȽȰɋʉȸȚțȎ�ƗȽ�Ƚ
ťƽȻȾȺȚɌȽȟeɈɔɓȷșɕțȏ 4. G
Page 10
3 e e G b
52
1
23
4
e eG I : d G m
:
V1V2 1
2011, 2011, Matsumoto 2012
(1) 1 [[ ]V[ ]V]V ↔ [ B Y ]
(2) 2 [Vi - -Vj]V ↔ [Ej - C A U S . C H G B Y Ei - A G T]
3 e e G b
53
1
2 (2)3
4
2011 20092011 Matsumoto 2012 2016
1.
2011 Matsumoto 2012
1 6 V1 V2
V2 B Y V1 BY
V1 V2
BY
2
Page 11
3 e e G b
54
3 Matsumoto 2011
a. →*
* b.
→* c.
→* →*
(3)
1 7
11 8
3 e e G b
55
d il m r , m
[V i - S I M P. R E N -V j - S I M P ] V ↔ [E j I N A R E L AT I O N X TO E j ]
( S U B J i = S U B J j )
[V i -V j ] V ↔ [E i I S C A U S A L LY R E L AT E D TO E j ]
[V i -V j ] V ↔ [E i I N A R E L AT I O N X TO E j ] ( T i T j )
[V i -V j ] V ↔ [E i I S S E M A N T I C A L LY S I M I L A R TO E j ]
[V i -V j - I N T ] V ↔ [E j - C H G BECAUSE E i ]
[V i - T R -V j - T R ] V ↔ [E j - C A U S . C H G B Y E i - A G T ]
[V i -V j ] V ↔ [E j - C H G Ȋ W I T H T H E B A C K G R O U N D O F E i ]
[V i - I N T -V j - I N T ] V ↔ [E j - M O T I N A M A N N E R O F E i ]
[V i -V j ] V ↔ [E j W I T H T H E A T T E N D A N T C I R C U M S T A N C E O F E i ]
[V i -V j ] V ↔ [E i A S I F E j ]
[V i -V j ] V ↔ [E i A N D E j ]
[V i -V j ] V ↔ [E i I S C A U S A L LY R E L AT E D TO E j ] ( S U B J i ≠S U B J j )
[V i - T R -V j - I N T ] V ↔ [E I - A G T C A U S E S E J - C H G ] ( O B J i = S U B J j )
[V i - I N T -V j - T R ] V ↔ [S U B j C A U S E S [S U B i
B E C O M E E j - I N T F R O M E i ] ] ( S U B J i = O B J j )
[V i - I N T -V j - T R ] V ↔ [S U B j C A U S E S [S U B i E j - I N T
I N T H E M A N N E R O F E i - M A N ] ] ( S U B J i = O B J j )
(S I M P= , R E N= , S U B J= , O B J= , E= ,
T= , I N T= , T R= , A G T= ,
C H G= , C A U S.C H G= , M A N= , M O T=
, ↔= )
�
1 [Vi - S I M P. R E N-Vj - S I M P]V ↔ [Ej I N A R E L AT I O N X
TO Ej] (S U B J i=S U B J j )Vi
Vj
1995: 58 1 9 Vi
Ei Vj Ej
Vi Vj
3
Page 12
3 e e G b
56
Vi Vj
Vi Vj
2
32
2. ��2�DAF>CBLG
ĀĊƸƸ¶ŝƥaKƲȻȾȎV1 ȸ V2 ȽÔhǩ#Ȼ}ȵȚȶȎȓĸȤƝȲɓȔȓǿɁ�ɒɓȔȽɐțȺSwȋžď{Ȏȓ[Ƞ�ȪȔȓ:ɒ&ȪȔȽɐț
ȺÞĝȋŠŝ{ȎȓCɒ.ɔɓȔȓōȚôȴȔȽɐțȺķ)ȋŠŝ{ȎȓƧƝ
ȸȪȔȓƌȠĺɑȪȔȽɐțȺƎăȋ�ŏ{ȎȓƖȚƝȲɓȔȓĹȚ8ɓȔȽɐț
ȺĔÖȋŭK{ȎȓĨȠ\ɃȔȓíȨvɓȔȽɐțȺ�¨ŋĥȋ��ǀ{Ȏ
ȓäȠäȜɓȔȽɐțȺ;ǩ#{Ȏȓ8ȨÒȨɊȔȓĚȻÊȣȔȽɐțȺ�ǀ
�ǀ{ȎȓkȠŌțȔȓąȠĜɓȔȽɐțȺĞqŝĔÖ{ȎȓßȲ�ȟɓȔȓƖ
Ț�ȥɓȔȽɐțȺ�Ƹ��Ɠ{ȎȓßȲDZȜɓȔȓɃȳȰɈȥɓȔȽɐțȺ V1§ƟM{Ȏȓľɉ:ɓȔȓDŽɒãȢȔȽɐțȺ V2 ƤH{ȟșɓȏ ȦɔɑȾȎ2 ȴȽKƲȽÔhǩ#ȟŗȺɓȱȤȷȺȢȎȹȲɑȟ�ƦǝȞȎ
ȹȽɐțȺǷēǖɗ�ɓȞȎȹȽɐțȺǷȽb�ǩ#ȟșɓȞȎȹȽɐțȺŮ
ǽȽKƲȟeɈɔɓȞȎȺȹȻȴȚȶȎȮɔȯɔè�ɗçȳȶȚɓȏȦȦȷ
ȾȎȮɔɑȻƭɔȺȟɑȎǠƦȺłȾŷŕŝȺÔhƢũȻɐȳȶũȪȏŵ
1ų�ǪȷȾȮȽŷŕŝȺÔhɎǷȽǩ#ɗɐɒƴȨȢƧȶȚȢȦȸȻȺ
ɓȏ ��ȻȝȚȶȎ`ɭɛɹɗǸŖȻƧȶȚȢȏ
2.13 �4'�� ɈȫȎy 1 Ƚɭɛɹ a ȽSwȋžď{ȱȟȎȦȽɭɛɹȾ V1 ȟƢȨȶȚ
ɓ�ǀȷșɓ E1 ȟSwȸȺȳȶȎV2 ȽƢȪ E2 ȸȚț�ǀȟžďȸȨȶ°ȠDž ȦȧɔɓȎ ȸȚ țw ď ǩ # ȻșɓȏȮȨȶȎ [Vi-Vj - I N T]V ↔ [Ej - C H G
BECAUSE Ei]ȸȚțɥʅɩɱʀɢɧɿʅȷëȜɓȦȸȟȷȠȎV1 ȾŊ�Ƚ·¯
3 e e G b
57
ɗçȰȫȎV2 ȾƒKƲȸȚț·¯ɗçȴȏ 4 a.
(BCCWJ ) b.
(BCCWJ Body & money )
Swȋžď{ȾȓV1 ȨȰžď V2ȔȸƮȚòȜɑɔȎ/ 3514 ƸșɓȕĀ
ĊƸƸ¶ŝƥaKƲʁɩɱȖȽȷ 588 ƸșɒȎ/�Ƚ 16.73%ɗPɋȶȚɓʈ�ǤɗUņʉȏ ʈ5ʉSwȋžď{ 2 0ʋ
ĸȤƝȲɓȎŅȤƝȲɓȎdžɁ� ɒɓȎŲȲ�ȟɓȎĮȞɁ�ȟɓȎ ĮȠ8ɓȎĵȠ8ɓȎĭɔţȢȎ¤ɔƝȲɓȎƺɉȁȠɓȎDŽ ɒŘɔɓȊ
Ⱥȹ ȦȽɭɛɹȻȝȚȶȎV1 ȸ V2 ȟƢȨȶȚɓ 2 ȴȽ�ǀ E1 ȸ E2 Ⱦ�Ǯ
ȻDžȦɓǮȻȎE1 ȸ E2 ȟbĂȻDžȦɓȓŲȲ�ȟɓȔȺȹɌșɓȟȎE2 ȟ E1Ȼ,ƠȨȶDžȦɓȦȸȾȺȚȏȮȽȰɋȎĂǨŝȺǽ*Ëʈ iconici tyʉȽǩ#ȟƧɑɔɓȏ ��ȽɐțȺ!ɌȎSwȋžď{ȸɉȺȪɅȠȞɌȨɔȺȚȏȦɔɑȾĕ
ȽÞĝȋŠŝ{Ȼ�ȶȚɓȟȎV2 Ƚ�KƲȻÔyËȟȺȢȎV2 Ⱦ V1 ȽŠŝȱȸƬǟȨȻȢȚȏ
ʈ6ʉȀȚùɑȞȪȎLjɉùɑȞȪȎdȠùɑȞȪȎʈȅɗʉêɒ Ȫ 2.23 � 4%$�
E i Ej
[Ej B Y Ei]
1 b V1 V2
7 a.
(BCCWJ ) b.
Page 13
3 e e G b
58
(BCCWJ )
V1 V21732
49.29%
ʈ8ʉÞĝ―Šŝ{ʋ
ßȲ�ȪȎ[Ƞ�ȪȎßȲ�ȥɓȎåȨ�ȥɓȎ[ȠƝȸȪȎ[ȠĽ
ȪȎ: ɒ&ȪȎãȠYɓȎīȚYɓȎA ɒYɓȎáȥ.ɔɓȎűȠ?
Ȫ Ȏ °ȠǰȪȎæȚ�ȥɓȊ Ⱥȹ
[Vi - T R-Vj - T R]V ↔ [Ej - C A U S . C H G B Y Ei - A G T]
(7)V1 V2 2
2 1 V2 ȾÂȫ ¹ŋÖ�MșɓȚȾ ¹ŭKɗƢȪȏV1 Ⱦ�ȢȽ�a�ɑȞȽ¸ǶɗVɇȪƠŃɗƢȪȏɈȰȎȓ:ɒ&ȪȔȽɐțȻȎV1 ȻŋÖ�MȟeɈɔɓ�aɌșɓȏ ĩŠȪɅȠȦȸȾȎȪɅȶȽÞĝȋŠŝȽżaȬȟƥaKƲȸȨȶ�
ŏȪɓɖȤȷȾȺȚȦȸȷșɓȏ!ȜȿȎV1 ȟ ¹ŭKɗƢȪ�aȾȎV2ȾŭKȸbĂȻDžȦɓ�MɗeɊɌȽȷȺȤɔȿȺɑȺȚɐțȷșɓȏȦȽȰ
ɋȎ(9a)Ⱦ]ƏȷșɓȟȎ(9b)Ⱦ�]ȷșɓȏ ʈ9ʉa. áȥ�ɕȪȎáȥ.ɔɓȎƝȸȨǍɊ
b . *áȥ�ȪȎ*áȥCɓȎ*ƝȸȨCɓ
ɈȰȎ�ǨȽÁŐŝŋÖȽ ¹�MɗƢȪKƲȾ V2 ȻȺɔȺȚȏ ʈ10ʉ*ƮȚÑɖȪȎ*ĨȠĖȪȎ*ƮȚĖȢȎ*ƮȚȰɃɑȞȪȎ*ƮȚŇɓȎ
*ƷȚȃȪȎ*LɉřɎȪȎ*äȠØɋɓȎ*ÈȆɒƐȪȎ*ȚȩɋƙȨɋɓ Ȏ
*\ɁtȞȪȎ*ėȚØɋɓ
ȓƮȚȢɓɋɓȔȓĨȠƝȸȪȔȺȹȾșɓȟȎƔhıȚȦȸȻȎȚȫɔɌ¼Ƿ
KƲȾ+ȐÁŐKƲȷȾȺȚɌȽȷșɓȏ
3 e e G b
59
ȦȽ 2 ȴȽŏǀȾȎÞĝȋŠŝ{ȽƥaKƲȻȝȤɓ>ŹɗũȨȶȚɓȏȓ*áȥ�ȪȔȺȹȻȝȚȶȾȎáȥȰʼnȟɆȞȽɌȽȻɃȴȞȳȶȎȮȽơôȻɐȳȶáȥȰʼnȟ�ɔɓȞȎɃȴȞȳȰʼnȟ�ɔɓȞȷșɓȏɈȰȎ
ȓ*ƮȚÑɖȪȔȻȝȚȶȾȎƮƸƠŃɗƠțȦȸȻɐȳȶ�ȟÑɖȧɔɓȞȹțȞȾȎȮȽ�ȽËĐȺȹȻɐɓȏȮȽÔhȷȎ�ƋȸɌ V1 ȸ V2 ȟšîŝȺwďǩ#ȻȺȚɌȽȷșɓȏ Þĝ{ȾSw{ȸbȩȷȎ�ǮȽ�ǀȟŚőȪɓǸɗƊȜɓȸȎŠ
ŝ ȸȺɓ8Č�ȟÞĝ ȸȺɓ8Č�Ȼ,ƠȪɓȦȸȾȺȢʈMatsumoto 1996a: 280-281ʉȎ2ȴȽ8Č�ȻȾĂǨŝȺǸȟșɓȏȮȽȰɋȎÞĝ{ɌĂǨǸȽǽ*ËȻ½țȏ 2.3. : ÞĝȋŠŝ{ȸ�ȰɌȽȸȨȶȎȓCɒ.ɔɓȔȺȹȽKƲȟșɓȏ
ʈ11ʉɻɜʂȻRɗCɒ.ɔȶħŲȶsȷɆȣȨŦŸȸʀɽǞɗGȜȶȎŦŸȟĸȤɓɈȷɐȢIJȭɓȏȊ Ȋ Ȋ Ȋ Ȋ Ȋ (BCCWJ ƕǡǥ� ȕȝƜ��ɒ.ǦȖ)
V1V2
ʈ12ʉķ)―Šŝ{ʋ
Cɒ.ɔɓȎIJȭ.ɔɓȎōȚôȴȎ�ɋǍɊ
* ** * *
E1E2 ??
Page 14
3 e e G b
60
ȓCɒ.ɔɓȔȻȴȚȶȾȎŵ�ųȷɈȰYɒ�ȥɓȏ 2.4 *�4�"� y 1 Ƚɭɛɹ c ȽƎăȋ�ŏȸȚțɭɛɹȾȎV2 ȸȚț�ǀȟDžȦɓƎă
ȸȨȶ V1 ȟƢȪ�ǀȟșɓȎȸȚțɌȽȷșɓȏƎăȋ�ŏ{ȽɥʅɩɱʀɢɧɿʅȾ[Vi-Vj]V ↔[Ej - C H G Ȋ W I T H T H E B A C K G R O U N D O F Ei]ȷșɓȏVi ȸ Vj
Ⱦ�KƲȷɌƒKƲȷɌșɒ¾ɓȏȓƌȠǓȪȔȓ�ɔěɓȔȟȮȽ!ȷș
ɓȏ 13 a.
(BCCWJ )
b.
(BCCWJ )
(13a)ȽȓƌȠǓȪȔȾȎʍƌȢȦȸȻɐȳȶ¾ɐțȸȨȶȚȰ�ǀɗǓȨȶȨɈțʏȽÔhȷșɓȏȓǓȪȔȾȎʍ�ɑȞȽÞĝȷ¾ɐțȸȨȶȚɓʏȦȸɗB
ñȸȨȶȎȮɔɗǛÛȷȠȫȻʍƒ9ȽǺ|Ƚ�ȻŭKȪɓȦȸɗƱȪʏ
ȦȸɗƢȪȏȮȽBñɗ3�ŝȻƢȨȶȚɓȽȟBǷKƲȷșɓȏ (13b)Ƚȓ�ɔěɓȔȾȎʍ�ɔȶȺȢȺɒȴȴșɓ�ǀʈȽ�ǝʉȟȮțȺɑȫȻěɓ
ʏȸȚțÔhȷșɓȏȓěɓȔȾʍ�ɑȞȽŐœȷȺȢȺɒȴȴșɓʏȦȸɗB
ñȸȨȶȎȮɔȻɌȞȞɖɑȫʍ�zȨƀȤɓʏȦȸɗƢȪȏȮȽBñɗ3
�ŝȻƢȨȶȚɓȽȟBǷKƲȷșɓȏV1 ȾȎșɓ¢ǧɗ�ÓȧȬɓ8Č�ɗƢȨȎV2 ȾȎȮɔɗƎăȸȨȶȎŗȺɓŏ�Ƚ�ŏɗƢȨȶȚɓȏ Ǝăȋ�ŏ{Ⱦȓ�/Ȼ V1ȪɅȠȸȦɕɗ V2ȔȓV1 ȨȮțȺȸȦɕɗ V2Ȕ
ȸƮȚòȜɑɔȎ/ǝȷ 64 Ƹʈ1.82%ʉȽɉȷșȳȰȏ ʈ14ʉƎăȋ�ŏ{ʋ
ƧƝ ȸȪȎƧ� țȎƌ Ƞĺ ɑȪȎƧǓȪȎƌ ȠǓȪȎǂȚǓȟȪȎ Y ɒȦɇȪȎƮȚěȪȎȀɅěȪȎY ɒěȪȎɎɒěȪȎŅȤěɓȎ ĸȤěɓȊ Ⱥȹ
ȦɔɑȻȾȎ�ɑȞȽ�øɗƢȪKƲȞȎ�ƀɗƢȪKƲɗ¼ǷȸȪɓ
ɌȽȟ�ȢeɈɔȶȚɓȏ ȓƌȠǓȪȔɎȓ�ɔěɓȔȻȝȚȶȎBǷKƲȸ¼ǷKƲȽƢȪ�ǀ
3 e e G b
61
ǨȻȾšîȽwďǩ#ȾȺȚȏȓěɓȔȸȚț�ǀȾȓ�ɔɓȔȦȸɗƎăȸ
ȨȶDžȦɓȦȸȷșɒȎ�ɔɓȦȸȟSwȷDžȦɓɖȤȷȾȺȚȏȨȞȨȎǨî
ŝȺwďǩ#ȟƶɋɑɔɓȏěɓȦȸȾȎȺȢȺɒȴȴșɓȦȸɗBñȸȪɓȏ
�ɔɓȦȸȾȮȽBñȽSwȷșɓȏɈȰȎǓȪȦȸȾëȜɐțȸȨȶȚɓȦȸ
ɗBñȸȪɓȏƌȢȦȸȾȎǵ�Ð~ɗëȜɓȰɋȽÞĝȷșɓȏȮȽÔh
ȷȎƎăȋ�ŏ{ȻȝȚȶȎBǷKƲȾȎ¼ǷKƲȽBñȽSwɈȰȾ
ÞĝȷșɓȏȺȝȎȓƌȠYɓȔȾȎȓƌȠǓȪȔȽBñȸȺȳȶȚɓȎʍƌȢȦ
ȸȻɐȳȶëȜɐțȸȪɓʏȦȸȟȎ�ǮȻÛFȪɓȦȸɗƢȨȶȚɓȏ
� 3 *�4�"�>5)80:6=79? V1 ; V2>1�$<��2�
2007, 2011xi FAIL IN Event(z) LCS
V2 V1 V2V1
1998
LCS
15 * * *
Page 15
3 e e G b
62
2.53 ��4&��
ĔÖȋŭK{ȽɥʅɩɱʀɢɧɿʅȾ [Vi - I N T-Vj - I N T]V ↔ [Ej - M O T I N A
M A N N E R O F Ei]ȷșɒȎV1 ȸ V2 Ⱦ2ȻƒKƲȷȎV1 Ⱦ V2 ȟƢȪŭK�ǀȽǮȽĔÖɗƢȨȶȚɓȏEi Ej
1474.18% ĔÖȋŭK{ȷ (16)
V1 V2 16 a.
(BCCWJ )
b. (BCCWJ )
ȦȦȷȚțĔÖȾȎŭKȽ�ÿɗģ�ȪɓɌȽȻǫɑɔɓȏ!ȜȿȎȓç
ȲęȢȔȾ V2 ȟŭK�ǀɗƢȨȶȚɓȟȎĔÖȋŭK{ȷȾȺȢȎșȸȷǑɅɓɐțȺ�¨ŋĥȋ��ǀ{Ȼ9ǽȧɔɓȏȦɔȾȓçȲęȢȔȻȝȚ
ȶȎV2ȓęȢȔȸȚțŭK�ǀȟȎV1 ȟƢȪʍ�ȞɗçȳȶȚɓʏȸȚțȦȸȸ:ɒǰȨȶƶƽȷȠɓȞɑȷșɓȏɵɯɣɗçȲęȚȶȚɓ�ɗ!ȻƊȜȶ
ɉɐțȏȦȽ�aȎȮȽ�ȟęȚȶȚɓȦȸȾȮȽ�OljɗƧɔȿɖȞɓȦȸ
ȷșɒȎɵɯɣɗçȳȶȚɓȦȸȻɐȳȶȎȮȽęȠÿȟ�ɖɓȦȸȾȺȚȏȮ
ȽȰɋȎȓçȲęȢȔȻȝȚȶȎV1ȓçȴȔȾ V2ȓęȢȔȽĔÖȷȾȺȢȎ�¨ŋĥȻȪȡȺȚȏ�ȨȶȎȓNJȟɒƝȲɓȔȸȚțƥa�ǀȻȝȚȶȾȎV1 ȽȓNJȟɓȔȾ V2ȓƝȲɓȔȟƢȪŭKȽĔ¯ɗģ�ȪɓɌȽȷșɒȎȓNJȟɓȔȸȚțĔÖȞɑ:ɒǰȨȶȓƝȲɓȔȸȚțŭKɗƶƽȪɓȦȸȾȷȠȺȚȏȦ
ȦȷȚțĔÖȾȦȽɐțȺŭKȽ�ÿɗģ�ȵȤɓɌȽȻǫ�ȧɔɓȏ ĔÖȋŭK{ȻȾȚȢȴȞȽɦɸɭɛɹȟșɓȏ��ȻȝȚȶ`ɦɸɭ
ɛɹȻȴȚȶƹāȪɓȏ Ȋ ɈȫȎV1 ȟȎV2 ȽƢȪŭKȽĔÖȷșɓȽɉȺɑȫȎŭKȽSwɎÞĝȻɌȺȳȶȚɓ�aȷșɓȏȦȽ�aȎV1 ȾŭKɗőȩȧȬɓɹʄɫɩȷșɒȎbĂȻŭKȽĔÖɌƨ�ȨȶȚɓȏ!ȜȿȎV1 ȟSwʆĔÖȷșɓȓNJȟɒƝȲɓȔȟƢȪȽȾȎȓNJȟȳȰžďƝȲɓȔȦȸȷɌșɒȓNJȟɒȺȟ
3 e e G b
63
ɑƝȲɓȔȦȸȷɌșɓȏV1ȟÞĝʆĔÖȷșɓȓǿɁvɓȔȾȎȓǿɃȦȸȻɐȳȶvɓȔȦȸȷɌșɒȎȓǿɁȺȟɑvɓȔȦȸȷɌșɓȏ ʈ17ʉa. SwËĔÖʋ
b .
ǔȚǘɊȎ ǔȚ8ɓȊ
(17b) V1 Ikegami 1991, Talmy 2000 V2 ĕȻȎV1 ȸ V2 ȽǨȻšîŝȺwďǩ#ȟȺȚɤʇɩȟșɓȏȦȽ�aȎ
V1 ȸ V2 ȻȾȎ�Ƚ2ǕȽSwɎ2ǕȽŠŝȟșɓȸƊȜɑɔɓȏ
18 a.
b . 2ŠŝËĔÖʋ ÄɁǍɊȎÄɁ.ɓȎÄɁ8ɓȎÄɁ�ɓȎ�NJȟɓȎ�NJɃȊ Ⱥ
ȹ (18a) V1 V2
2SwËĔÖȾ(19)ȽɐțȻȎV1 ȸ V2 ȽƢȨȶȚɓ�ǀȟșɓ2ǕȽSwȻɐȳȶ°ȠDžȦȧɔȰɌȽȷșɓȏ ʈ 19 ʉ a. ƝȲƞȾǾȻfȞɔȰȦȸȷʐƖ ȳȰʊ�ȟȳȰʊƖȚ�ȟȳȰʑȏ
b . ɠɬʁʅȟõȞɔȰȰɋȻȎŁȟ�ĝȸʐňȜȶȚɓʊ¬ȟȳȶȚɓʊňȜ¬ȟȳȶȚɓʑȏ
ȦȽɭɛɹȾȎșɓ2ǕȽSwȻɐȳȶȎV1 ȸ V2ȽƢȪ�ǀȟÂńŝȺ
2DžËɗçȴȦȸȻȺɒȎ1 ȴȽƥa�ǀȸȨȶƶƽȧɔɓɐțȻȺɓȸƊȜɑɔɓ2 2ȏ
Page 16
3 e e G b
64
�ÿȎ(18b)Ƚ2ǕŠŝËĔÖȽɭɛɹȾ(20)ȽɐțȻȎV1 ȸ V2 ȽƢȪ
�ǀȟșɓ2ǕȽŠŝɗçȳȶȚɓ 2 3ȏ ʈ20ʉa. ʁʀɯɢɩȪɓȰɋȻɺɯɲȻʐ�ȰʊNJȟȳȰʊ�NJȟȳȰʑȏ
b . ŭKȽǮȎǣôȞɑljɗ�ɓȰɋȻ��ɗʐǔȳȰʊǘɘȱʊǔȚǘɘȱʑȏ
ȦȽɭɛɹȾȎșɓ2ǕȽŠŝȻɐȳȶȎV1 ȸ V2ȽƢȪ�ǀȟÂńŝȺ2DžËɗçȴȦȸȻȺɒȎ1 ȴȽƥa�ǀȸȨȶƶƽȧɔɓɐțȻȺɓȸƊȜɑɔɓȏ 2ǕȽŠŝȻɐȳȶƥûȽ�ǀȟ 1 ȴȻſaȧɔɓȦȸȾ 3.3 Ŷȷ7Ɂ
Yɒ�ȥɓȏ 2.63 ���/4��/
V1 V2
[Vi-Vj]V ↔ [Ej W I T H T H E A T T E N D A N T
C I R C U M S T A N C E O F Ei] 126 3.59%
21 a.
(BCCWJ )
b. (BCCWJ
)
V1 V2
22 a.
ŴȚNJȥɓȎőȚƛɓȎÎɉƙȨɊ b . ŠŝËŋĥʋ
3 e e G b
65
íȨvɓ
V1 V2 V1 V2
23 a.
b .
çȲęȢȎçȲ©ɓȎçȲvɓȎǗɔęȢȎǗɔ©ɓȎ ǯȨçȴȎìȥçȴȎÄɁ�țȊ Ⱥȹ
(23a)ȽɐțȺ!ȾȎV1 ȸ V2 ȟ2ǕȨȰSwȻɐȳȶDžȦɒȎȮȨȶ V1
ȟ V2 Ƚ�¨ŋĥȻșȰɓɌȽȷșɓȏ ʈ 24 ʉ a. ɧɿɯɡʅɣȺ8Č�ȟșȳȰȰɋʐĨȚȰʊ\ɘȱʊĨȠ\ɘȱʑȏ
b . 'ǢȽȬȚȷʐÎɊʊƙȨɊʊÎɉƙȨɊʑȏ ȦȽ2SwËŋĥ{ȾǨîŝȺwďǩ#ɗɌȴȏ Ȋ ĕȻȎ(23b) ȽɐțȺ2ŠŝËŋĥ{ȾȎV1 ȸ V2 ȟ2ǕȽŠŝɗçȲȎȮȨȶ V1 ȟ V2 Ƚ�¨ŋĥȻșȰɓɌȽȷșɓȏ ʈ25ʉ a. ɧɝɚȪɓȰɋȻʐʈýŐɗʉçȴʊʈW�Ƚ�Ȼʉ�ɓʊçȲ�ɓʑȏ
b . ɴʅɵʇɣɗ� ɓȰɋȻźċɗɐȢʐIJȭɓʊȦȼɓʊIJȭȦȼɓʑȏ 2ŠŝËŋĥ{Ɍșɓ2ǕȽŠŝȻɐȳȶȎV1 ȸ V2 ȟǨîŝȺwďǩ#Ȼșɓȏ ć¼ȻȎ�¨�ǀȋ��ǀ{ȻȾgnjŝȺɌȽȸȨȶȎ��ȽȹɔȻɌ
µȶȾɈɑȺȚɌȽȟșɓȏȦȽgnjŝȺɭɛɹȽ V2 ȾȎ�ȢȽ�a�ǨɈȰȾKʼnȽșɓɰɷɞʂɱŝȺĬK·ÖɗƢȨȶȚɓȏ ʈ 2 6 ʉ a . Ƈ ɔǿ ɃȎƇ ɔĪ ȣȎƇ ɔŲ ȴȎǙ ɁĄ ɑȪȎĨ ȠĄ ɑȪȎ
Page 17
3 e e G b
66
rȠĄɑȪȎŢɋĄɑȪȎ»ȲĄɑȪȎǯɔ�ɊȎŲȲĘɈɓȎ ŲȲȪȢɊ
b . çȲęȢȎǗɔęȢȎÄɁĨȢȎçȲTɓ ȦȽɭɛɹȻȾȓƇɔǿɃȔɎȓƇɔĪȣȔȎȓƇɔŲȴȔȽɐțȺƥaKƲ
ȟșɓȟȎȦɔɑȽ!ȾƇɔȶŭKȪɓȸȚțKʼnȽƉËȻ}ȵȢɌȽȷș
ɒȎV1 VɁ[V1-V2]V/�ȟȓĊƏȔȸȚțŊ�ȽSwȻ}ȵȚȶȚɓ2 4ȏȦ
Ƚ�a V2 ȾȮȽKʼnȽɰɷɞʂɱŝȺĬK·ÖɗƢȨȶȚɓȏȓǙɁĄɑȪȔȓĨȠĄɑȪȔȓǯɔ�ɊȔȺȹɌbĔȻȎV1 VɁ[V1-V2]V /�ȟșɓ
Ŋ�ȽSwʈ�ȢȩȻµȰȳȰȰɋȎ�:Ⱥ�ɗ�ȢȨȰȰɋȎƾ�Ȼǒɖ
ɔȶȚɓȰɋʉȸžɁȴȚȶȝɒȎV2 ȟ�ǨȽɰɷɞʂɱŝȺĬK·ÖɗƢȨȶȚɓ2 5ȏ ȦȽgnjŝȺɭɛɹȻ£ȪɓȓçȲęȢȔȓǗɔęȢȔȻȝȚȶȎV1 ȽƢȪ
�ǀVɁ V1-V2 /�ȸȨȶƢȪƥa�ǀȟșɓŊ�ȽŠŝʈȚȴȷɌ ŒȷȠɓɐțȻȪɓȰɋȎ�"Ƚƒ9ȽȮȿȻƆȚȶȝȢȰɋʉɗçȳȶȝɒȎ
V2 ȟ�ǨȽɰɷɞʂɱŝȺĬK·ÖɗƢȨȶȚɓȏ 2.73 !�$�� Ȋ Ɍț 1 ȴȽɭɛɹȸȨȶȎ�ÿȽKƲȟɌț�ÿȽKƲȽĞqŝȺĔÖɗƢȪɌȽȟșɓʈčĊ 1998 ȏ ʈ27ʉa. kȠŌțȎkȠƵɓȎkȠȦɇɔɓȎąȠȺȣɓȎLJɒŌț
b . ŞɉƧɓȎŞɉƌȢȎáȥ�ɓȎĭȨƺɊ (27a)Ⱦ V2 ȟ V1 ȽĞqŝȺĔÖɗƢȨȎ(27b)Ⱦ V1 ȟ V2 ȽĞqŝȺĔÖɗƢȪȏ (27a)ȽɭɛɹȾ [Vi-Vj]V ȍ [Ei A S I F Ej]Ȏ (27b)Ⱦ [Vi-Vj]V ȍ [Ej A S I F E i]ȷƢȪȦȸȟȷȠȎȓV2 ɐțȻ V1ȔȓV1 ɐțȻ V2ȔȸƮȚòȜɓȦȸȟȷȠɓȏ ĩŠȪɅȠȦȸȾȎ (27a)ȟ¥(�ƦǝȽƥaKƲȷșɓȦȸȷșɓȏȦ
ɔɑȽ!Ƚ�ǝȽcƲ·ȻȝȚȶȾǕªȽ_(�ƦǝȸȺɓȏ ʈ28ʉŌȚkȠȎȺȣɒąȠ ȺȭȦɔɑȽƥaKƲȟ¥(�ƦǝȽƸǸȻȺɓȽȞȾāɑȞȷȾȺȚȏ 2.83 �2�
E i Ej
3 e e G b
67
[Vi-Vj]V ↔ [Ei A N D Ej]V1 V2
ȦȽ;ǩ#{ȾșɓKŝɹʄɫɩȽX¿Ë ʈ repeti t ivenessʉȸ´®
ʈ intensi tyʉɗƢȪȰɋȻȎ2 ȴȽǽ�ȨȰÔhɗçȴKƲɗżɉaɖȬȰɌȽȷșɓʈMatsumoto 1996a: 198ʉȏȨȞȨȎȦȽɭɛɹȾĀĊƸȻȝȚȶȾșɈɒŨŲȧɔȶȝɑȫȎ/ǝȷ 27 Ƹʈ0.77%ʉȨȞȺȚȏ
ʈ29ʉ;ǩ#{ʋ
ǙɁƔȩɓȎǙɁÜɔɓȎÜɔǙɃȎßȲ[ȢȎÍɉÙɊȎÌɔȝȽȽ
Ȣ Ȏ ǯɔļɊȎƍȜ�ɓȎ�Ƞ�ɊȎǁɋȧȚȺɊȎäȠäȜɓȎIɋJ
Ɋ Ȏ ņɒNjȢȎÎɉƙȨɊȎ-ɒNjȢȎǓȥÑțȎȆɒǶȢȎ»ȲĉɊȎÃɉ
�țȎ
;ǩ#ʈCoordinationʉȸȚțȽȾƥacƲȺȹȻɐȢƧɑɔɓƥaȽ
ɾɟɳɪɽȽ 1 ȴȷȎ2 ȴȽƸȟǽ�ȽĒÇɗƢȨȶȚɓ�aȻƥaƸȸȨȶÛŲȷȠɓȸȚțɌȽȷșɓȏĀĊƸȻȝȚȶ;ǩ#Ȼ}ȵȚȶ·Û
ȧɔȰƥaKƲȾȓƖȚLJɓȔȓäȠäȜɓȔȓǿɁdžȼɓȔȺȹȟșɒȎȦɔ
ɑȽƥaKƲȽ V1 ȸ V2 Ⱦǽ�Ƚ�ǀɗƢȨȶȚɓȏ ȨȿȨȿȎȦȽ;ŝȺƥaKƲȸȨȶȎȓĨȠ\ɃȎŴȚȾȨɍȣȎrȠ
ÏȨɊȎȪȪɒĨȢȎÉȚÎɊȔȟéȥɑɔɓȏȨȞȨȎȦɔɑȾȎĊŧŰȷȾ
�¨�ǀȋ��ǀ{ȸȨȶ9ǽȨȶȚɓȏ;ǩ#{ȸ�¨�ǀȋ��
ǀ{ȽǜȚȾ(30)ȽɐțȺȓV1 Ⱥȟɑ V2ȔȸƮȚòȜɑɔɓȞȹțȞȷŨƶȷȠɓ 2 6ȏ
ʈ30ʉa. �¨�ǀȋ��ǀ{ Ȋ ĨȠ\ɃȊ Ȋ Ȋ Ȋ ĨȠȺȟɑ\Ƀ Ȋ Ȋ Ȋ Ȋ Ȋ ŴȚȾȨɍȣ Ȋ ŴȚȺȟɑȾȨɍȣ Ȋ Ȋ Ȋ Ȋ Ȋ rȠÏȨɊ rȠȺȟɑÏȨɊ Ȋ Ȋ Ȋ Ȋ Ȋ ȪȪɒĨȢ ȪȪɒȺȟɑĨȢ b . ;ǩ#{
ƖȚLJɓ Ȋ Ȋ ??ƖȚȺȟɑLJɓ äȠäȜɓ Ȋ Ȋ ??äȠȺȟɑäȜɓ �Ƞ�Ɋ Ȋ Ȋ *�ȠȺȟɑ�Ɋ ǿɁdžȼɓȊ Ȋ Ȋ ??ǿɁȺȟɑdžȼɓ
Page 18
3 e e G b
68
2
V1 V2�¨�ǀȋ��ǀ{ 2
2V1
V2 (31)
2 7
31 a. (BCCWJ )
b.
(BCCWJ ) 2.9 i
(32)ȽɐțȻȎV1ȽƢȪ�ǀɗ V2ȟ�ǀU�Ƌʈ�ǀʉȸȨȶYɓɌȽȷșɓȏ ʈ 3 2 ʉ8 ȨÒ ȨɊȎőȠÊȣȎĚȻÊȣȎßȲÊȣȎ� ɒÊ ȣȎǂȚÊȣȎ
�ȥij ɓȎ� ȥij ɓȎ� ɒij ɓȎǂ Țij ɓȎǃ Ȩij ɓȎȀ Țij ɓȎ 8ȨijɓȎĨȠĘɊȎǂȚïȜɓȎƮȚȧȪȊ Ⱥȹ
ȦɔɑȽ!ȾȓV1ȪɓȦȸɗ V2ȔȸȚțɂțȻƮȚòȜɓȦȸȟȷȠȎȮȽłȻȝȚȶȾȎȚɖɏɓſƸŝƥaKƲȸbȩȷșɓʈȓDŽɒ�ɋɓȔʎȓDŽɓȦȸ
ɗ�ɋɓȔʉȏȦɔɑȽ!ȟſƸŝƥaKƲȸŗȺɓȽȾȎſƸŝƥaK
Ʋȟŵ�ųȷǑɅȰɐțȻȎV1 ȸȮȽǷɗȓȮțȪɓȔȷ�ŒȪɓȦȸȟ]ƏȺȦȸɎȎV1 ȽɩʄɯɱȻKƲȽZlj·Ɏɦ�KƲȟ.ɓȦȸȎȓȝƳȨȻȺɒƀȤɓȔȽɐțȺ�Ƹ�úƸMȟ]ƏȺȦȸȺȹȷșɓȽȻ�ȨȎ (32)ȽƥaKƲȾȮɔȟȷȠȺȚȸȚțłȻșɓ2 8ȏ 2.103 �.��+� Ȋ y 1 ȷũȨȰɐțȻȎĀĊƸȽƸ¶ŝƥaKƲȻȾɩʇɶʇɩɡʇɼȸȨ
3 e e G b
69
ȶȎV1 ȸ V2 Ƚ�Ƹȟb�ʼnɗèȨȶȚȺȤɔȿȺɑȺȚȎȸȚț�ƗŝȺ>ŹȟșɓȏȨȞȨȎƸ¶ŝƥaKƲȽȻȾȎV1 ȸ V2 Ƚ�ƸȟŗȺɓɌȽȟ��û�zȪɓȏȦȽɐțȺ�Ƹ��Ɠ{Ⱦ�ȠȢȓßȲ�ȟɓȔ{
ȸȓƖȚ�ȥɓȔ{Ȼ9ȤɓȦȸȟȷȠɓȏ Ȋ ɈȫȓßȲ�ȟɓȔ{Ⱦ V1 ȸ V2 ȟSwȋžďȽǩ#ȻșɓƥaKƲ
ȽȷȎV1 ȸ V2 Ƚ�Ƹȟ�ƓȨȺȚɌȽȷȎ��ȽɐțȺ!ȟșɓȏ ʈ33ʉ
3 4
Ȧɔɑ�Ƹ��Ɠ{ȻȴȚȶȾȎŵ0ųȷƿƼȪɓȏ
2.113 V1 �,��
V1 ȽÔhȟ§ƟMȨȰɌȽȸȨȶȎ(35)ȽɐțȺ!ȟșɓȏ ʈ 3 5 ʉ ß Ȳ Ĥ Ɋ Ȏ ß Ȳ DZ Ȝ ɓ Ȏ å Ȩ ȇ ɓ Ȏ å Ȩ ǐ ɓ Ȏ Ȟ Ȥ ǰ ɔ ɓ Ȏ
Ȟ Ȥç ȴ Ȏ ¦ Ȩ � ȥ ɓ Ȏ ¦ Ȩ å ȧ Ȝ ɓ Ȏ Ų Ȳ. ɓ Ȏ Ų ȲǏ ɓ Ȏ YɒxɊȎYɒƻɅɓȎɃȳȰɈȥɓȊ Ⱥȹ
ȓßȲDZȜɓȔȓßȲƀȢȔȺȹȻȝȤɓ V1ȓßȴȔɎȓYɒxɊȔȓYɒƻɅɓȔȺȹȻȝȤɓ V1ȓYɓȔȾĊČȽʼnŐŝȺK�ȸȨȶȽÔhȟȺȢȺɒȎ§ƟMȨȶȚɓȏ
Page 19
3 e e G b
70
V1 §ƟM{ȻŊÀŝȺȽȾȎȦȽɭɛɹȷ ɖɔɓ V1 ȾŊ�ȽKƲȻǫɑɔɓȸȚțȦȸȷșɓȏȦȽłȾŵ�ųȷ7ɁƼȩɓȏ 2.12 V2 -�
V2 V1
V2 V1V2
V1V1 V1
V2 V2
V2 V2
36 a.
b. (36a) V2 V1
V1(36) V2
V2
V2
37
3 e e G b
71
V1V1
V2 V1V2
2.13 g Ȋ ƥaKƲȻȾȎV1V2 /�ȽÔhȟ%ȐȽKƲȽÔhȸȎKƲǨȽÔhǩ#ȞɑaÛŝȻ Ƞ8ȪȦȸȟȷȠȺȚɌȽȟșɓȏ ʈ3 8ʉ ȞȳɀɑțȎYɒƄɈɓȎåȨȞȤɓȎâɒ.ɓȎYɒçȴȎɌȶȺȪȎ
Cɒ:ɓȎŲȶǍɊȎɎɒǍɋɓȎŲȶĆȜɓȎƧaț Ⱥȹ
V1 V2
[V1-V2]V
1
2 blogable (6 )
blogablereadable , wri tab le
-ableBoas 2003 min i -cons t ruc t ion
3
