Chapter 12: DNA and RNA Chapter 12: DNA and RNA

withSteve and Joe

withSteve and Joe

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Griffith and Transformation

Griffith and Transformation

Injected mice with disease causing bacteria and mice developed pneumonia and died.

Wondered if bacteria produced poison.Heat killed bacteria and mice survived.

Injected mice with heat killed disease-causing bacteria mixed with living harmless bacteria and mice developed

pneumonia.Discovered that lungs were filled with disease causing

bacteria.

Injected mice with disease causing bacteria and mice developed pneumonia and died.

Wondered if bacteria produced poison.Heat killed bacteria and mice survived.

Injected mice with heat killed disease-causing bacteria mixed with living harmless bacteria and mice developed

pneumonia.Discovered that lungs were filled with disease causing

bacteria.

Hershey and Chaseand the structure of

DNA

Hershey and Chaseand the structure of

DNATwo American Scientist, who studied viruses

and non-living particles.BACTERIOPHAGE, is a virus that infects and

kills bacteriaDNA is along molecule made up of units

called nucleotides.A NUCLEOTIDE is made up of

deoxyribose,phosphate group and nitrogenous base.

Watson and cricks model of DNA was a double helix.

Two American Scientist, who studied viruses and non-living particles.

BACTERIOPHAGE, is a virus that infects and kills bacteria

DNA is along molecule made up of units called nucleotides.

A NUCLEOTIDE is made up of deoxyribose,phosphate group and nitrogenous

base.Watson and cricks model of DNA was a

double helix.

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Chromosomes and DNA Replication

Chromosomes and DNA Replication

Prokaryotic cells lack a nuclei and their DNA is found in the cytoplasm.

Prokaryotic cells contain nearly all of cells genetic information.

Eukaryotic DNA is packed tightlyDNA that is tightly coiled around proteins are

called HISTONES.Eukaryotic chromosomes that contain

DNA/Proteins, packed around a substance called Chromatin

Before cells divide, it duplicates DNA in process known as replication.

Prokaryotic cells lack a nuclei and their DNA is found in the cytoplasm.

Prokaryotic cells contain nearly all of cells genetic information.

Eukaryotic DNA is packed tightlyDNA that is tightly coiled around proteins are

called HISTONES.Eukaryotic chromosomes that contain

DNA/Proteins, packed around a substance called Chromatin

Before cells divide, it duplicates DNA in process known as replication.

RNARNA

Similar to DNA, RNA consists of a long chain of nucleotides.

Three main differences between RNA and DNA

The sugar in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose

RNA is generally single-stranded

RNA contains uracil in place of thymine

There are three different types of RNA: messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA.

Similar to DNA, RNA consists of a long chain of nucleotides.

Three main differences between RNA and DNA

The sugar in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose

RNA is generally single-stranded

RNA contains uracil in place of thymine

There are three different types of RNA: messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA.

TranscriptionTranscription

The process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA.

During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands.

The process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA.

During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands.

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RNA EditingRNA Editing

Introns, intervening sequences, are removed from RNA molecules transcribed from many eukaryotics before they become functional.

The remaining portions, called exons, or expressed sequences, are then spliced back together to form the final mRNA.

Introns, intervening sequences, are removed from RNA molecules transcribed from many eukaryotics before they become functional.

The remaining portions, called exons, or expressed sequences, are then spliced back together to form the final mRNA.

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The Genetic Code The Genetic Code and and

TranslationTranslation

The Genetic Code The Genetic Code and and

TranslationTranslation

“language” of mRNA instructions.

A codon consist of three consecutive nucleotides that specify a single amino acid to be added to a polypeptide.

The three bases on the tRNA molecule are called anticodon.

Translation is the decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain.

“language” of mRNA instructions.

A codon consist of three consecutive nucleotides that specify a single amino acid to be added to a polypeptide.

The three bases on the tRNA molecule are called anticodon.

Translation is the decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain.

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MutationMutation Changes in the DNA

sequence that affect genetic information

Gene mutations result from changes in a single gene.

Changes in the DNA sequence that affect genetic information

Gene mutations result from changes in a single gene.

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Gene RegulationGene Regulation It refers to the control of the timing of

changes to the appearance of the functional product of a gene.

A functional gene product may be an RNA or protein.

The majority of known mechanisms regulate protein coding genes.

It refers to the control of the timing of changes to the appearance of the functional product of a gene.

A functional gene product may be an RNA or protein.

The majority of known mechanisms regulate protein coding genes.

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